Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-01-29DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001723
Leon Raphson, Marc Lipsitch
Background: Mainland China experienced a major surge in SARS-CoV-2 infections in December 2022-January 2023, but its impact on mortality was unclear given the underreporting of coronavirus disease 2019 deaths.
Methods: Using obituary data from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), we estimated the excess death rate among senior CAE members by taking the difference between the observed rate of all-cause death in December 2022-January 2023 and the expected rate for the same months in 2017-2022, by age groups. We used this to extrapolate an estimate of the number of excess deaths in December 2022-January 2023 among urban dwellers in Mainland China.
Results: In December 2022-January 2023, we estimated excess death rates of 0.94 per 100 persons (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.54, 3.16) in CAE members aged 80-84 years, 3.95 (95% CI = 0.50, 7.84) in 85-89 years, 10.35 (95% CI = 3.59, 17.71) in 90-94 years, and 16.88 (95% CI = 0.00, 34.62) in 95 years and older. Using our baseline assumptions, this extrapolated to 917,000 (95% CI = 425,000, 1.45 million) excess deaths among urban dwellers in Mainland China, much higher than the 81,000 in-hospital deaths officially reported from 9 December 2022 to 30 January 2023.
Conclusions: As in many jurisdictions, we estimate that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic had a much wider impact on mortality than what was officially documented in Mainland China.
{"title":"Estimated Excess Deaths Due to COVID-19 Among the Urban Population of Mainland China, December 2022 to January 2023.","authors":"Leon Raphson, Marc Lipsitch","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001723","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mainland China experienced a major surge in SARS-CoV-2 infections in December 2022-January 2023, but its impact on mortality was unclear given the underreporting of coronavirus disease 2019 deaths.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using obituary data from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), we estimated the excess death rate among senior CAE members by taking the difference between the observed rate of all-cause death in December 2022-January 2023 and the expected rate for the same months in 2017-2022, by age groups. We used this to extrapolate an estimate of the number of excess deaths in December 2022-January 2023 among urban dwellers in Mainland China.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In December 2022-January 2023, we estimated excess death rates of 0.94 per 100 persons (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.54, 3.16) in CAE members aged 80-84 years, 3.95 (95% CI = 0.50, 7.84) in 85-89 years, 10.35 (95% CI = 3.59, 17.71) in 90-94 years, and 16.88 (95% CI = 0.00, 34.62) in 95 years and older. Using our baseline assumptions, this extrapolated to 917,000 (95% CI = 425,000, 1.45 million) excess deaths among urban dwellers in Mainland China, much higher than the 81,000 in-hospital deaths officially reported from 9 December 2022 to 30 January 2023.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As in many jurisdictions, we estimate that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic had a much wider impact on mortality than what was officially documented in Mainland China.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"372-376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11023797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139650505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001717
Carl Bonander, Anton Nilsson, Huiqi Li, Shambhavi Sharma, Chioma Nwaru, Magnus Gisslén, Magnus Lindh, Niklas Hammar, Jonas Björk, Fredrik Nyberg
Outcome under-ascertainment, characterized by the incomplete identification or reporting of cases, poses a substantial challenge in epidemiologic research. While capture-recapture methods can estimate unknown case numbers, their role in estimating exposure effects in observational studies is not well established. This paper presents an ascertainment probability weighting framework that integrates capture-recapture and propensity score weighting. We propose a nonparametric estimator of effects on binary outcomes that combines exposure propensity scores with data from two conditionally independent outcome measurements to simultaneously adjust for confounding and under-ascertainment. Demonstrating its practical application, we apply the method to estimate the relationship between health care work and coronavirus disease 2019 testing in a Swedish region. We find that ascertainment probability weighting greatly influences the estimated association compared to conventional inverse probability weighting, underscoring the importance of accounting for under-ascertainment in studies with limited outcome data coverage. We conclude with practical guidelines for the method's implementation, discussing its strengths, limitations, and suitable scenarios for application.
