COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 was reported in December, 2019 in Wuhan city of Hubei province, China, in people who had visited seafood market. Its symptoms were similar to pneumonia but its infectivity was very high. The main modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were identified as spread by nasal droplets and oral-fecal route and COVID-19 was found to be infectious in incubation and asymptomatic period. Hence, by the time real potential of its pathogenicity was realized, it had spread to many regions of China, other Asian countries, European countries, United States etc. and by April 20, 2020, it had spread to 185 countries all over the world. By this time, China had contained the virus, due to strict social distancing measures, and there was decline in the number of positive cases but in many other countries, especially U.S. and European countries, the cases continued to rise. United States showed the sharpest rise in COVID-19 cases in April, 2020 and also reported the highest number of deaths from the disease. As most of the countries are facing first-wave of COVID-19 by April, 2020, there are fears of second-wave of COVID-19 as China plans to relax social distancing norms to resume business, other work etc. to combat economic losses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822115
{"title":"Understanding the epidemiology of COVID-19","authors":"M. Yadav","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3822115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3822115","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 was reported in December, 2019 in Wuhan city of Hubei province, China, in people who had visited seafood market. Its symptoms were similar to pneumonia but its infectivity was very high. The main modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were identified as spread by nasal droplets and oral-fecal route and COVID-19 was found to be infectious in incubation and asymptomatic period. Hence, by the time real potential of its pathogenicity was realized, it had spread to many regions of China, other Asian countries, European countries, United States etc. and by April 20, 2020, it had spread to 185 countries all over the world. By this time, China had contained the virus, due to strict social distancing measures, and there was decline in the number of positive cases but in many other countries, especially U.S. and European countries, the cases continued to rise. United States showed the sharpest rise in COVID-19 cases in April, 2020 and also reported the highest number of deaths from the disease. As most of the countries are facing first-wave of COVID-19 by April, 2020, there are fears of second-wave of COVID-19 as China plans to relax social distancing norms to resume business, other work etc. to combat economic losses. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822115","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87560957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pollen morphology of four species of Calycanthaceae is described based on the observation of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. All pollens are monad, large grain category. The pollen grain was elliptic with disulcate. Surface ornamentation is smooth. Pollen grains of each species are from the genus Sinocalycanthus, Calycanthus, Chimonanthus and Idiospermum. The basic shape of the pollen grains is elliptical. The pollen is spheroid in Calycanthaceae except in Idiospermum, which represent boat-shape. The circular shape was in polar views in Chimonanthus but equatorial shape in Sinocalycanthus. Idiospermum and Chimonanthus were smooth exine with micro-perforation but rugose exine in Sinocalycanthus and Chimonanthus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763335
{"title":"Comparative pollen morphology of Calycanthaceae for their taxonomic implication","authors":"N. Paudel, Kweon Heo","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3763335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3763335","url":null,"abstract":"The pollen morphology of four species of Calycanthaceae is described based on the observation of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. All pollens are monad, large grain category. The pollen grain was elliptic with disulcate. Surface ornamentation is smooth. Pollen grains of each species are from the genus Sinocalycanthus, Calycanthus, Chimonanthus and Idiospermum. The basic shape of the pollen grains is elliptical. The pollen is spheroid in Calycanthaceae except in Idiospermum, which represent boat-shape. The circular shape was in polar views in Chimonanthus but equatorial shape in Sinocalycanthus. Idiospermum and Chimonanthus were smooth exine with micro-perforation but rugose exine in Sinocalycanthus and Chimonanthus. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763335","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74437686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ahmady-Asbchin, H. Rezaee, M. Safari, Pantea Zamanifar, Davood Siyamiyan
Among biodegradable plastics polyhydroxy alkanate and its polymers have received more attention than other biodegradable polymers because of their complete degradability, flexibility, water resistance and also the ease of production process. Polyhydroxybutyrate is one of the types of polyhydroxy alkanates that is seen as a storage granule in many microorganisms. In this study, Bacillus megaterium was prepared from Iranian microbial collection. Glucose and yeast extract were used as the main components of the medium in seed media 9 and 2.5 g/l and in fermentation medium 30 and 7.5 g/l respectively. GC-MASS and FTIR were used to identify the PHB produced. The results showed that the highest amount of biomass (0.221 g/l) and PHB (0.080 g/l) were obtained with glucose at 37°C and shaker speed of 150 rpm for 72 h incubation. The results of GC MASS and FTIR showed the production of PHB by Bacillus under investigation. Based on the mean of data on total cell growth conditions, the rate of cell biomass and PHB production in B. megaterium were 0.0869 and 0.0171 respectively. According to the results of the experiments, temperature had the greatest effect on biomass production and PHB production. The bioplastics produced by microbes are also highly degradable in the environment, and due to their specific chemical structure, they have been widely used in various fields of the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries and are likely to replace today's plastics in the near future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711400
