Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573506
M. A. Cortés Guzmán, J. E. Ramirez Parra, J. Rosero
This article presents a methodology for efficiency and performance evaluation in electric vehicles (EVs) in different segments (cars, motorbikes, bicycles and vehicles for massive transportation), that allows to characterize its real behavior in Bogotá, where the performance is affected by local conditions, such as weather, geography, driving and culture. The methodology includes a procedure which covers instruments' specification according to standards, criteria and selection of road test, and information analysis by calculating various indicators.
{"title":"Methodology for efficiency and performance evaluation in electric vehicles (EVs) in Bogotá D.C.","authors":"M. A. Cortés Guzmán, J. E. Ramirez Parra, J. Rosero","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573506","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a methodology for efficiency and performance evaluation in electric vehicles (EVs) in different segments (cars, motorbikes, bicycles and vehicles for massive transportation), that allows to characterize its real behavior in Bogotá, where the performance is affected by local conditions, such as weather, geography, driving and culture. The methodology includes a procedure which covers instruments' specification according to standards, criteria and selection of road test, and information analysis by calculating various indicators.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"803 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134063066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574526
Dingguo Lu, W. Qiao
Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) of drivetrain gearboxes has become a prominent challenge in assorted industries. Current-based diagnostic techniques have significant advantages over traditional vibration-based techniques in terms of accessibility, cost, implementation and reliability. This paper proposes a current-based, frequency demodulation-aided CMFD method for drivetrain gearboxes. A mathematical model is developed for a drivetrain consisting of a two-stage gearbox and a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), from which the characteristic frequencies of gearbox faults in the PMSG stator current are derived. An adaptive signal resampling method is proposed to convert the variable fault characteristic frequencies to constant values for the drivetrain running at variable speed conditions. A demodulation method, combining the Hilbert transform, a finite impulse response (FIR) differentiator, and a phase unwrapping algorithm, is developed to extract the instantaneous frequency (IF) patterns that are related to the fault-induced gearbox vibration. A fault detector is proposed for diagnosis of gearbox faults using statistical analysis on the extracted fault signatures. Experimental studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Frequency demodulation-aided condition monitoring for drivetrain gearboxes","authors":"Dingguo Lu, W. Qiao","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574526","url":null,"abstract":"Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis (CMFD) of drivetrain gearboxes has become a prominent challenge in assorted industries. Current-based diagnostic techniques have significant advantages over traditional vibration-based techniques in terms of accessibility, cost, implementation and reliability. This paper proposes a current-based, frequency demodulation-aided CMFD method for drivetrain gearboxes. A mathematical model is developed for a drivetrain consisting of a two-stage gearbox and a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), from which the characteristic frequencies of gearbox faults in the PMSG stator current are derived. An adaptive signal resampling method is proposed to convert the variable fault characteristic frequencies to constant values for the drivetrain running at variable speed conditions. A demodulation method, combining the Hilbert transform, a finite impulse response (FIR) differentiator, and a phase unwrapping algorithm, is developed to extract the instantaneous frequency (IF) patterns that are related to the fault-induced gearbox vibration. A fault detector is proposed for diagnosis of gearbox faults using statistical analysis on the extracted fault signatures. Experimental studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134097541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574501
Yue Cao, P. Krein
This paper presents averaging-based models of hybrid electric power systems for refrigeration units in delivery trucks. The model is intended to be used for a system-level power and energy flow study and eventually for a development of prototypes. Challenges unique to this hybrid application, including the thermal system interface, drive cycle response, and battery management, are introduced. The system topology is presented, including the hybrid power architecture, electrical-thermal system specifications, and the integrated model operation and controls. The modeling approach for each electrical component, including ac machines, the battery set, and converters, is discussed. An average modeling technique is used, because it can track system-level power and efficiency over a long time interval with fast simulation. Battery simulation is improved from previous literature to provide a more accurate and robust solution. The model, interfaced with the thermal system, is verified by simulation studies in MATLAB/Simulink. The average model is also validated through experiments, including an active front end test, a battery test, and a variable speed ac motor drive test. Using the model, energy and cost-effectiveness is analyzed and discussed.
{"title":"An average modeling approach for mobile refrigeration hybrid power systems with improved battery simulation","authors":"Yue Cao, P. Krein","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574501","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents averaging-based models of hybrid electric power systems for refrigeration units in delivery trucks. The model is intended to be used for a system-level power and energy flow study and eventually for a development of prototypes. Challenges unique to this hybrid application, including the thermal system interface, drive cycle response, and battery management, are introduced. The system topology is presented, including the hybrid power architecture, electrical-thermal system specifications, and the integrated model operation and controls. The modeling approach for each electrical component, including ac machines, the battery set, and converters, is discussed. An average modeling technique is used, because it can track system-level power and efficiency over a long time interval with fast simulation. Battery simulation is improved from previous literature to provide a more accurate and robust solution. The model, interfaced with the thermal system, is verified by simulation studies in MATLAB/Simulink. The average model is also validated through experiments, including an active front end test, a battery test, and a variable speed ac motor drive test. Using the model, energy and cost-effectiveness is analyzed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133253743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507
Chen Duan, Chenguang Jiang, A. Taylor, K. Bai
This paper proposes a design and development of a wireless power transfer system to charge the battery in the Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles. A Parallel-Parallel topology is adopted to realize 15 cm-distance power transfer using resonance theory. Finite Element Method is used to extract the coil parameters. The advantages of the proposed design compared to the previous similar research are 1) low operational frequency (42 kHz) to avoid the electromagnetic interference to on-board automotive electronics equipment, and 2) low electrical stress to the semiconductor switches through using zero-voltage-switching technique. A 2 kW prototype to charge 200 V battery was built to experimentally verify the theoretical analysis. The overall system efficiency is ~86%.