{"title":"A Capture-Recapture-based Ascertainment Probability Weighting Method for Effect Estimation With Under-ascertained Outcomes.","authors":"Carl Bonander, Anton Nilsson, Huiqi Li, Shambhavi Sharma, Chioma Nwaru, Magnus Gisslén, Magnus Lindh, Niklas Hammar, Jonas Björk, Fredrik Nyberg","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001717","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Outcome under-ascertainment, characterized by the incomplete identification or reporting of cases, poses a substantial challenge in epidemiologic research. While capture-recapture methods can estimate unknown case numbers, their role in estimating exposure effects in observational studies is not well established. This paper presents an ascertainment probability weighting framework that integrates capture-recapture and propensity score weighting. We propose a nonparametric estimator of effects on binary outcomes that combines exposure propensity scores with data from two conditionally independent outcome measurements to simultaneously adjust for confounding and under-ascertainment. Demonstrating its practical application, we apply the method to estimate the relationship between health care work and coronavirus disease 2019 testing in a Swedish region. We find that ascertainment probability weighting greatly influences the estimated association compared to conventional inverse probability weighting, underscoring the importance of accounting for under-ascertainment in studies with limited outcome data coverage. We conclude with practical guidelines for the method's implementation, discussing its strengths, limitations, and suitable scenarios for application.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"340-348"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140038952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001715
{"title":"Erratum: \"Posttraumatic stress disorder and gastrointestinal disorders in the Danish population\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001715","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001715","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139512194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001724
Marco Piccininni, Mats Julius Stensrud
Sometimes treatment effects are absent in a subgroup of the population. For example, penicillin has no effect on severe symptoms in individuals infected by resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and codeine has no effect on pain in individuals with certain polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 enzyme. Subgroups where a treatment is ineffective are often called negative control populations or placebo groups. They are leveraged to detect bias in different disciplines. Here we present formal criteria that justify the use of negative control populations to rule out unmeasured confounding and mechanistic (direct) causal effects. We further argue that negative control populations, satisfying our formal conditions, are available in many settings, spanning from clinical studies of infectious diseases to epidemiologic studies of public health interventions. Negative control populations can also be used to rule out placebo effects in unblinded randomized experiments. As a case study, we evaluate the effect of mobile stroke unit dispatches on functional outcomes at discharge in individuals with suspected stroke, using data from a large trial. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that mobile stroke units improve functional outcomes in these individuals.
{"title":"Using Negative Control Populations to Assess Unmeasured Confounding and Direct Effects.","authors":"Marco Piccininni, Mats Julius Stensrud","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001724","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sometimes treatment effects are absent in a subgroup of the population. For example, penicillin has no effect on severe symptoms in individuals infected by resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and codeine has no effect on pain in individuals with certain polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 enzyme. Subgroups where a treatment is ineffective are often called negative control populations or placebo groups. They are leveraged to detect bias in different disciplines. Here we present formal criteria that justify the use of negative control populations to rule out unmeasured confounding and mechanistic (direct) causal effects. We further argue that negative control populations, satisfying our formal conditions, are available in many settings, spanning from clinical studies of infectious diseases to epidemiologic studies of public health interventions. Negative control populations can also be used to rule out placebo effects in unblinded randomized experiments. As a case study, we evaluate the effect of mobile stroke unit dispatches on functional outcomes at discharge in individuals with suspected stroke, using data from a large trial. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that mobile stroke units improve functional outcomes in these individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"313-319"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001703
Magdalena Cerdá, Ava D Hamilton, Ayaz Hyder, Caroline Rutherford, Georgiy Bobashev, Joshua M Epstein, Erez Hatna, Noa Krawczyk, Nabila El-Bassel, Daniel J Feaster, Katherine M Keyes
Background: The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic; 28.3 per 100,000 people died of opioid overdose in 2020. Simulation models can help understand and address this complex, dynamic, and nonlinear social phenomenon. Using the HEALing Communities Study, aimed at reducing opioid overdoses, and an agent-based model, Simulation of Community-Level Overdose Prevention Strategy, we simulated increases in buprenorphine initiation and retention and naloxone distribution aimed at reducing overdose deaths by 40% in New York Counties.
Methods: Our simulations covered 2020-2022. The eight counties contrasted urban or rural and high and low baseline rates of opioid use disorder treatment. The model calibrated agent characteristics for opioid use and use disorder, treatments and treatment access, and fatal and nonfatal overdose. Modeled interventions included increased buprenorphine initiation and retention, and naloxone distribution. We predicted a decrease in the rate of fatal opioid overdose 1 year after intervention, given various modeled intervention scenarios.
