Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490
K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson
Battery charging in system level implementation for industrial and vehicular application charged by second generation thin film solar cells like CdTe can could have a promising future. These second-generation thin film solar cells are becoming popular for their cheaper production and better efficiency. Though the production of solar cells is still based mainly on silicon (Si), the market share of thin film solar has been increasing over the last few years [1]. The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit for electric vehicle standard battery charging have been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristic of the cell is used as a source. Then the network response was analyzed under various operating conditions like intensity and temperate change. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. Then a second converter driven with the developed charging algorithm is included. As the two control algorithms (MPP and battery charging) are working in the same system, mismatch between PV system and battery bank might happen [2]. The simple charging algorithm considering the both constant current and constant voltage mode and switching between these two modes when needed has been described.
{"title":"Cadmium Telluride Solar cell: From Device modeling to electric vehicle battery management","authors":"K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490","url":null,"abstract":"Battery charging in system level implementation for industrial and vehicular application charged by second generation thin film solar cells like CdTe can could have a promising future. These second-generation thin film solar cells are becoming popular for their cheaper production and better efficiency. Though the production of solar cells is still based mainly on silicon (Si), the market share of thin film solar has been increasing over the last few years [1]. The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit for electric vehicle standard battery charging have been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristic of the cell is used as a source. Then the network response was analyzed under various operating conditions like intensity and temperate change. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. Then a second converter driven with the developed charging algorithm is included. As the two control algorithms (MPP and battery charging) are working in the same system, mismatch between PV system and battery bank might happen [2]. The simple charging algorithm considering the both constant current and constant voltage mode and switching between these two modes when needed has been described.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494
Junyi Shen, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of the effective solutions to current energy and environment concerns. One of the challenges regarding the energy storage system (ESS) of today's electric vehicles, which are batteries, is the capacity fade. It is of great importance to identify and analyze the factors contributing to the capacity loss and predict the cell degradation. In this manuscript, an advanced systematic Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cell model is proposed to estimate the battery cell State-of-Charge (SOC), cell internal temperature, and battery cycle-lifetime. The accuracy of the proposed model is examined and verified through comparative analyses. Based on the proposed battery model, the impact of various factors, such as discharge current rate, temperature, peak discharge current and Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) and their effects on battery cell capacity loss and cycle-lifetime are investigated and studied.
{"title":"An advanced electro-thermal cycle-lifetime estimation model for LiFePO4 batteries","authors":"Junyi Shen, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of the effective solutions to current energy and environment concerns. One of the challenges regarding the energy storage system (ESS) of today's electric vehicles, which are batteries, is the capacity fade. It is of great importance to identify and analyze the factors contributing to the capacity loss and predict the cell degradation. In this manuscript, an advanced systematic Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cell model is proposed to estimate the battery cell State-of-Charge (SOC), cell internal temperature, and battery cycle-lifetime. The accuracy of the proposed model is examined and verified through comparative analyses. Based on the proposed battery model, the impact of various factors, such as discharge current rate, temperature, peak discharge current and Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) and their effects on battery cell capacity loss and cycle-lifetime are investigated and studied.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127160988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465
F. Musavi, D. Gautam
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: transportation electrification; boost topologies; semiconductor loss modeling; diode selection; inductor design; peak current mode; average current mode; hysteresis current; BCM current mode; DCM current mode; voltage loop considerations; current loop considerations; ripple steering; PFC controller IC; California Energy Commission Regulation; PFC performance improvement; DC-DC topologies; mechanical packaging; and product design cycle.
{"title":"“Overview of power electronics product development cycle and fundamentals of charger design”","authors":"F. Musavi, D. Gautam","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: transportation electrification; boost topologies; semiconductor loss modeling; diode selection; inductor design; peak current mode; average current mode; hysteresis current; BCM current mode; DCM current mode; voltage loop considerations; current loop considerations; ripple steering; PFC controller IC; California Energy Commission Regulation; PFC performance improvement; DC-DC topologies; mechanical packaging; and product design cycle.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126742379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492
A. Battiston, Jean-Philippe Martin, E. Miliani, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar
This paper deals with objective criteria to compare conventional electric traction systems composed of a DC-DC boost converter, a Voltage Source Inverter and of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with alternative topologies such as the Z-source or Quasi Z-source inverters. Analytical expressions are given and validated by both simulation and experimental results (efficiency).