{"title":"Design of a zero-voltage-switching large-air-gap wireless charger with low electrical stress for Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"Chen Duan, Chenguang Jiang, A. Taylor, K. Bai","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a design and development of a wireless power transfer system to charge the battery in the Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles. A Parallel-Parallel topology is adopted to realize 15 cm-distance power transfer using resonance theory. Finite Element Method is used to extract the coil parameters. The advantages of the proposed design compared to the previous similar research are 1) low operational frequency (42 kHz) to avoid the electromagnetic interference to on-board automotive electronics equipment, and 2) low electrical stress to the semiconductor switches through using zero-voltage-switching technique. A 2 kW prototype to charge 200 V battery was built to experimentally verify the theoretical analysis. The overall system efficiency is ~86%.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574493
Seyoung Kim, S. Williamson
In this paper, a new multiple-input DC/DC integrated converter is proposed for a fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle. The power density increases in the order of fuel cell, battery, and ultracapacitor and the energy density is reverse of the order. The proposed converter combines interleaved type boost converters and two parallel-connected bidirectional DC/DC converters. The advantages of the proposed converter topology are improved power density, due to the fact that a heavy power transformer is not used, and the state of charge of battery as well as that of the ultracapacitor can be controlled easily.
{"title":"Multiple input integrated DC/DC converters and supervisery control for fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle","authors":"Seyoung Kim, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574493","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new multiple-input DC/DC integrated converter is proposed for a fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle. The power density increases in the order of fuel cell, battery, and ultracapacitor and the energy density is reverse of the order. The proposed converter combines interleaved type boost converters and two parallel-connected bidirectional DC/DC converters. The advantages of the proposed converter topology are improved power density, due to the fact that a heavy power transformer is not used, and the state of charge of battery as well as that of the ultracapacitor can be controlled easily.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131603583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487
Yong Jiang, Zhi Yang, M. Krishnamurthy
Interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) have been widely used in electric or hybrid electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and high power density. Frequent starts and stops, acceleration and deceleration of vehicles present heavy requirements for the drive motor. In this paper, a 4kW interior permanent magnet motor is designed for a small range-extended electric vehicle. A case study has been carried out for a range-extended solar-electric auto rickshaw, which is used extensively in Asian cities for point-to-point transportation with frequent starts and stops. Based on the specifications for the auto rickshaw, the optimal design processes of traction motor has been proposed, which includes specific considerations for determining dimensions of the stator and rotor, selection of slot-pole combination, skewing effect, the structure of rotor and permanent magnets, analysis of the pole-arc to pole-pitch ratio and reduction of active material in the motor. Analytical results obtained are verified by finite element analysis (FEA).
{"title":"Optimal design considerations for interior permanent magnet motor for a range-extended electric vehicle","authors":"Yong Jiang, Zhi Yang, M. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487","url":null,"abstract":"Interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) have been widely used in electric or hybrid electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and high power density. Frequent starts and stops, acceleration and deceleration of vehicles present heavy requirements for the drive motor. In this paper, a 4kW interior permanent magnet motor is designed for a small range-extended electric vehicle. A case study has been carried out for a range-extended solar-electric auto rickshaw, which is used extensively in Asian cities for point-to-point transportation with frequent starts and stops. Based on the specifications for the auto rickshaw, the optimal design processes of traction motor has been proposed, which includes specific considerations for determining dimensions of the stator and rotor, selection of slot-pole combination, skewing effect, the structure of rotor and permanent magnets, analysis of the pole-arc to pole-pitch ratio and reduction of active material in the motor. Analytical results obtained are verified by finite element analysis (FEA).","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122364366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527
D. Tuttle, R. Fares, R. Baldick, M. Webber
This work analyzes the capability for Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios, for which the vehicle acts as a residential battery storage system and/or a backup generator during a grid outage or more frequent short duration distribution system fault. In this paper, we use residential energy data collected from a smart grid testbed in Austin, Texas with a custom PEV model to assess the performance (in terms of duration and power output) of a PEV used for backup power. Our results quantify the extent to which photovoltaic (PV) generation and the characteristics of a PEV (battery size, gasoline availability) affect the backup duration of a PEV based V2H system during an electric outage. We use the insight gained from our results to explore optimal engine-generator control for PV-enabled V2H, strategies to further increase backup duration, and non-continuous self-sustaining off-grid alternatives.
