David Valle-Cruz, José Ramón Gil-García, Vanessa Fernandez-Cortez
The use of artificial intelligence in government and its implications to society have generated widespread interest from research and practice communities. However, the analysis of artificial intelligence techniques as a tool to support government decision-making in specific functions is still scarce. For instance, public budgeting could be considered one of the most important internal functions of government and, therefore, it is necessary to understand how artificial intelligence could impact this function. This paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence techniques to classify public budgeting allocations to different programs and policies. In order to achieve this, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are applied to budget data from the Mexican federal government. Among other specific actions, the results suggest that government decision makers should consider fostering investments in social and economic development, as well as increasing the budget in non-programmable expenses in order to activate the economy. Based on the results of this study, we argue that the use of artificial intelligence techniques in government, as a tool for data analysis, has the potential to support better decision-making in government. In our view, artificial intelligence should not be necessarily used to make the final decisions automatically, but to provide ideas and identify potential opportunities and different scenarios that government leaders can then assess and incorporate into their decision-making processes.
{"title":"Towards Smarter Public Budgeting? Understanding the Potential of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Support Decision Making in Government","authors":"David Valle-Cruz, José Ramón Gil-García, Vanessa Fernandez-Cortez","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3396995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396995","url":null,"abstract":"The use of artificial intelligence in government and its implications to society have generated widespread interest from research and practice communities. However, the analysis of artificial intelligence techniques as a tool to support government decision-making in specific functions is still scarce. For instance, public budgeting could be considered one of the most important internal functions of government and, therefore, it is necessary to understand how artificial intelligence could impact this function. This paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence techniques to classify public budgeting allocations to different programs and policies. In order to achieve this, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms are applied to budget data from the Mexican federal government. Among other specific actions, the results suggest that government decision makers should consider fostering investments in social and economic development, as well as increasing the budget in non-programmable expenses in order to activate the economy. Based on the results of this study, we argue that the use of artificial intelligence techniques in government, as a tool for data analysis, has the potential to support better decision-making in government. In our view, artificial intelligence should not be necessarily used to make the final decisions automatically, but to provide ideas and identify potential opportunities and different scenarios that government leaders can then assess and incorporate into their decision-making processes.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126935364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the impact of a global E-government reform network on an individual country's E-government performance. As keeping pace with changing environments becomes one of the essential tasks for governments to retain problem-solving capacity, scholars have paid a lot of attention to the determinants of public sector innovation. However, how the ideas of reform and innovation have been communicated at the international or intergovernmental level has been paid less attention. To fill the gap in the literature, we have constructed a social network dataset covering 179 countries for the period 2010 to 2013. This dataset records whether countries sent government officials to E-government related workshops and conferences hosted by the UN and the OECD. The results show that the embeddedness within the transnational network facilitates the pursuit of E-government innovation. We also find that the well-established bureaucratic institution and competitive IT industry contribute to the E-government performance.
{"title":"A Transnational Network for Public Sector Innovation: The Impact of a Global Digital Government Reform Network on Public Administration at the Domestic Level","authors":"Beomgeun Cho, R. Rethemeyer","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3396961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396961","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of a global E-government reform network on an individual country's E-government performance. As keeping pace with changing environments becomes one of the essential tasks for governments to retain problem-solving capacity, scholars have paid a lot of attention to the determinants of public sector innovation. However, how the ideas of reform and innovation have been communicated at the international or intergovernmental level has been paid less attention. To fill the gap in the literature, we have constructed a social network dataset covering 179 countries for the period 2010 to 2013. This dataset records whether countries sent government officials to E-government related workshops and conferences hosted by the UN and the OECD. The results show that the embeddedness within the transnational network facilitates the pursuit of E-government innovation. We also find that the well-established bureaucratic institution and competitive IT industry contribute to the E-government performance.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128868814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of motivation on the mobile Internet use and mediating effects of digital literacy in people with disabilities through structural equation modeling based on uses and gratifications approach. Multi-group analysis was also used to explore whether differences exist between groups classified by types of disability. The data were taken from the 2018 Digital Information Divide Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency (NIA) in South Korea. As a result, it was found that the motivation of people with disabilities has a little or no direct effect on the mobile Internet use. However, the mediating effect of digital literacy promotes the use of the mobile Internet. In particular, differences in structural models and some path coefficients also appeared according to the type of disability.