{"title":"Comparison criteria for electric traction system architectures","authors":"A. Battiston, Jean-Philippe Martin, E. Miliani, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with objective criteria to compare conventional electric traction systems composed of a DC-DC boost converter, a Voltage Source Inverter and of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with alternative topologies such as the Z-source or Quasi Z-source inverters. Analytical expressions are given and validated by both simulation and experimental results (efficiency).","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131465497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507
Chen Duan, Chenguang Jiang, A. Taylor, K. Bai
This paper proposes a design and development of a wireless power transfer system to charge the battery in the Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles. A Parallel-Parallel topology is adopted to realize 15 cm-distance power transfer using resonance theory. Finite Element Method is used to extract the coil parameters. The advantages of the proposed design compared to the previous similar research are 1) low operational frequency (42 kHz) to avoid the electromagnetic interference to on-board automotive electronics equipment, and 2) low electrical stress to the semiconductor switches through using zero-voltage-switching technique. A 2 kW prototype to charge 200 V battery was built to experimentally verify the theoretical analysis. The overall system efficiency is ~86%.
{"title":"Design of a zero-voltage-switching large-air-gap wireless charger with low electrical stress for Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"Chen Duan, Chenguang Jiang, A. Taylor, K. Bai","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574507","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a design and development of a wireless power transfer system to charge the battery in the Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles. A Parallel-Parallel topology is adopted to realize 15 cm-distance power transfer using resonance theory. Finite Element Method is used to extract the coil parameters. The advantages of the proposed design compared to the previous similar research are 1) low operational frequency (42 kHz) to avoid the electromagnetic interference to on-board automotive electronics equipment, and 2) low electrical stress to the semiconductor switches through using zero-voltage-switching technique. A 2 kW prototype to charge 200 V battery was built to experimentally verify the theoretical analysis. The overall system efficiency is ~86%.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487
Yong Jiang, Zhi Yang, M. Krishnamurthy
Interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) have been widely used in electric or hybrid electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and high power density. Frequent starts and stops, acceleration and deceleration of vehicles present heavy requirements for the drive motor. In this paper, a 4kW interior permanent magnet motor is designed for a small range-extended electric vehicle. A case study has been carried out for a range-extended solar-electric auto rickshaw, which is used extensively in Asian cities for point-to-point transportation with frequent starts and stops. Based on the specifications for the auto rickshaw, the optimal design processes of traction motor has been proposed, which includes specific considerations for determining dimensions of the stator and rotor, selection of slot-pole combination, skewing effect, the structure of rotor and permanent magnets, analysis of the pole-arc to pole-pitch ratio and reduction of active material in the motor. Analytical results obtained are verified by finite element analysis (FEA).
{"title":"Optimal design considerations for interior permanent magnet motor for a range-extended electric vehicle","authors":"Yong Jiang, Zhi Yang, M. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573487","url":null,"abstract":"Interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) have been widely used in electric or hybrid electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and high power density. Frequent starts and stops, acceleration and deceleration of vehicles present heavy requirements for the drive motor. In this paper, a 4kW interior permanent magnet motor is designed for a small range-extended electric vehicle. A case study has been carried out for a range-extended solar-electric auto rickshaw, which is used extensively in Asian cities for point-to-point transportation with frequent starts and stops. Based on the specifications for the auto rickshaw, the optimal design processes of traction motor has been proposed, which includes specific considerations for determining dimensions of the stator and rotor, selection of slot-pole combination, skewing effect, the structure of rotor and permanent magnets, analysis of the pole-arc to pole-pitch ratio and reduction of active material in the motor. Analytical results obtained are verified by finite element analysis (FEA).","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122364366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527
D. Tuttle, R. Fares, R. Baldick, M. Webber
This work analyzes the capability for Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios, for which the vehicle acts as a residential battery storage system and/or a backup generator during a grid outage or more frequent short duration distribution system fault. In this paper, we use residential energy data collected from a smart grid testbed in Austin, Texas with a custom PEV model to assess the performance (in terms of duration and power output) of a PEV used for backup power. Our results quantify the extent to which photovoltaic (PV) generation and the characteristics of a PEV (battery size, gasoline availability) affect the backup duration of a PEV based V2H system during an electric outage. We use the insight gained from our results to explore optimal engine-generator control for PV-enabled V2H, strategies to further increase backup duration, and non-continuous self-sustaining off-grid alternatives.