{"title":"Production and optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Bacillus megaterium as biodegradable plastic","authors":"S. Ahmady-Asbchin, H. Rezaee, M. Safari, Pantea Zamanifar, Davood Siyamiyan","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3711400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3711400","url":null,"abstract":"Among biodegradable plastics polyhydroxy alkanate and its polymers have received more attention than other biodegradable polymers because of their complete degradability, flexibility, water resistance and also the ease of production process. Polyhydroxybutyrate is one of the types of polyhydroxy alkanates that is seen as a storage granule in many microorganisms. In this study, Bacillus megaterium was prepared from Iranian microbial collection. Glucose and yeast extract were used as the main components of the medium in seed media 9 and 2.5 g/l and in fermentation medium 30 and 7.5 g/l respectively. GC-MASS and FTIR were used to identify the PHB produced. The results showed that the highest amount of biomass (0.221 g/l) and PHB (0.080 g/l) were obtained with glucose at 37°C and shaker speed of 150 rpm for 72 h incubation. The results of GC MASS and FTIR showed the production of PHB by Bacillus under investigation. Based on the mean of data on total cell growth conditions, the rate of cell biomass and PHB production in B. megaterium were 0.0869 and 0.0171 respectively. According to the results of the experiments, temperature had the greatest effect on biomass production and PHB production. The bioplastics produced by microbes are also highly degradable in the environment, and due to their specific chemical structure, they have been widely used in various fields of the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries and are likely to replace today's plastics in the near future. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711400","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75488851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Majumder, Mohna Bandyopadhyay, Sandip Pal, D. Mukhopadhyay
Quercetin is a plant flavonoid found in various fruits, leaves such as tea, vegetables and has been extensively studied due to its antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenarative effects. UV radiation is harmful for human being as it may cause several complications such as skin cancer. Fruit fly (Drosophila sp.) has long been used as an arthropod model for genetics related studies. In the present study, the protective effect of quercetin is evaluated against UV-C radiation induced damage using Drosophila melanogaster. Pre-treatment with quercetin (10 µM) recovered the shortened lifespan caused by UV radiation and has also increased eclosion rate and the dose of quercetin is lower than the previously reported doses of other flavonoids. Flies subjected to moderate dose of UV radiation showed distinct abnormal characters such as incomplete abdominal pigmentation, curly wings or outstretched wings, whereas quercetin pretreatment showed no such abnormal characters or mutant phenotypes. There is a considerable amount of change in the eclosed adult fly size, pupal size and pupal migration distance as well. Gel electrophoresis study of salivary gland DNA of D. melanogaster demonstrates the efficacy of quercetin in conferring protection to DNA against UV radiation-induced damage. Therefore, it can be concluded that quercetin may act as an effective protective agent against UV radiation-induced damage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588543
{"title":"Ameliorating effect of quercetin against UV radiation-induced damage in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"S. Majumder, Mohna Bandyopadhyay, Sandip Pal, D. Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3588543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3588543","url":null,"abstract":"Quercetin is a plant flavonoid found in various fruits, leaves such as tea, vegetables and has been extensively studied due to its antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenarative effects. UV radiation is harmful for human being as it may cause several complications such as skin cancer. Fruit fly (Drosophila sp.) has long been used as an arthropod model for genetics related studies. In the present study, the protective effect of quercetin is evaluated against UV-C radiation induced damage using Drosophila melanogaster. Pre-treatment with quercetin (10 µM) recovered the shortened lifespan caused by UV radiation and has also increased eclosion rate and the dose of quercetin is lower than the previously reported doses of other flavonoids. Flies subjected to moderate dose of UV radiation showed distinct abnormal characters such as incomplete abdominal pigmentation, curly wings or outstretched wings, whereas quercetin pretreatment showed no such abnormal characters or mutant phenotypes. There is a considerable amount of change in the eclosed adult fly size, pupal size and pupal migration distance as well. Gel electrophoresis study of salivary gland DNA of D. melanogaster demonstrates the efficacy of quercetin in conferring protection to DNA against UV radiation-induced damage. Therefore, it can be concluded that quercetin may act as an effective protective agent against UV radiation-induced damage. