Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574512
C. Clark, W. Eberle, F. Musavi
This paper presents a digital signal processor (DSP)-based zero current detection (ZCD) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) digital detection method for the boost power factor correction (PFC) converter. The detection technique employs a DSP with integrated high-speed comparators to allow simple detection of zero inductor current and DCM operation. By avoiding the need for auxiliary circuits, inductor windings, and by effectively using DSP resources, the proposed detection technique realizes cost and performance advantages over alternative detection methods. An experimental 650 W boost PFC converter operating in mixed-conduction mode controlled by a TMS320F28035 confirms the effectiveness of the proposed detection technique.
{"title":"A DSP-based zero current and discontinuous conduction mode detection method","authors":"C. Clark, W. Eberle, F. Musavi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574512","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a digital signal processor (DSP)-based zero current detection (ZCD) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) digital detection method for the boost power factor correction (PFC) converter. The detection technique employs a DSP with integrated high-speed comparators to allow simple detection of zero inductor current and DCM operation. By avoiding the need for auxiliary circuits, inductor windings, and by effectively using DSP resources, the proposed detection technique realizes cost and performance advantages over alternative detection methods. An experimental 650 W boost PFC converter operating in mixed-conduction mode controlled by a TMS320F28035 confirms the effectiveness of the proposed detection technique.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123214135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574503
D. Chrenko, Shiyu Gan, Z. Daud, Z. Asus, E. Aglzim, L. Le Moyne
This paper presents a method to evaluate the volume and weight of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and lithium-ion battery for a series hybrid vehicle that allows to minimize the mean consumption over system life. Individual driving cycles of the car over a total distance of 100 000 km are simulated. The ICE and battery dimensions are approximated; the fuel consumption is evaluated using a general approach. Lithium-ion battery is described including capacity fading and the energy split between ICE and battery system is evaluated using an heuristic approach. Results show a decrease of mean fuel consumption down to 5.1 L/100km.
{"title":"Sizing of ICE and Lithium-ion battery for series hybrid vehicle over life cycle with battery aging","authors":"D. Chrenko, Shiyu Gan, Z. Daud, Z. Asus, E. Aglzim, L. Le Moyne","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574503","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method to evaluate the volume and weight of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and lithium-ion battery for a series hybrid vehicle that allows to minimize the mean consumption over system life. Individual driving cycles of the car over a total distance of 100 000 km are simulated. The ICE and battery dimensions are approximated; the fuel consumption is evaluated using a general approach. Lithium-ion battery is described including capacity fading and the energy split between ICE and battery system is evaluated using an heuristic approach. Results show a decrease of mean fuel consumption down to 5.1 L/100km.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123291423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573504
A. Ravey, Rui Wang, S. Lukic, A. Miraoui
This paper presents a destination prediction algorithm based on a markov model method to build a probability matrix of possible destination GPS coordinates. This matrix is then used in a real time algorithm to predict the distance remaining when the vehicle is running. Simulation based on real GPS data shows the precision of the algorithm and its possible implementation in the control strategy for a PHEV.
{"title":"Distance estimation algorithm for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle control strategy","authors":"A. Ravey, Rui Wang, S. Lukic, A. Miraoui","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573504","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a destination prediction algorithm based on a markov model method to build a probability matrix of possible destination GPS coordinates. This matrix is then used in a real time algorithm to predict the distance remaining when the vehicle is running. Simulation based on real GPS data shows the precision of the algorithm and its possible implementation in the control strategy for a PHEV.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129573381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573505
K. J. Brown
There are numerous safety related codes and standards related to electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This paper will identify applicable codes, standards and recommended practices and then describe the need for such codes. The paper will also identify gaps or areas that codes and standards could be improved related to Level 1 and Level 2 EVSEs. Level 1 EVSEs are typically a 120VAC single phase EVSE with a charging current of 12 or 16A. A Level 2 EVSE is 208 to 240VAC single phase with a maximum current level of 80A. The objective of the paper is to describe methods of enhancing the overall electrical safety for the emerging electric vehicle industry. Actual EVSE results coordinated with electric vehicle test data will be provided within the article including data related to high frequency noise in a charge circuit interrupting device (CCID) circuit. Approaches to the development of CCID circuitry could inadvertently disguise high frequency noise that could develop into harmful leakage current to ground. Vehicle compatibility testing is also an important aspect in the development of an EVSE. The paper shows data related to the benefits of EVSE as well as potential issues that should be addressed as the industry moves forward toward increased electric vehicle usage.