Results: Counties required unique combinations of modeled interventions to achieve a 40% reduction in overdose deaths. Assuming a 200% increase in naloxone from current levels, high baseline treatment counties achieved a 40% reduction in overdose deaths with a simultaneous 150% increase in buprenorphine initiation. In comparison, low baseline treatment counties required 250-300% increases in buprenorphine initiation coupled with 200-1000% increases in naloxone, depending on the county.
Conclusions: Results demonstrate the need for tailored county-level interventions to increase service utilization and reduce overdose deaths, as the modeled impact of interventions depended on the county's experience with past and current interventions.
{"title":"Simulating the Simultaneous Impact of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder and Naloxone on Opioid Overdose Death in Eight New York Counties.","authors":"Magdalena Cerdá, Ava D Hamilton, Ayaz Hyder, Caroline Rutherford, Georgiy Bobashev, Joshua M Epstein, Erez Hatna, Noa Krawczyk, Nabila El-Bassel, Daniel J Feaster, Katherine M Keyes","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001703","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic; 28.3 per 100,000 people died of opioid overdose in 2020. Simulation models can help understand and address this complex, dynamic, and nonlinear social phenomenon. Using the HEALing Communities Study, aimed at reducing opioid overdoses, and an agent-based model, Simulation of Community-Level Overdose Prevention Strategy, we simulated increases in buprenorphine initiation and retention and naloxone distribution aimed at reducing overdose deaths by 40% in New York Counties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our simulations covered 2020-2022. The eight counties contrasted urban or rural and high and low baseline rates of opioid use disorder treatment. The model calibrated agent characteristics for opioid use and use disorder, treatments and treatment access, and fatal and nonfatal overdose. Modeled interventions included increased buprenorphine initiation and retention, and naloxone distribution. We predicted a decrease in the rate of fatal opioid overdose 1 year after intervention, given various modeled intervention scenarios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Counties required unique combinations of modeled interventions to achieve a 40% reduction in overdose deaths. Assuming a 200% increase in naloxone from current levels, high baseline treatment counties achieved a 40% reduction in overdose deaths with a simultaneous 150% increase in buprenorphine initiation. In comparison, low baseline treatment counties required 250-300% increases in buprenorphine initiation coupled with 200-1000% increases in naloxone, depending on the county.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results demonstrate the need for tailored county-level interventions to increase service utilization and reduce overdose deaths, as the modeled impact of interventions depended on the county's experience with past and current interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"418-429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139899589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001721
Elizabeth W Diemer, Joy Shi, Sonja A Swanson
Although many epidemiologic studies focus on point identification, it is also possible to partially identify causal effects under consistency and the data alone. However, the literature on the so-called "assumption-free" bounds has focused on settings with time-fixed exposures. We describe assumption-free bounds for the effects of both static and dynamic sustained interventions. To provide intuition for the width of the bounds, we also discuss a mathematical connection between assumption-free bounds and clone-censor-weight approaches to causal effect estimation. The bounds, which are often wide in practice, can provide important information about the degree to which causal analyses depend on unverifiable assumptions made by investigators.