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588543","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77213907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an effort to determine its cytotoxicity as well as antigen specific immune activity of aqueous leaves extract of Strychnos nux-vomica using hepatitis B vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg; 20 µg/ml) pertaining to antibody production and scrutinize its proliferative response along with cytokines in lysed human whole blood. For these studies, phytochemical (qualitative) analysis was determined and evaluates the presence of secondary metabolites through high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and bio-inorganic fingerprinting. In addition, indirect Elisa was performed using HBsAg as coating antigen using variable doses (1-30 mg/ml) of Strychnos nux-vomica. In continuation of these immunological studies, antigen specific immune response along with cytotoxicity was determined through MTT assay in infected human whole blood using HBsAg (20 µg/ml, 50 µl). The results showed that Strychnos nux-vomica showed qualitatively as well as quantitatively determined the presence of secondary metabolites along with bio-inorganic compounds. In addition, Strychnos nux-vomica showed enhancement in anti-HBsAg IgG titre as compared to standard and control but there is sudden decline in proliferation with HBsAg and also showed decline in cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) level at higher doses as compared to control. Our data suggest that Strychnos nux-vomica may help to raise antibodies against HBsAg but sudden decline in HBsAg proliferative response along with cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) in infected lysed human whole blood and also showed some cytotoxic effect at higher doses. In other words, Strychnos nux-vomica could be a potent immune enhancer of B cells and inhibitor of T cells against HBsAg. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244227
{"title":"Immunological exploration based studies on Strychnos nux-vomica regarding antigen specific immune response","authors":"A. Gupta","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.3244227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3244227","url":null,"abstract":"In an effort to determine its cytotoxicity as well as antigen specific immune activity of aqueous leaves extract of Strychnos nux-vomica using hepatitis B vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg; 20 µg/ml) pertaining to antibody production and scrutinize its proliferative response along with cytokines in lysed human whole blood. For these studies, phytochemical (qualitative) analysis was determined and evaluates the presence of secondary metabolites through high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and bio-inorganic fingerprinting. In addition, indirect Elisa was performed using HBsAg as coating antigen using variable doses (1-30 mg/ml) of Strychnos nux-vomica. In continuation of these immunological studies, antigen specific immune response along with cytotoxicity was determined through MTT assay in infected human whole blood using HBsAg (20 µg/ml, 50 µl). The results showed that Strychnos nux-vomica showed qualitatively as well as quantitatively determined the presence of secondary metabolites along with bio-inorganic compounds. In addition, Strychnos nux-vomica showed enhancement in anti-HBsAg IgG titre as compared to standard and control but there is sudden decline in proliferation with HBsAg and also showed decline in cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) level at higher doses as compared to control. Our data suggest that Strychnos nux-vomica may help to raise antibodies against HBsAg but sudden decline in HBsAg proliferative response along with cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) in infected lysed human whole blood and also showed some cytotoxic effect at higher doses. In other words, Strychnos nux-vomica could be a potent immune enhancer of B cells and inhibitor of T cells against HBsAg. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244227","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90437422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Screening for antifungal activity of garlic powder against mycelia growth of three post-harvest pathogens (Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor species) was investigated in this study. Five grams of malt extract agar (MEA) were poured into a conical flask, 100 ml of water and different weight of garlic powder (1, 3, 5 and 7 g) were separately added, stirred and later sterilized while MEA medium with no garlic added (0 g) served as control. The mycelia of each post-harvest pathogen was cut with 6mm cork borer and placed on the solidified medium in the Petri dish and incubated at 28±2oC for 72 hours. Phytochemical screening of the garlic powder was also investigated. Results from this study showed that the different weights of the garlic powder apart from the control (0 g garlic) significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of the three post-harvest pathogens tested in the study and the order of antifungal activity of the garlic powder against mycelia growth of Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor species was 7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g, 5 g > 7 g >1 g > 3 g > 0 g and 7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g respectively. The antifungal activity of the garlic powder may be related to the presence of active antimicrobial agents including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides that were detected in the powder. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2635824
研究了大蒜粉对3种采收后病原菌(曲霉、根霉和毛霉)菌丝生长的抑菌活性。将5 g麦芽提取物琼脂(MEA)倒入锥形烧瓶中，分别加入100 ml水和不同重量的大蒜粉(1、3、5、7 g)，搅拌后消毒，以不添加大蒜的MEA培养基(0 g)为对照。采集后各病原菌菌丝体用6mm软木钻切开，置于培养皿中凝固培养基上，28±20℃孵育72小时。并对大蒜粉进行了植物化学筛选。这项研究的结果表明,不同重量的大蒜粉除了控制(0 g大蒜)显著地抑制菌丝生长的三个收获后病原体检测的研究和抗真菌活性的顺序大蒜粉对曲霉菌菌丝生长,根霉和毛霉菌种7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g, 5 g > 7 g > 1 g > 3 g > 0 g和7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g。大蒜粉的抗真菌活性可能与大蒜粉中含有生物碱、皂苷、单宁、黄酮类和心苷等活性抗菌物质有关。DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2635824
{"title":"Screening for antifungal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) powder against mycelia growth of three post-harvest pathogens","authors":"O. O. Oladele","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.2635824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2635824","url":null,"abstract":"Screening for antifungal activity of garlic powder against mycelia growth of three post-harvest pathogens (Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor species) was investigated in this study. Five grams of malt extract agar (MEA) were poured into a conical flask, 100 ml of water and different weight of garlic powder (1, 3, 5 and 7 g) were separately added, stirred and later sterilized while MEA medium with no garlic added (0 g) served as control. The mycelia of each post-harvest pathogen was cut with 6mm cork borer and placed on the solidified medium in the Petri dish and incubated at 28±2oC for 72 hours. Phytochemical screening of the garlic powder was also investigated. Results from this study showed that the different weights of the garlic powder apart from the control (0 g garlic) significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of the three post-harvest pathogens tested in the study and the order of antifungal activity of the garlic powder against mycelia growth of Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor species was 7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g, 5 g > 7 g >1 g > 3 g > 0 g and 7 g > 5 g > 3 g > 1 g > 0 g respectively. The antifungal activity of the garlic powder may be related to the presence of active antimicrobial agents including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides that were detected in the powder. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2635824","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81885679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silver nanoparticles are today considered as the backbone of nanotechnology industries. Since time immemorial silver along with its compound and associated salts have been walking together with human civilization. Although the silver has been known from such a long time it has not been recently that fabrication of silver nanoparticle was to be a reality. It has some prominent as well as pronounced application in the field of medicine, agriculture etc. It has very favorable and significant antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. It has been found effective against many of bacteria’s such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella Typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and even against few fungus species like Candida albicans. The mode of mechanism could be possible binding of silver ions with the biomolecules present in cells. It is believed that the whole system runs over the fact that it leads to the formation of free radical along with the production of ROS i.e. reactive oxygen species, which ultimately result in apoptotic condition and hence cell could no longer replicate. There is much more application ranging from food preservation, cosmetic etc. But the physical and chemical synthesis of Ag has been inefficient to meet the demands at the same time causing lots of damage to the environment. Hence it calls for a cleaner, efficient and eco-friendly process. That space has been traveled by biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticle from plant, algae, and bacteria etc. This review takes under consideration such efforts in the last few years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2617168
{"title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle from Fungi, Algae and Bacteria","authors":"Indranil Singh","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.2617168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2617168","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles are today considered as the backbone of nanotechnology industries. Since time immemorial silver along with its compound and associated salts have been walking together with human civilization. Although the silver has been known from such a long time it has not been recently that fabrication of silver nanoparticle was to be a reality. It has some prominent as well as pronounced application in the field of medicine, agriculture etc. It has very favorable and significant antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. It has been found effective against many of bacteria’s such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella Typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and even against few fungus species like Candida albicans. The mode of mechanism could be possible binding of silver ions with the biomolecules present in cells. It is believed that the whole system runs over the fact that it leads to the formation of free radical along with the production of ROS i.e. reactive oxygen species, which ultimately result in apoptotic condition and hence cell could no longer replicate. There is much more application ranging from food preservation, cosmetic etc. But the physical and chemical synthesis of Ag has been inefficient to meet the demands at the same time causing lots of damage to the environment. Hence it calls for a cleaner, efficient and eco-friendly process. That space has been traveled by biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticle from plant, algae, and bacteria etc. This review takes under consideration such efforts in the last few years. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2617168","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74960629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out with the aim of determining the antifungal effect of the essential oil isolated from Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium plant against pathogenic fungi. In order to test the antifungal effect of the oil, an analysis was conducted on a total of 4 pathogen fungi which included Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the effect of the essential oil on the growth of these fungi was investigated. The essential oil of A. millefolium ssp. millefolium had varying degrees of effect on the tested fungi. The highest antifungal effect was found against S. cerevisiae; whereas the lowest antifungal effect was found against C. parapsilosis. Nystatin showed a higher activity than the essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium against the tested fungi. MIC values of the essential oil against the tested fungi ranged from 1.25 μl/ml to 10 μl/ml. The results obtained indicate that essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium can be used as an alternative to antifungal agents such as amphotericin, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1346338