{"title":"Electric vehicle supply equipment; a safety device","authors":"K. J. Brown","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573505","url":null,"abstract":"There are numerous safety related codes and standards related to electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This paper will identify applicable codes, standards and recommended practices and then describe the need for such codes. The paper will also identify gaps or areas that codes and standards could be improved related to Level 1 and Level 2 EVSEs. Level 1 EVSEs are typically a 120VAC single phase EVSE with a charging current of 12 or 16A. A Level 2 EVSE is 208 to 240VAC single phase with a maximum current level of 80A. The objective of the paper is to describe methods of enhancing the overall electrical safety for the emerging electric vehicle industry. Actual EVSE results coordinated with electric vehicle test data will be provided within the article including data related to high frequency noise in a charge circuit interrupting device (CCID) circuit. Approaches to the development of CCID circuitry could inadvertently disguise high frequency noise that could develop into harmful leakage current to ground. Vehicle compatibility testing is also an important aspect in the development of an EVSE. The paper shows data related to the benefits of EVSE as well as potential issues that should be addressed as the industry moves forward toward increased electric vehicle usage.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129913233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574492
M. Bloom, G. Niu, M. Krishnamurthy
This paper focuses on the design challenges in the design of an efficient, wireless, Level-2 PHEV battery charger. Specifically, this work focuses on the challenges posed by the coupling factor, AC resistance and Q-factor, equivalent load impedance, and need for power electronics. It uses the WiTricity™ system proposed by researchers as a sample system for wireless automotive charging. In-depth study study shows that the output could be modeled as a current source. This paper presents a novel AC/DC rectification and regulation scheme based on a modified boost converter and hysteresis controller. Detailed simulation has been carried out for the system, which shows that the system has 80% efficiency at full load.
{"title":"Design considerations for wireless electric vehicle charging","authors":"M. Bloom, G. Niu, M. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the design challenges in the design of an efficient, wireless, Level-2 PHEV battery charger. Specifically, this work focuses on the challenges posed by the coupling factor, AC resistance and Q-factor, equivalent load impedance, and need for power electronics. It uses the WiTricity™ system proposed by researchers as a sample system for wireless automotive charging. In-depth study study shows that the output could be modeled as a current source. This paper presents a novel AC/DC rectification and regulation scheme based on a modified boost converter and hysteresis controller. Detailed simulation has been carried out for the system, which shows that the system has 80% efficiency at full load.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130963498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573491
Dimko Miskovski, S. Williamson
Environmental concerns and rising oil prices have contributed of development and commercialization of electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). They are emerging the market with rapid pace and very soon the supporting equipment will be necessary. As a part of that, the EV charging stations are maybe the most important ring in the chain of complete transportation system's replacement. The EV PV public charging station is conceived as a contactless power transfer post that will be located in the parking areas of large shopping centers, touristic sites, sports venues, airports, etc. With its most important difference from on-road high-power charging station, this type of system will provide only partial charging of the EV's energy storage system (ESS), for example, 30% of the battery capacity during one to two hours period. The station will be equipped with energy storage system consisting of serial-parallel bank of Li-Ion batteries. It will be supplied by PV system and a grid interface. The power transfer from the station to the EV will be conducted through Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system, consisting of resonant converter and air-core transformer (ACT). The IPT may be the most convenient way for EV charging. It has many advantages, including the convenience of being cordless and the safety during the charging. Most of the problems connected to plugging the charging plug are eliminated (possible sparking and mechanical damage of the electrical contacts). However, the IPT must be designed as high efficient system where several important issues must be considered: large air gap, good tolerance to misalignment, safe electromagnetic radiation and system's compactness. The project will be basic (generic) approach how the EV public charging stations should be designed. The assessment of the system elements according to the pre-determined parameters will be confirmed by its layout design and simulation. They will be the source for determining the system efficiency and cost during standard conditions of exploitation.