{"title":"Plug-In Vehicle to Home (V2H) duration and power output capability","authors":"D. Tuttle, R. Fares, R. Baldick, M. Webber","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyzes the capability for Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios, for which the vehicle acts as a residential battery storage system and/or a backup generator during a grid outage or more frequent short duration distribution system fault. In this paper, we use residential energy data collected from a smart grid testbed in Austin, Texas with a custom PEV model to assess the performance (in terms of duration and power output) of a PEV used for backup power. Our results quantify the extent to which photovoltaic (PV) generation and the characteristics of a PEV (battery size, gasoline availability) affect the backup duration of a PEV based V2H system during an electric outage. We use the insight gained from our results to explore optimal engine-generator control for PV-enabled V2H, strategies to further increase backup duration, and non-continuous self-sustaining off-grid alternatives.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122895147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482
N. Naghizadeh, S. Williamson
Integrated PV-powered, grid-tied electric vehicle (EV) charging is attracting more and more attention. Using the solar powered carports at home, the car owner can charge his/her vehicles without using the grid energy. When the car is away or fully charged, the PV module sends the energy to the grid. In the case that the PV energy is not enough, the grid completes the charging process. Other than home application, this technology can also be employed at work place. In this paper, the specifications of a PV-powered, grid-tied carport power converter system for home application is studied. In this application both DC-DC and DC-AC converters are needed. The DC-DC converter is used for the battery and the PV Module. The DC-AC inverter is used to connect the output of the DC-DC converter to the grid. The goal of this paper is to review the necessary specifications of these two converters for this application. The possible converter topologies are also discussed.
{"title":"A comprehensive review of power electronic converter topologies to integrate photovoltaics (PV), AC grid, and electric vehicles","authors":"N. Naghizadeh, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated PV-powered, grid-tied electric vehicle (EV) charging is attracting more and more attention. Using the solar powered carports at home, the car owner can charge his/her vehicles without using the grid energy. When the car is away or fully charged, the PV module sends the energy to the grid. In the case that the PV energy is not enough, the grid completes the charging process. Other than home application, this technology can also be employed at work place. In this paper, the specifications of a PV-powered, grid-tied carport power converter system for home application is studied. In this application both DC-DC and DC-AC converters are needed. The DC-DC converter is used for the battery and the PV Module. The DC-AC inverter is used to connect the output of the DC-DC converter to the grid. The goal of this paper is to review the necessary specifications of these two converters for this application. The possible converter topologies are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115182686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464
F. McCluskey, A. Bar-Cohen
Presents the power point presentations from the conference proceedings. Power electronics is the critical enabling technology at the intersection of renewable power generation, reliable power distribution and transmission, and efficient power utilization and storage. Issues of compact and high power density packaging, thermal management and reliability are the most important research areas for realizing the full potential of power electronics.
{"title":"Power electronics thermal packaging and reliability","authors":"F. McCluskey, A. Bar-Cohen","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464","url":null,"abstract":"Presents the power point presentations from the conference proceedings. Power electronics is the critical enabling technology at the intersection of renewable power generation, reliable power distribution and transmission, and efficient power utilization and storage. Issues of compact and high power density packaging, thermal management and reliability are the most important research areas for realizing the full potential of power electronics.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126610078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504
I. Arasaratnam, J. Tjong, R. Ahmed, M. El-Sayed, S. Habibi
Battery thermal management is crucial for avoiding disastrous consequences due to short circuits and thermal runaway. The temperature inside a battery (core temperature) is higher than the temperature outside (skin temperature) under high discharge/charge rates. Although the skin temperature is measurable, the core temperature is not. In this paper, a lumped thermal model is considered to estimate the core temperature from skin temperature readings. To take into account uncertainties in thermal model parameters, which are bound to occur as the battery ages, an adaptive closed-loop estimation algorithm called the adaptive Potter filter is derived. Finally, computer simulations are performed to validate the adaptive Potter filter's ability to track the skin and core temperatures under high charge/discharge current pulses and model mismatches.
{"title":"Adaptive temperature monitoring for battery thermal management","authors":"I. Arasaratnam, J. Tjong, R. Ahmed, M. El-Sayed, S. Habibi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504","url":null,"abstract":"Battery thermal management is crucial for avoiding disastrous consequences due to short circuits and thermal runaway. The temperature inside a battery (core temperature) is higher than the temperature outside (skin temperature) under high discharge/charge rates. Although the skin temperature is measurable, the core temperature is not. In this paper, a lumped thermal model is considered to estimate the core temperature from skin temperature readings. To take into account uncertainties in thermal model parameters, which are bound to occur as the battery ages, an adaptive closed-loop estimation algorithm called the adaptive Potter filter is derived. Finally, computer simulations are performed to validate the adaptive Potter filter's ability to track the skin and core temperatures under high charge/discharge current pulses and model mismatches.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125029370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：