Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573511
T. Stamati, P. Bauer
Contactless Power Transfer (CPT) systems are applicable for charging electric vehicles (EVs) without any physical interconnection. These systems can be installed on roadways in order to charge the vehicles while driving. The implementation of such on-road charging systems in order to extend the driving range and decrease the EV battery size is investigated in this paper. The percentage of road that should be covered and the power transfer capability of the system are estimated. Some design considerations, such as the distribution and the length of the CPT segments over the road, are explained. Finally, the total power demand for all the passing-by vehicles using the system is calculated and the possibility of powering the EVs directly from renewable energy sources is discussed.
{"title":"On-road charging of electric vehicles","authors":"T. Stamati, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573511","url":null,"abstract":"Contactless Power Transfer (CPT) systems are applicable for charging electric vehicles (EVs) without any physical interconnection. These systems can be installed on roadways in order to charge the vehicles while driving. The implementation of such on-road charging systems in order to extend the driving range and decrease the EV battery size is investigated in this paper. The percentage of road that should be covered and the power transfer capability of the system are estimated. Some design considerations, such as the distribution and the length of the CPT segments over the road, are explained. Finally, the total power demand for all the passing-by vehicles using the system is calculated and the possibility of powering the EVs directly from renewable energy sources is discussed.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122491596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573478
V. Prasanth, P. Bauer
A major problem concerning On Road Charging of Electric Vehicles via Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) links is the large variation in power transfer and efficiency due to displacement of the secondary from the primary. This paper looks into this problem referred to as misalignment, both laterally and longitudinally. For lateral misalignment, experimental results were obtained by considering horizontal and vertical coils separately. The technique of combining the quadrature coils to form the quadrature pickup so as to obtain a flatter mutual inductance profile is suggested by directly combining the individual secondary coils. Longitudinal misalignment is particularly of interest when sectional primaries are to be constructed. In case of longitudinal misalignment, unsymmetrical mutual inductance profile at the extremes of the primary was observed experimentally. The concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. A solution to this problem is suggested and the concept of Best Efficiency Point (BEP) introduced. Theoretical efficiencies were obtained to select the best configuration of the primary for power transfer.
{"title":"Study of misalignment for On Road Charging","authors":"V. Prasanth, P. Bauer","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573478","url":null,"abstract":"A major problem concerning On Road Charging of Electric Vehicles via Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) links is the large variation in power transfer and efficiency due to displacement of the secondary from the primary. This paper looks into this problem referred to as misalignment, both laterally and longitudinally. For lateral misalignment, experimental results were obtained by considering horizontal and vertical coils separately. The technique of combining the quadrature coils to form the quadrature pickup so as to obtain a flatter mutual inductance profile is suggested by directly combining the individual secondary coils. Longitudinal misalignment is particularly of interest when sectional primaries are to be constructed. In case of longitudinal misalignment, unsymmetrical mutual inductance profile at the extremes of the primary was observed experimentally. The concept of “Edge Effect” was introduced to explain the same. A solution to this problem is suggested and the concept of Best Efficiency Point (BEP) introduced. Theoretical efficiencies were obtained to select the best configuration of the primary for power transfer.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132643449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574511
Di Han, Jukkrit Noppakunkajorn, B. Sarlioglu
With the advancement of technology on wide bandgap materials such as silicon-carbide (SiC), there are now better choices of SiC power devices available than ever before. It is widely known that SiC-based switching devices provide significant performance improvements on many aspects including lower power dissipation, higher operating temperatures, and faster switching frequencies compared to conventional Si devices. However, the tremendous benefits of SiC devices have not yet been fully explored by researchers. In this paper, a popular topology of bidirectional DC-DC converter that is suitable for hybrid vehicle or electric vehicle applications is considered. Comparative analyses regarding the power loss reductions of power devices and efficiency improvements are carried out for the converter based on three sets of device combinations, e.g. all-silicon (conventional silicon IGBTs and diodes), hybrid (silicon IGBTs with SiC Schottky diodes), and all-SiC (SiC MOSFETs with SiC Schottky diodes).