{"title":"Modeling and simulation of a photovoltaic (PV) based Inductive Power Transfer electric vehicle public charging station","authors":"Dimko Miskovski, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573491","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental concerns and rising oil prices have contributed of development and commercialization of electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). They are emerging the market with rapid pace and very soon the supporting equipment will be necessary. As a part of that, the EV charging stations are maybe the most important ring in the chain of complete transportation system's replacement. The EV PV public charging station is conceived as a contactless power transfer post that will be located in the parking areas of large shopping centers, touristic sites, sports venues, airports, etc. With its most important difference from on-road high-power charging station, this type of system will provide only partial charging of the EV's energy storage system (ESS), for example, 30% of the battery capacity during one to two hours period. The station will be equipped with energy storage system consisting of serial-parallel bank of Li-Ion batteries. It will be supplied by PV system and a grid interface. The power transfer from the station to the EV will be conducted through Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system, consisting of resonant converter and air-core transformer (ACT). The IPT may be the most convenient way for EV charging. It has many advantages, including the convenience of being cordless and the safety during the charging. Most of the problems connected to plugging the charging plug are eliminated (possible sparking and mechanical damage of the electrical contacts). However, the IPT must be designed as high efficient system where several important issues must be considered: large air gap, good tolerance to misalignment, safe electromagnetic radiation and system's compactness. The project will be basic (generic) approach how the EV public charging stations should be designed. The assessment of the system elements according to the pre-determined parameters will be confirmed by its layout design and simulation. They will be the source for determining the system efficiency and cost during standard conditions of exploitation.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133598565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574519
S. Rogers, Andrew J. Saul, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh
Recent advancements in the automotive industry together with environmental concerns, global warming and energy independence issues have lead researchers and automotive manufacturers to go through comprehensive restructuring to electrify vehicles. Currently, the majority of the electrified vehicles in the market, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), primarily utilize battery packs for electric propulsion. In this competitive automotive market, Genovation's approach is to design a high performance electric vehicle (G2), shown in Fig. 1, with a light weight, crash test optimized frame that can be restyled into a convertible or a four door sedan with minimum effort.
{"title":"Enhanced battery / ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system and split powertrain for next generation performance vehicles","authors":"S. Rogers, Andrew J. Saul, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574519","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in the automotive industry together with environmental concerns, global warming and energy independence issues have lead researchers and automotive manufacturers to go through comprehensive restructuring to electrify vehicles. Currently, the majority of the electrified vehicles in the market, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), primarily utilize battery packs for electric propulsion. In this competitive automotive market, Genovation's approach is to design a high performance electric vehicle (G2), shown in Fig. 1, with a light weight, crash test optimized frame that can be restyled into a convertible or a four door sedan with minimum effort.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114906912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573508
N. Al-Mutawaly, Mehdi Alimardani
Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources typically generate distorted current waveforms (harmonics). As consumer adoption of these technologies increases, it is expected that harmonics will accumulate resulting in poor power quality and degradation of smart grid performance. Such impacts would affect many sectors including utilities, auto manufacturers, and renewable energy producers. For research, training and teaching purposes, Mohawk College and McMaster University have collaborated to produce a comprehensive mobile test bed to study harmonics generated within a smart grid. The fully automated system includes multiple transformers, electric vehicle chargers, a grid tied inverter and data acquisition systems, which allow the user to monitor harmonic content and control power flow within the test bed.