{"title":"Plug-In Vehicle to Home (V2H) duration and power output capability","authors":"D. Tuttle, R. Fares, R. Baldick, M. Webber","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574527","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyzes the capability for Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios, for which the vehicle acts as a residential battery storage system and/or a backup generator during a grid outage or more frequent short duration distribution system fault. In this paper, we use residential energy data collected from a smart grid testbed in Austin, Texas with a custom PEV model to assess the performance (in terms of duration and power output) of a PEV used for backup power. Our results quantify the extent to which photovoltaic (PV) generation and the characteristics of a PEV (battery size, gasoline availability) affect the backup duration of a PEV based V2H system during an electric outage. We use the insight gained from our results to explore optimal engine-generator control for PV-enabled V2H, strategies to further increase backup duration, and non-continuous self-sustaining off-grid alternatives.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122895147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482
N. Naghizadeh, S. Williamson
Integrated PV-powered, grid-tied electric vehicle (EV) charging is attracting more and more attention. Using the solar powered carports at home, the car owner can charge his/her vehicles without using the grid energy. When the car is away or fully charged, the PV module sends the energy to the grid. In the case that the PV energy is not enough, the grid completes the charging process. Other than home application, this technology can also be employed at work place. In this paper, the specifications of a PV-powered, grid-tied carport power converter system for home application is studied. In this application both DC-DC and DC-AC converters are needed. The DC-DC converter is used for the battery and the PV Module. The DC-AC inverter is used to connect the output of the DC-DC converter to the grid. The goal of this paper is to review the necessary specifications of these two converters for this application. The possible converter topologies are also discussed.
{"title":"A comprehensive review of power electronic converter topologies to integrate photovoltaics (PV), AC grid, and electric vehicles","authors":"N. Naghizadeh, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573482","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated PV-powered, grid-tied electric vehicle (EV) charging is attracting more and more attention. Using the solar powered carports at home, the car owner can charge his/her vehicles without using the grid energy. When the car is away or fully charged, the PV module sends the energy to the grid. In the case that the PV energy is not enough, the grid completes the charging process. Other than home application, this technology can also be employed at work place. In this paper, the specifications of a PV-powered, grid-tied carport power converter system for home application is studied. In this application both DC-DC and DC-AC converters are needed. The DC-DC converter is used for the battery and the PV Module. The DC-AC inverter is used to connect the output of the DC-DC converter to the grid. The goal of this paper is to review the necessary specifications of these two converters for this application. The possible converter topologies are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115182686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464
F. McCluskey, A. Bar-Cohen
Presents the power point presentations from the conference proceedings. Power electronics is the critical enabling technology at the intersection of renewable power generation, reliable power distribution and transmission, and efficient power utilization and storage. Issues of compact and high power density packaging, thermal management and reliability are the most important research areas for realizing the full potential of power electronics.
{"title":"Power electronics thermal packaging and reliability","authors":"F. McCluskey, A. Bar-Cohen","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573464","url":null,"abstract":"Presents the power point presentations from the conference proceedings. Power electronics is the critical enabling technology at the intersection of renewable power generation, reliable power distribution and transmission, and efficient power utilization and storage. Issues of compact and high power density packaging, thermal management and reliability are the most important research areas for realizing the full potential of power electronics.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126610078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504
I. Arasaratnam, J. Tjong, R. Ahmed, M. El-Sayed, S. Habibi
Battery thermal management is crucial for avoiding disastrous consequences due to short circuits and thermal runaway. The temperature inside a battery (core temperature) is higher than the temperature outside (skin temperature) under high discharge/charge rates. Although the skin temperature is measurable, the core temperature is not. In this paper, a lumped thermal model is considered to estimate the core temperature from skin temperature readings. To take into account uncertainties in thermal model parameters, which are bound to occur as the battery ages, an adaptive closed-loop estimation algorithm called the adaptive Potter filter is derived. Finally, computer simulations are performed to validate the adaptive Potter filter's ability to track the skin and core temperatures under high charge/discharge current pulses and model mismatches.
{"title":"Adaptive temperature monitoring for battery thermal management","authors":"I. Arasaratnam, J. Tjong, R. Ahmed, M. El-Sayed, S. Habibi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574504","url":null,"abstract":"Battery thermal management is crucial for avoiding disastrous consequences due to short circuits and thermal runaway. The temperature inside a battery (core temperature) is higher than the temperature outside (skin temperature) under high discharge/charge rates. Although the skin temperature is measurable, the core temperature is not. In this paper, a lumped thermal model is considered to estimate the core temperature from skin temperature readings. To take into account uncertainties in thermal model parameters, which are bound to occur as the battery ages, an adaptive closed-loop estimation algorithm called the adaptive Potter filter is derived. Finally, computer simulations are performed to validate the adaptive Potter filter's ability to track the skin and core temperatures under high charge/discharge current pulses and model mismatches.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125029370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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