{"title":"Efficiency comparison of SiC and Si-based bidirectional DC-DC converters","authors":"Di Han, Jukkrit Noppakunkajorn, B. Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574511","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of technology on wide bandgap materials such as silicon-carbide (SiC), there are now better choices of SiC power devices available than ever before. It is widely known that SiC-based switching devices provide significant performance improvements on many aspects including lower power dissipation, higher operating temperatures, and faster switching frequencies compared to conventional Si devices. However, the tremendous benefits of SiC devices have not yet been fully explored by researchers. In this paper, a popular topology of bidirectional DC-DC converter that is suitable for hybrid vehicle or electric vehicle applications is considered. Comparative analyses regarding the power loss reductions of power devices and efficiency improvements are carried out for the converter based on three sets of device combinations, e.g. all-silicon (conventional silicon IGBTs and diodes), hybrid (silicon IGBTs with SiC Schottky diodes), and all-SiC (SiC MOSFETs with SiC Schottky diodes).","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"09 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114824244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573469
F. Musavi, D. Gautam, W. Eberle, W. Dunford
In this paper, a novel, simple and accurate method is proposed to predict the RMS and average current for each component in the most common continuous conduction mode (CCM) AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) boost derived topologies. The model is based on using the effective duty cycle independent of the switching action. The proposed model enables simple and accurate estimation of powertrain component conduction losses. The paper includes the derivation of the RMS, or average current for the boost and interleaved boost PFC topologies. PSIM simulation and experimental results are used to verify the accuracy of model. Experimental and simulation results of a prototype interleaved boost converter converting universal AC input voltage to 400 V DC at up to 3.4 kW output are given to verify the proposed model. The experimental results demonstrate that the model can correctly predict the RMS and average currents in the interleaved boost topology.
{"title":"A simplified power loss calculation method for PFC boost topologies","authors":"F. Musavi, D. Gautam, W. Eberle, W. Dunford","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573469","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel, simple and accurate method is proposed to predict the RMS and average current for each component in the most common continuous conduction mode (CCM) AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) boost derived topologies. The model is based on using the effective duty cycle independent of the switching action. The proposed model enables simple and accurate estimation of powertrain component conduction losses. The paper includes the derivation of the RMS, or average current for the boost and interleaved boost PFC topologies. PSIM simulation and experimental results are used to verify the accuracy of model. Experimental and simulation results of a prototype interleaved boost converter converting universal AC input voltage to 400 V DC at up to 3.4 kW output are given to verify the proposed model. The experimental results demonstrate that the model can correctly predict the RMS and average currents in the interleaved boost topology.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123995422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490
K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson
Battery charging in system level implementation for industrial and vehicular application charged by second generation thin film solar cells like CdTe can could have a promising future. These second-generation thin film solar cells are becoming popular for their cheaper production and better efficiency. Though the production of solar cells is still based mainly on silicon (Si), the market share of thin film solar has been increasing over the last few years [1]. The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit for electric vehicle standard battery charging have been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristic of the cell is used as a source. Then the network response was analyzed under various operating conditions like intensity and temperate change. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. Then a second converter driven with the developed charging algorithm is included. As the two control algorithms (MPP and battery charging) are working in the same system, mismatch between PV system and battery bank might happen [2]. The simple charging algorithm considering the both constant current and constant voltage mode and switching between these two modes when needed has been described.
{"title":"Cadmium Telluride Solar cell: From Device modeling to electric vehicle battery management","authors":"K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574490","url":null,"abstract":"Battery charging in system level implementation for industrial and vehicular application charged by second generation thin film solar cells like CdTe can could have a promising future. These second-generation thin film solar cells are becoming popular for their cheaper production and better efficiency. Though the production of solar cells is still based mainly on silicon (Si), the market share of thin film solar has been increasing over the last few years [1]. The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit for electric vehicle standard battery charging have been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristic of the cell is used as a source. Then the network response was analyzed under various operating conditions like intensity and temperate change. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. Then a second converter driven with the developed charging algorithm is included. As the two control algorithms (MPP and battery charging) are working in the same system, mismatch between PV system and battery bank might happen [2]. The simple charging algorithm considering the both constant current and constant voltage mode and switching between these two modes when needed has been described.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573502
L. Lai, M. Ehsani
The HEV drive train with a full size engine can guarantee vehicle performance at least as good as the conventional vehicle, and with an electrical drive in parallel it will improve the fuel economy and performance beyond the conventional car, but with minimal cost increase. By analyzing the HEV fuel economy versus the increasing of the electrical drive power on typical driving conditions, the optimal hybridization electric power capacity is determined. Thus, the full size engine HEV shows significant improvement in fuel economy and performance, with relatively short cost recovery period.
{"title":"Design study of parallel HEV drive train with full size engine","authors":"L. Lai, M. Ehsani","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573502","url":null,"abstract":"The HEV drive train with a full size engine can guarantee vehicle performance at least as good as the conventional vehicle, and with an electrical drive in parallel it will improve the fuel economy and performance beyond the conventional car, but with minimal cost increase. By analyzing the HEV fuel economy versus the increasing of the electrical drive power on typical driving conditions, the optimal hybridization electric power capacity is determined. Thus, the full size engine HEV shows significant improvement in fuel economy and performance, with relatively short cost recovery period.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129562255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492
A. Battiston, Jean-Philippe Martin, E. Miliani, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar
This paper deals with objective criteria to compare conventional electric traction systems composed of a DC-DC boost converter, a Voltage Source Inverter and of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with alternative topologies such as the Z-source or Quasi Z-source inverters. Analytical expressions are given and validated by both simulation and experimental results (efficiency).