{"title":"A test bed to monitor smart grid power quality","authors":"N. Al-Mutawaly, Mehdi Alimardani","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573508","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources typically generate distorted current waveforms (harmonics). As consumer adoption of these technologies increases, it is expected that harmonics will accumulate resulting in poor power quality and degradation of smart grid performance. Such impacts would affect many sectors including utilities, auto manufacturers, and renewable energy producers. For research, training and teaching purposes, Mohawk College and McMaster University have collaborated to produce a comprehensive mobile test bed to study harmonics generated within a smart grid. The fully automated system includes multiple transformers, electric vehicle chargers, a grid tied inverter and data acquisition systems, which allow the user to monitor harmonic content and control power flow within the test bed.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124999739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573489
A. S. Murthy, David G. Taylor
The powertrains of hybrid electric vehicles incorporate motor-generator units that can contribute propulsion torque or braking torque in response to driver demands and power management logic. A key feature of these motor-generator units is their ability to recover kinetic energy, through regenerative braking, that would otherwise be dissipated as heat. This paper clarifies and resolves several critical issues relating to regenerative braking of battery powered converter controlled permanent-magnet synchronous machines, including the determination of boundaries in the torque-speed plane defining the regenerative braking capability region and the determination of feasible operating points within that capability region that lead to maximum battery-pack recharge current.
{"title":"Regenerative braking of battery powered converter controlled PM synchronous machines","authors":"A. S. Murthy, David G. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573489","url":null,"abstract":"The powertrains of hybrid electric vehicles incorporate motor-generator units that can contribute propulsion torque or braking torque in response to driver demands and power management logic. A key feature of these motor-generator units is their ability to recover kinetic energy, through regenerative braking, that would otherwise be dissipated as heat. This paper clarifies and resolves several critical issues relating to regenerative braking of battery powered converter controlled permanent-magnet synchronous machines, including the determination of boundaries in the torque-speed plane defining the regenerative braking capability region and the determination of feasible operating points within that capability region that lead to maximum battery-pack recharge current.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124813391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573501
Chang-jian Hu, A. Huang, Yimin Gao
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have two energy inputs, the petroleum fuel and electric energy from the utility grid. Due to the different operation costs, the energy management has significant effects on the fuel economy. In this paper, an energy management strategy, stemmed from the AER-focused and blended strategy, is developed. It features the “smart” utilization of the stored electric energy and meanwhile provides intensive electric range. A traffic pattern identification algorithm is proposed. Using the historic and current traffic data, the algorithm can identify the highway and urban traffic pattern, which provides the guidance of the “smart” utilization. In addition, an innovative real time control algorithm for charge sustenance is proposed. It computs the comprehensive energy loss of the hybrid drive train. The operation points with the minimum comprehensive energy loss is found to be the optimized engine and motor operation points. Simulation results show that significant improvement of fuel efficiency can be achieved.
{"title":"Comprehensive lost minimization strategy for parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Chang-jian Hu, A. Huang, Yimin Gao","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573501","url":null,"abstract":"Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have two energy inputs, the petroleum fuel and electric energy from the utility grid. Due to the different operation costs, the energy management has significant effects on the fuel economy. In this paper, an energy management strategy, stemmed from the AER-focused and blended strategy, is developed. It features the “smart” utilization of the stored electric energy and meanwhile provides intensive electric range. A traffic pattern identification algorithm is proposed. Using the historic and current traffic data, the algorithm can identify the highway and urban traffic pattern, which provides the guidance of the “smart” utilization. In addition, an innovative real time control algorithm for charge sustenance is proposed. It computs the comprehensive energy loss of the hybrid drive train. The operation points with the minimum comprehensive energy loss is found to be the optimized engine and motor operation points. Simulation results show that significant improvement of fuel efficiency can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125105308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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