{"title":"Partial Identification of the Effects of Sustained Treatment Strategies.","authors":"Elizabeth W Diemer, Joy Shi, Sonja A Swanson","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001721","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although many epidemiologic studies focus on point identification, it is also possible to partially identify causal effects under consistency and the data alone. However, the literature on the so-called \"assumption-free\" bounds has focused on settings with time-fixed exposures. We describe assumption-free bounds for the effects of both static and dynamic sustained interventions. To provide intuition for the width of the bounds, we also discuss a mathematical connection between assumption-free bounds and clone-censor-weight approaches to causal effect estimation. The bounds, which are often wide in practice, can provide important information about the degree to which causal analyses depend on unverifiable assumptions made by investigators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"308-312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140012456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001725
Yingjie Weng, Lu Tian, Derek Boothroyd, Justin Lee, Kenny Zhang, Di Lu, Christina P Lindan, Jenna Bollyky, Beatrice Huang, George W Rutherford, Yvonne Maldonado, Manisha Desai
Understanding the incidence of disease is often crucial for public policy decision-making, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimating incidence is challenging, however, when the definition of incidence relies on tests that imperfectly measure disease, as in the case when assays with variable performance are used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To our knowledge, there are no pragmatic methods to address the bias introduced by the performance of labs in testing for the virus. In the setting of a longitudinal study, we developed a maximum likelihood estimation-based approach to estimate laboratory performance-adjusted incidence using the expectation-maximization algorithm. We constructed confidence intervals (CIs) using both bootstrapped-based and large-sample interval estimator approaches. We evaluated our methods through extensive simulation and applied them to a real-world study (TrackCOVID), where the primary goal was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the San Francisco Bay Area from July 2020 to March 2021. Our simulations demonstrated that our method converged rapidly with accurate estimates under a variety of scenarios. Bootstrapped-based CIs were comparable to the large-sample estimator CIs with a reasonable number of incident cases, shown via a simulation scenario based on the real TrackCOVID study. In more extreme simulated scenarios, the coverage of large-sample interval estimation outperformed the bootstrapped-based approach. Results from the application to the TrackCOVID study suggested that assuming perfect laboratory test performance can lead to an inaccurate inference of the incidence. Our flexible, pragmatic method can be extended to a variety of disease and study settings.
{"title":"Adjusting Incidence Estimates with Laboratory Test Performances: A Pragmatic Maximum Likelihood Estimation-Based Approach.","authors":"Yingjie Weng, Lu Tian, Derek Boothroyd, Justin Lee, Kenny Zhang, Di Lu, Christina P Lindan, Jenna Bollyky, Beatrice Huang, George W Rutherford, Yvonne Maldonado, Manisha Desai","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001725","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the incidence of disease is often crucial for public policy decision-making, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimating incidence is challenging, however, when the definition of incidence relies on tests that imperfectly measure disease, as in the case when assays with variable performance are used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To our knowledge, there are no pragmatic methods to address the bias introduced by the performance of labs in testing for the virus. In the setting of a longitudinal study, we developed a maximum likelihood estimation-based approach to estimate laboratory performance-adjusted incidence using the expectation-maximization algorithm. We constructed confidence intervals (CIs) using both bootstrapped-based and large-sample interval estimator approaches. We evaluated our methods through extensive simulation and applied them to a real-world study (TrackCOVID), where the primary goal was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the San Francisco Bay Area from July 2020 to March 2021. Our simulations demonstrated that our method converged rapidly with accurate estimates under a variety of scenarios. Bootstrapped-based CIs were comparable to the large-sample estimator CIs with a reasonable number of incident cases, shown via a simulation scenario based on the real TrackCOVID study. In more extreme simulated scenarios, the coverage of large-sample interval estimation outperformed the bootstrapped-based approach. Results from the application to the TrackCOVID study suggested that assuming perfect laboratory test performance can lead to an inaccurate inference of the incidence. Our flexible, pragmatic method can be extended to a variety of disease and study settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"295-307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Although the indoor environment has been proposed to be associated with childhood sleep health, to our knowledge no study has investigated the association between home renovation and childhood sleep problems.
Methods: The study included 186,470 children aged 6-18 years from the National Chinese Children Health Study (2012-2018). We measured childhood sleeping problems via the Chinese version of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (C-SDSC). Information on home renovation exposure within the recent 2 years was collected via parent report. We estimated associations between home renovation and various sleeping problems, defined using both continuous and categorized (binary) C-SDSC t-scores, using generalized mixed models. We fitted models with city as a random effect variable, and other covariates as fixed effects.
Results: Out of the overall participants, 89,732 (48%) were exposed to recent home renovations. Compared to the unexposed group, children exposed to home renovations had higher odds of total sleep disorder (odd ratios [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4). Associations varied when we considered different types of home renovation materials. Children exposed to multiple types of home renovation had higher odds of sleeping problems. We observed similar findings when considering continuous C-SDSC t-scores. Additionally, sex and age of children modified the associations of home renovation exposure with some of the sleeping problem subtypes.