{"title":"Can people with disabilities use the mobile Internet if they want to?","authors":"Wookjoon Sung, Seunghwan Kim","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3396986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396986","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of motivation on the mobile Internet use and mediating effects of digital literacy in people with disabilities through structural equation modeling based on uses and gratifications approach. Multi-group analysis was also used to explore whether differences exist between groups classified by types of disability. The data were taken from the 2018 Digital Information Divide Survey conducted by the National Information Society Agency (NIA) in South Korea. As a result, it was found that the motivation of people with disabilities has a little or no direct effect on the mobile Internet use. However, the mediating effect of digital literacy promotes the use of the mobile Internet. In particular, differences in structural models and some path coefficients also appeared according to the type of disability.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129410072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soon Ae Chun, R. Singh, P. Morgan, N. Adam, V. Atluri
Migrations and refugees are a global phenomenon. People migrate from their country or region for many reasons, including to seek out economic opportunities, or to escape from atrocities or disasters. These migrants and refugees face various challenges at the destination countries due to language barriers, cultural differences, and social acceptance. The NGO Committee on Migration (CoM) has been established to form a coalition of organizations worldwide that advocate, educate, and collaborate to encourage the promotion and protection of migrants and their human rights, in accordance with the United Nations Charter. The NGOs operate in different parts of the world, and the information on their migrant trends and support activities are to be shared for better coordination and collaborative governance or for identifying high priority policy issues. This paper presents the visual analytics approach to support the NGOs around the globe to better understand and govern the NGO activities and migration trends, and to monitor international migration policy issues.
{"title":"Visual Analytics for Global Migration Policy Discovery and NGO Collaboration","authors":"Soon Ae Chun, R. Singh, P. Morgan, N. Adam, V. Atluri","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3398261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3398261","url":null,"abstract":"Migrations and refugees are a global phenomenon. People migrate from their country or region for many reasons, including to seek out economic opportunities, or to escape from atrocities or disasters. These migrants and refugees face various challenges at the destination countries due to language barriers, cultural differences, and social acceptance. The NGO Committee on Migration (CoM) has been established to form a coalition of organizations worldwide that advocate, educate, and collaborate to encourage the promotion and protection of migrants and their human rights, in accordance with the United Nations Charter. The NGOs operate in different parts of the world, and the information on their migrant trends and support activities are to be shared for better coordination and collaborative governance or for identifying high priority policy issues. This paper presents the visual analytics approach to support the NGOs around the globe to better understand and govern the NGO activities and migration trends, and to monitor international migration policy issues.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131565235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Development and Measurement of Intelligent Government Index","authors":"Choong-sik Chung, Dongwook Kim","doi":"10.1145/3406823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3406823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121979562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are widely recognized as an effective policy tool for enhancing police transparency and accountability in the United States, especially following by the occurrence of several high-profile police-involved deaths against racial minority residents. In this regard, a great deal of studies have examined whether BWC implementation is actually effective in reducing police use of deadly force, but they do not suggest consistent findings on their effectiveness. One possible reason for such inconsistency may be because of a lack of external validity of the studies as most of them conducted field experiment at a single selected police department. In order to fill this gap, the current study examines the effect of BWC implementation on police use of deadly force using the police departments selected from across the United States. The current finding shows significant decrease of the rate of police-involved deaths of black residents after BWC implementation among the sample police departments, implying that BWCs can be useful to enhance the relationship between police and minority communities.
{"title":"Are body-worn cameras effective in decreasing police-involved deaths?: Evidence from U.S. local police departments","authors":"Sunyoung Pyo","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3396960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396960","url":null,"abstract":"Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are widely recognized as an effective policy tool for enhancing police transparency and accountability in the United States, especially following by the occurrence of several high-profile police-involved deaths against racial minority residents. In this regard, a great deal of studies have examined whether BWC implementation is actually effective in reducing police use of deadly force, but they do not suggest consistent findings on their effectiveness. One possible reason for such inconsistency may be because of a lack of external validity of the studies as most of them conducted field experiment at a single selected police department. In order to fill this gap, the current study examines the effect of BWC implementation on police use of deadly force using the police departments selected from across the United States. The current finding shows significant decrease of the rate of police-involved deaths of black residents after BWC implementation among the sample police departments, implying that BWCs can be useful to enhance the relationship between police and minority communities.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127947917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid advancement of AI technologies – machine learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) and other related technologies – has dramatically expanded the technological capacities of the government and the application of AI technologies in government has been accelerating into more substantial areas of the government functions. Often compared to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, AI technologies are expected to change our society in a fundamental way and this will create the need for the public sector to adapt and coordinate the broader social transformation around the new technology. At this important juncture, this paper explores the significance of AI technologies put on a broader spectrum of frontier technologies that have previously transformed our society and the public sector; examine its unique attributes, potentials, and applications for government services; investigate the landscape of the current use of AI technologies in government and discuss key challenges the new technology will pose to the government and how they may be addressed.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Government:: Potentials, Challenges, and the Future","authors":"M. Ahn, Yu-Che Chen","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3398260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3398260","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid advancement of AI technologies – machine learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) and other related technologies – has dramatically expanded the technological capacities of the government and the application of AI technologies in government has been accelerating into more substantial areas of the government functions. Often compared to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, AI technologies are expected to change our society in a fundamental way and this will create the need for the public sector to adapt and coordinate the broader social transformation around the new technology. At this important juncture, this paper explores the significance of AI technologies put on a broader spectrum of frontier technologies that have previously transformed our society and the public sector; examine its unique attributes, potentials, and applications for government services; investigate the landscape of the current use of AI technologies in government and discuss key challenges the new technology will pose to the government and how they may be addressed.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128800819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The availability of large government data, new technological developments, and emerging social norms for improved government transparency are pressurizing governments around the world to adopt open government data initiatives. Although some governments actively respond to such changes, others are found to lag despite these pressures. This study focuses on the political and administrative factors in explaining this variation. Examining how Korean local governments responded to citizens’ open data requests during 2007-2016, the study demonstrates how political competition and administrative capacity are critical factors for improving government transparency and responsiveness to information disclosure requests from citizens. Specifically, considering (1) the scope of information disclosure, (2) the time to disclosure, and (3) the quality of disclosed information as the outcomes, greater electoral competition and stronger administrative capacity were found to help governments enhance transparency and responsiveness. However, regression discontinuity design shows that the partisan affiliation of local governments had little significant impact on these outcomes.