{"title":"Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium essential oil’s antifungal effect","authors":"Sinem Aydın, E. Sevindik","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1346338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1346338","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out with the aim of determining the antifungal effect of the essential oil isolated from Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium plant against pathogenic fungi. In order to test the antifungal effect of the oil, an analysis was conducted on a total of 4 pathogen fungi which included Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the effect of the essential oil on the growth of these fungi was investigated. The essential oil of A. millefolium ssp. millefolium had varying degrees of effect on the tested fungi. The highest antifungal effect was found against S. cerevisiae; whereas the lowest antifungal effect was found against C. parapsilosis. Nystatin showed a higher activity than the essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium against the tested fungi. MIC values of the essential oil against the tested fungi ranged from 1.25 μl/ml to 10 μl/ml. The results obtained indicate that essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium can be used as an alternative to antifungal agents such as amphotericin, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1346338","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spectrum of major and emerging mycotoxins in sesame and soybean grains from the six zones of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria was determined using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 47 samples (24 sesame and 23 soybean were collected from farmers’ stores. Seven regulated mycotoxins in sesame and five in soybean including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were detected. However, concentrations were generally lower than regulatory limits set in the EU for raw grains with the exception of ochratoxin A (OTA) exhibiting a maximum concentration level of 23.1 µg kg-1 in one of the soybean samples. This is the first report concerning the contamination of sesame and soybean in Abuja, FCT-Nigeria with the emerging mycotoxins addressed by recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion papers totalling 10 in number. These include beauvericin (BEA), moniliformin (MON), sterigmatocystin (STE), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), alternariol (AOH), alternariol methylether (AME) though at relatively low µg kg-1 range. This preliminary data indicate that sesame and soybean might be relatively safe commodities in view of the profile of mycotoxins. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1307184
{"title":"Profile of major and emerging mycotoxins in sesame and soybean grains in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"S. Fapohunda, T. S. Anjorin, M. Sulyok, R. Krska","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1307184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1307184","url":null,"abstract":"The spectrum of major and emerging mycotoxins in sesame and soybean grains from the six zones of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria was determined using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 47 samples (24 sesame and 23 soybean were collected from farmers’ stores. Seven regulated mycotoxins in sesame and five in soybean including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were detected. However, concentrations were generally lower than regulatory limits set in the EU for raw grains with the exception of ochratoxin A (OTA) exhibiting a maximum concentration level of 23.1 µg kg-1 in one of the soybean samples. This is the first report concerning the contamination of sesame and soybean in Abuja, FCT-Nigeria with the emerging mycotoxins addressed by recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion papers totalling 10 in number. These include beauvericin (BEA), moniliformin (MON), sterigmatocystin (STE), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), alternariol (AOH), alternariol methylether (AME) though at relatively low µg kg-1 range. This preliminary data indicate that sesame and soybean might be relatively safe commodities in view of the profile of mycotoxins. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1307184","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90893237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Slusarczyk, Ada Bielejewska, Arkadiusz Bociek, M. Bociek
Ceftaroline is a new fifth generation cephalosporin, active mostly against Gram-positive cocci, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It is used in treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, community acquired respiratory tract infections and methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. The main resistance mechanisms of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics, including ceftaroline, are mutations in PBP2a, PBP3 and PBP4. Clinically significant resistance has been noted among both archived and newly-isolated strains in a laboratory test using serial passages. Ceftaroline-resistant strains have also been found in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia and infectious endocarditis. Irresponsible antibiotic treatment using ceftaroline or other antibiotics (due to a possibility of a cross-resistance) can lead to the spread of ceftaroline resistance and, consequently, its loss of value. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1304435
{"title":"Resistance to ceftaroline - 2018 review","authors":"R. Slusarczyk, Ada Bielejewska, Arkadiusz Bociek, M. Bociek","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1304435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1304435","url":null,"abstract":"Ceftaroline is a new fifth generation cephalosporin, active mostly against Gram-positive cocci, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). It is used in treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, community acquired respiratory tract infections and methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. The main resistance mechanisms of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics, including ceftaroline, are mutations in PBP2a, PBP3 and PBP4. Clinically significant resistance has been noted among both archived and newly-isolated strains in a laboratory test using serial passages. Ceftaroline-resistant strains have also been found in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia and infectious endocarditis. Irresponsible antibiotic treatment using ceftaroline or other antibiotics (due to a possibility of a cross-resistance) can lead to the spread of ceftaroline resistance and, consequently, its loss of value. \u0000DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1304435","PeriodicalId":11771,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Biological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79107022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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