Conclusions: We found that home renovation was associated with higher odds of having sleeping problems and that they varied when considering the type of renovation, cumulative exposure, sex, and age differences.
背景:尽管室内环境被认为与儿童睡眠健康有关,但据我们所知,还没有研究调查过家庭装修与儿童睡眠问题之间的关系:研究纳入了《中国儿童健康状况全国调查(2012-2018年)》中186470名6至18岁的儿童。我们采用中文版儿童睡眠障碍量表(C-SDSC)测量儿童睡眠问题。我们还通过家长报告收集了最近两年内家庭装修暴露的信息。我们使用广义混合模型估算了家庭装修与各种睡眠问题之间的关系,这些睡眠问题使用连续和分类(二元)的 C-SDSC t 分数来定义。我们将城市作为随机效应变量,将其他协变量作为固定效应变量,对模型进行了拟合:在所有参与者中,有 89 732 人[48%]受到近期房屋装修的影响。与未受影响组相比,受房屋装修影响的儿童患总睡眠障碍的几率更高[奇数比(OR)=1.3,95% CI:1.2-1.4]。当我们考虑到不同类型的家庭装修材料时,两者之间的关系也有所不同。接触过多种类型装修材料的儿童出现睡眠问题的几率更高。在考虑连续的 C-SDSC t 分数时,我们也观察到了类似的结果。此外,儿童的性别和年龄也改变了家庭装修与某些睡眠问题亚型之间的关系:我们发现,房屋装修与较高的睡眠问题几率有关,而且在考虑到装修类型、累积接触、性别和年龄差异时,睡眠问题的几率也有所不同。
{"title":"Association Between Home Renovation and Sleeping Problems Among Children Aged 6-18 Years: A Nationwide Survey in China.","authors":"Dao-Sen Wang, Hong-Zhi Zhang, Si-Han Wu, Zheng-Min Qian, Stephen Edward McMillin, Elizabeth Bingheim, Wei-Hong Tan, Wen-Zhong Huang, Pei-En Zhou, Ru-Qing Liu, Li-Wen Hu, Gong-Bo Chen, Bo-Yi Yang, Xiao-Wen Zeng, Qian-Sheng Hu, Li-Zi Lin, Guang-Hui Dong","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001719","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the indoor environment has been proposed to be associated with childhood sleep health, to our knowledge no study has investigated the association between home renovation and childhood sleep problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 186,470 children aged 6-18 years from the National Chinese Children Health Study (2012-2018). We measured childhood sleeping problems via the Chinese version of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (C-SDSC). Information on home renovation exposure within the recent 2 years was collected via parent report. We estimated associations between home renovation and various sleeping problems, defined using both continuous and categorized (binary) C-SDSC t-scores, using generalized mixed models. We fitted models with city as a random effect variable, and other covariates as fixed effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the overall participants, 89,732 (48%) were exposed to recent home renovations. Compared to the unexposed group, children exposed to home renovations had higher odds of total sleep disorder (odd ratios [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4). Associations varied when we considered different types of home renovation materials. Children exposed to multiple types of home renovation had higher odds of sleeping problems. We observed similar findings when considering continuous C-SDSC t-scores. Additionally, sex and age of children modified the associations of home renovation exposure with some of the sleeping problem subtypes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that home renovation was associated with higher odds of having sleeping problems and that they varied when considering the type of renovation, cumulative exposure, sex, and age differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"408-417"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139542147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001726
Hailey R Banack, Samantha N Smith, Lisa M Bodnar
Background: We describe the use of Apisensr, a web-based application that can be used to implement quantitative bias analysis for misclassification, selection bias, and unmeasured confounding. We apply Apisensr using an example of exposure misclassification bias due to use of self-reported body mass index (BMI) to define obesity status in an analysis of the relationship between obesity and diabetes.
Methods: We used publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The analysis consisted of: (1) estimating bias parameter values (sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value) for self-reported obesity by sex, age, and race-ethnicity compared to obesity defined by measured BMI, and (2) using Apisensr to adjust for exposure misclassification.