{"title":"Electoral Competition, Transparency, and Open Government Data","authors":"Sounman Hong","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3398254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3398254","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of large government data, new technological developments, and emerging social norms for improved government transparency are pressurizing governments around the world to adopt open government data initiatives. Although some governments actively respond to such changes, others are found to lag despite these pressures. This study focuses on the political and administrative factors in explaining this variation. Examining how Korean local governments responded to citizens’ open data requests during 2007-2016, the study demonstrates how political competition and administrative capacity are critical factors for improving government transparency and responsiveness to information disclosure requests from citizens. Specifically, considering (1) the scope of information disclosure, (2) the time to disclosure, and (3) the quality of disclosed information as the outcomes, greater electoral competition and stronger administrative capacity were found to help governments enhance transparency and responsiveness. However, regression discontinuity design shows that the partisan affiliation of local governments had little significant impact on these outcomes.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luiz Pereira Pinheiro Junior, M. A. Cunha, M. Janssen, R. Matheus
There are large varieties of governmental organizations using clouds in different ways. The purpose of this article is to explore and classify the types of public organizations using cloud computing. This will help to improve our understanding of cloud adoption and use by governments. For this, a systematic review of literature on cloud government (CloudGov) was performed by searching for articles in several databases. The review resulted into the main elements of the framework for classifying cloud use. In addition, using diffusion of innovation and institutional theory a categorization of public organizations was made. When applying the CloudGov framework empirically in government organizations, we identified three types of organizations: Leaders, Followers and Laggers. The types differ in various ways including their technology expertise, attitude towards innovation and level of political support. In further research, we recommend investigating which drivers influence the type of CloudGov users and generalize the framework to other contexts.
{"title":"Towards a Framework for Cloud Computing use by Governments: Leaders, Followers and Laggers","authors":"Luiz Pereira Pinheiro Junior, M. A. Cunha, M. Janssen, R. Matheus","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3396989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3396989","url":null,"abstract":"There are large varieties of governmental organizations using clouds in different ways. The purpose of this article is to explore and classify the types of public organizations using cloud computing. This will help to improve our understanding of cloud adoption and use by governments. For this, a systematic review of literature on cloud government (CloudGov) was performed by searching for articles in several databases. The review resulted into the main elements of the framework for classifying cloud use. In addition, using diffusion of innovation and institutional theory a categorization of public organizations was made. When applying the CloudGov framework empirically in government organizations, we identified three types of organizations: Leaders, Followers and Laggers. The types differ in various ways including their technology expertise, attitude towards innovation and level of political support. In further research, we recommend investigating which drivers influence the type of CloudGov users and generalize the framework to other contexts.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131973711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the importance of R&D development and significant growth in R&D sector in the information technology era, it is crucial to examine the effect of budgetary institutions and aggregate individual characteristics. In this regards, this study empirically examines the impact of legal constraints and aggregate individual characteristics on state R&D related funding and expenditures by applying a system GMM analysis during the 17-year period (2000-2016).Several new findings are identified in this study. Budgetary institutions including legislative term limits and supermajority requirement effect state innovative capacity, and state R&D spending. State development and human capacity promote innovative capacity and R&D development, and Catholic work ethic enhances innovative capacity. Fiscal burden prevents states from promoting innovative capacity and R&D development, whereas economic downturn can serve as a motivator for additional spending on R&D activities for enhancing innovative capacity and R&D development. Further, these significant factors also reveal the long-term effect.
{"title":"Legal Constraints or Aggregate Individual Characteristics? Examining Factors of State R&D Intensity and Spending in the U.S.: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis","authors":"Koomin Kim","doi":"10.1145/3396956.3397003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3396956.3397003","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the importance of R&D development and significant growth in R&D sector in the information technology era, it is crucial to examine the effect of budgetary institutions and aggregate individual characteristics. In this regards, this study empirically examines the impact of legal constraints and aggregate individual characteristics on state R&D related funding and expenditures by applying a system GMM analysis during the 17-year period (2000-2016).Several new findings are identified in this study. Budgetary institutions including legislative term limits and supermajority requirement effect state innovative capacity, and state R&D spending. State development and human capacity promote innovative capacity and R&D development, and Catholic work ethic enhances innovative capacity. Fiscal burden prevents states from promoting innovative capacity and R&D development, whereas economic downturn can serve as a motivator for additional spending on R&D activities for enhancing innovative capacity and R&D development. Further, these significant factors also reveal the long-term effect.","PeriodicalId":118651,"journal":{"name":"The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115792015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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