{"title":"Comparison criteria for electric traction system architectures","authors":"A. Battiston, Jean-Philippe Martin, E. Miliani, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with objective criteria to compare conventional electric traction systems composed of a DC-DC boost converter, a Voltage Source Inverter and of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with alternative topologies such as the Z-source or Quasi Z-source inverters. Analytical expressions are given and validated by both simulation and experimental results (efficiency).","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131465497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574497
N. Wong, K. Zhuge, Mehrdad Kazerani
On-board battery charger is an essential component of a plugin vehicle. Bidirectionality, even though not realized yet in charging systems of commercial plugin vehicles, is being seriously considered for future developments, due to provision of V2G capabilities. This paper first presents the structure of a high performance two-stage, level-2 on-board bidirectional battery charger, as the interface between the utility grid and the plugin vehicle's battery pack. Then, a comparative evaluation of three control schemes based on PI controller, synchronous DQ-frame model and PR controller, for grid-side AC-DC converter is performed. Simulation results are used to support the analytical expectations.
{"title":"A comparative evaluation of control techniques for grid-side AC-DC converter in a two-stage level-two bidirectional battery charger","authors":"N. Wong, K. Zhuge, Mehrdad Kazerani","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574497","url":null,"abstract":"On-board battery charger is an essential component of a plugin vehicle. Bidirectionality, even though not realized yet in charging systems of commercial plugin vehicles, is being seriously considered for future developments, due to provision of V2G capabilities. This paper first presents the structure of a high performance two-stage, level-2 on-board bidirectional battery charger, as the interface between the utility grid and the plugin vehicle's battery pack. Then, a comparative evaluation of three control schemes based on PI controller, synchronous DQ-frame model and PR controller, for grid-side AC-DC converter is performed. Simulation results are used to support the analytical expectations.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"18 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122598581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494
Junyi Shen, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of the effective solutions to current energy and environment concerns. One of the challenges regarding the energy storage system (ESS) of today's electric vehicles, which are batteries, is the capacity fade. It is of great importance to identify and analyze the factors contributing to the capacity loss and predict the cell degradation. In this manuscript, an advanced systematic Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cell model is proposed to estimate the battery cell State-of-Charge (SOC), cell internal temperature, and battery cycle-lifetime. The accuracy of the proposed model is examined and verified through comparative analyses. Based on the proposed battery model, the impact of various factors, such as discharge current rate, temperature, peak discharge current and Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) and their effects on battery cell capacity loss and cycle-lifetime are investigated and studied.
{"title":"An advanced electro-thermal cycle-lifetime estimation model for LiFePO4 batteries","authors":"Junyi Shen, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574494","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of the effective solutions to current energy and environment concerns. One of the challenges regarding the energy storage system (ESS) of today's electric vehicles, which are batteries, is the capacity fade. It is of great importance to identify and analyze the factors contributing to the capacity loss and predict the cell degradation. In this manuscript, an advanced systematic Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cell model is proposed to estimate the battery cell State-of-Charge (SOC), cell internal temperature, and battery cycle-lifetime. The accuracy of the proposed model is examined and verified through comparative analyses. Based on the proposed battery model, the impact of various factors, such as discharge current rate, temperature, peak discharge current and Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) and their effects on battery cell capacity loss and cycle-lifetime are investigated and studied.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127160988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465
F. Musavi, D. Gautam
Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: transportation electrification; boost topologies; semiconductor loss modeling; diode selection; inductor design; peak current mode; average current mode; hysteresis current; BCM current mode; DCM current mode; voltage loop considerations; current loop considerations; ripple steering; PFC controller IC; California Energy Commission Regulation; PFC performance improvement; DC-DC topologies; mechanical packaging; and product design cycle.
{"title":"“Overview of power electronics product development cycle and fundamentals of charger design”","authors":"F. Musavi, D. Gautam","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573465","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: transportation electrification; boost topologies; semiconductor loss modeling; diode selection; inductor design; peak current mode; average current mode; hysteresis current; BCM current mode; DCM current mode; voltage loop considerations; current loop considerations; ripple steering; PFC controller IC; California Energy Commission Regulation; PFC performance improvement; DC-DC topologies; mechanical packaging; and product design cycle.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126742379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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