Results: The discrepancy between self-reported and measured obesity varied by demographic group (sensitivity range: 75%-89%; specificity range: 91%-99%). Using Apisensr for quantitative bias analysis, there was a clear pattern in the results: the relationship between obesity and diabetes was underestimated using self-report in all age, sex, and race-ethnicity categories compared to measured obesity. For example, in non-Hispanic White men aged 40-59 years, prevalence odds ratios for diabetes were 3.06 (95% confidence inerval = 1.78, 5.30) using self-reported BMI and 4.11 (95% confidence interval = 2.56, 6.75) after bias analysis adjusting for misclassification.
Conclusion: Apisensr is an easy-to-use, web-based Shiny app designed to facilitate quantitative bias analysis. Our results also provide estimates of bias parameter values that can be used by other researchers interested in examining obesity defined by self-reported BMI.
{"title":"Application of a Web-based Tool for Quantitative Bias Analysis: The Example of Misclassification Due to Self-reported Body Mass Index.","authors":"Hailey R Banack, Samantha N Smith, Lisa M Bodnar","doi":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001726","DOIUrl":"10.1097/EDE.0000000000001726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We describe the use of Apisensr, a web-based application that can be used to implement quantitative bias analysis for misclassification, selection bias, and unmeasured confounding. We apply Apisensr using an example of exposure misclassification bias due to use of self-reported body mass index (BMI) to define obesity status in an analysis of the relationship between obesity and diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The analysis consisted of: (1) estimating bias parameter values (sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value) for self-reported obesity by sex, age, and race-ethnicity compared to obesity defined by measured BMI, and (2) using Apisensr to adjust for exposure misclassification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The discrepancy between self-reported and measured obesity varied by demographic group (sensitivity range: 75%-89%; specificity range: 91%-99%). Using Apisensr for quantitative bias analysis, there was a clear pattern in the results: the relationship between obesity and diabetes was underestimated using self-report in all age, sex, and race-ethnicity categories compared to measured obesity. For example, in non-Hispanic White men aged 40-59 years, prevalence odds ratios for diabetes were 3.06 (95% confidence inerval = 1.78, 5.30) using self-reported BMI and 4.11 (95% confidence interval = 2.56, 6.75) after bias analysis adjusting for misclassification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Apisensr is an easy-to-use, web-based Shiny app designed to facilitate quantitative bias analysis. Our results also provide estimates of bias parameter values that can be used by other researchers interested in examining obesity defined by self-reported BMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"359-367"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11022994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139650504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001720
Bronner P Gonçalves, Piero L Olliaro, Peter Horby, Laura Merson, Benjamin J Cowling
This article discusses causal interpretations of epidemiologic studies of the effects of vaccination on sequelae after acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. To date, researchers have tried to answer several different research questions on this topic. While some studies assessed the impact of postinfection vaccination on the presence of or recovery from post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome, others quantified the association between preinfection vaccination and postacute sequelae conditional on becoming infected. However, the latter analysis does not have a causal interpretation, except under the principal stratification framework-that is, this comparison can only be interpreted as causal for a nondiscernible stratum of the population. As the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 is now nearly entirely dominated by reinfections, including in vaccinated individuals, and possibly caused by different Omicron subvariants, it has become even more important to design studies on the effects of vaccination on postacute sequelae that address precise causal questions and quantify effects corresponding to implementable interventions.
{"title":"Interpretations of Studies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Post-acute COVID-19 Sequelae.","authors":"Bronner P Gonçalves, Piero L Olliaro, Peter Horby, Laura Merson, Benjamin J Cowling","doi":"10.1097/ede.0000000000001720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001720","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses causal interpretations of epidemiologic studies of the effects of vaccination on sequelae after acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. To date, researchers have tried to answer several different research questions on this topic. While some studies assessed the impact of postinfection vaccination on the presence of or recovery from post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome, others quantified the association between preinfection vaccination and postacute sequelae conditional on becoming infected. However, the latter analysis does not have a causal interpretation, except under the principal stratification framework-that is, this comparison can only be interpreted as causal for a nondiscernible stratum of the population. As the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 is now nearly entirely dominated by reinfections, including in vaccinated individuals, and possibly caused by different Omicron subvariants, it has become even more important to design studies on the effects of vaccination on postacute sequelae that address precise causal questions and quantify effects corresponding to implementable interventions.","PeriodicalId":11779,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140628029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}