Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2022.72.77
E. E. E., Ngah, S. A., A. T. K. S, U. I. U.
The quality of water depends on the physicochemical and microbial characteristics. This study was carried out to analyze the quality of water for drinking and sanitary purposes in selected schools in part of Rivers State, Nigeria and was carried out using 30 water samples from 30 different schools selected randomly. Parameters analyzed include potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), concentration of nitrate, sulphate, chloride, magnesium, calcium and some heavy metals: iron, copper, zinc, lead and manganese. The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), the PH values range between 3.78 and 7.72 for the water samples, thus are said to be acidic and not good for drinking, salinity values range from 0.018 – 0.202mg/l which makes the water very suitable for sanitary purposes and electrical conductivity values range from 38.8 – 378.7μS/cm. Other physiochemical parameters analyzed are within WHO and SON standard for drinking water except for magnesium for which 67% of the samples have elevated values ranging from 0.27 – 3.38mg/l, above the allowable limit stipulated by WHO and SON. All heavy metals present in the water samples are within the WHO and SON limits, making the water virtually free from dangers to the human body posed by the presence of heavy metals. The knowledge from this study can be applicable in water resources, environmental and health management as well as in hydrological activities.
{"title":"PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND SANITARY PURPOSES IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN PARTS OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"E. E. E., Ngah, S. A., A. T. K. S, U. I. U.","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.72.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.72.77","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of water depends on the physicochemical and microbial characteristics. This study was carried out to analyze the quality of water for drinking and sanitary purposes in selected schools in part of Rivers State, Nigeria and was carried out using 30 water samples from 30 different schools selected randomly. Parameters analyzed include potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), concentration of nitrate, sulphate, chloride, magnesium, calcium and some heavy metals: iron, copper, zinc, lead and manganese. The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), the PH values range between 3.78 and 7.72 for the water samples, thus are said to be acidic and not good for drinking, salinity values range from 0.018 – 0.202mg/l which makes the water very suitable for sanitary purposes and electrical conductivity values range from 38.8 – 378.7μS/cm. Other physiochemical parameters analyzed are within WHO and SON standard for drinking water except for magnesium for which 67% of the samples have elevated values ranging from 0.27 – 3.38mg/l, above the allowable limit stipulated by WHO and SON. All heavy metals present in the water samples are within the WHO and SON limits, making the water virtually free from dangers to the human body posed by the presence of heavy metals. The knowledge from this study can be applicable in water resources, environmental and health management as well as in hydrological activities.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83214572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2022.31.34
Ifeanyichukwu K.A, Okolo, C.M., O. A.
Due to the unregulated flow of industrial wastes into the environment, industrial pollution is a major environmental issue in South-eastern Nigeria. It became critical to examine the influence of industrial activity on groundwater quality for home use. Following conventional protocols, twenty-two groundwater water samples were obtained inside the study region. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, method was used to determine the chemical compositions of all the samples collected. Groundwater Quality index was employed to evaluate the laboratory result. Potential Toxic Element concentrations in Groundwater for Cr, Fe, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Al ranged from (0.00 to 0.83ppm, 0.32 to 0.56ppm 0.10 to 0.38ppm, 0.00 to 0.32ppm, 0.00 to 0.01ppm, 0.13 to 0.35ppm, and 0.00 to 1.21ppm) respectively. The various guidelines for water quality and the index revealed that the groundwater was contaminated, basically from anthropogenic sources. It´s recommended that the groundwater should be treated before consumption.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN GROUNDWATER IN THE INDUSTRIES AREA OF NNEWI NORTH SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA","authors":"Ifeanyichukwu K.A, Okolo, C.M., O. A.","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2022.31.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2022.31.34","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the unregulated flow of industrial wastes into the environment, industrial pollution is a major environmental issue in South-eastern Nigeria. It became critical to examine the influence of industrial activity on groundwater quality for home use. Following conventional protocols, twenty-two groundwater water samples were obtained inside the study region. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, method was used to determine the chemical compositions of all the samples collected. Groundwater Quality index was employed to evaluate the laboratory result. Potential Toxic Element concentrations in Groundwater for Cr, Fe, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Al ranged from (0.00 to 0.83ppm, 0.32 to 0.56ppm 0.10 to 0.38ppm, 0.00 to 0.32ppm, 0.00 to 0.01ppm, 0.13 to 0.35ppm, and 0.00 to 1.21ppm) respectively. The various guidelines for water quality and the index revealed that the groundwater was contaminated, basically from anthropogenic sources. It´s recommended that the groundwater should be treated before consumption.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75244287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2022.57.63
Mabroka Sulaiman Mohammad AL-Hammaly
The study dealt with the deterioration in the vegetation cover for medicinal plants and draining it in the Boutraba region , as it is an area where many plant species are used in the treatment and installation of many types of medicinal drugs , the scope of this study is located within of the Mediterranean climate in the Jabal AL-Akhdar region on the first edge in the north- Eastern Libya, which is known for its abundance of annual plants, in which annual plants are associated with rain, as their number increases with the increase in the amount of rainfall. The vegetation cover in the Boutraba region is characterized by the presence of types of annual herbal plants and longitudinal perennials. The study showed the presence of 10 types of medicinal and aromatic plants distributed over 3 families, 4 genera, de-seeded 1 and covered with seeds. It includes dicotyledonous plants 7 species and contains 7 genera, while monocotyledonous plants, while monocotyledonous plants include one family containing two species and two sexes. Cotyledonous plants include 1 type 1 and contain On genus 1, where the risk of deterioration of the vegetation cover due to natural and human factors led to its deterioration and depletion.
{"title":"STUDY OF THE DETERIORATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE BOUTRABA AREA OF AL-JABAL AL-AKHDAR IN LIBYA","authors":"Mabroka Sulaiman Mohammad AL-Hammaly","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2022.57.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2022.57.63","url":null,"abstract":"The study dealt with the deterioration in the vegetation cover for medicinal plants and draining it in the Boutraba region , as it is an area where many plant species are used in the treatment and installation of many types of medicinal drugs , the scope of this study is located within of the Mediterranean climate in the Jabal AL-Akhdar region on the first edge in the north- Eastern Libya, which is known for its abundance of annual plants, in which annual plants are associated with rain, as their number increases with the increase in the amount of rainfall. The vegetation cover in the Boutraba region is characterized by the presence of types of annual herbal plants and longitudinal perennials. The study showed the presence of 10 types of medicinal and aromatic plants distributed over 3 families, 4 genera, de-seeded 1 and covered with seeds. It includes dicotyledonous plants 7 species and contains 7 genera, while monocotyledonous plants, while monocotyledonous plants include one family containing two species and two sexes. Cotyledonous plants include 1 type 1 and contain On genus 1, where the risk of deterioration of the vegetation cover due to natural and human factors led to its deterioration and depletion.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"354 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76457151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2021.33.35
Queency P. Padida, Rolando V. Maningas, Christian Paul P. dela Cruz, Lustina P. Lapie, Nilda S. Alforja
Laguna de Bay is one of the country's major lakes, providing a third of the fish consumed by Metro Manila's 16 million residents. It also provides support for agriculture, industry, and hydropower generation, as well as providing a welcome respite for many Filipinos. However, because of the lake's importance, it is threatened by a variety of issues, including pollution. Heavy metals such as mercury and lead are present in high concentrations in the lake. And these heavy metals may persist in fish, water, air and the human body. As a result, an adsorption technique for heavy metal removal in an aqueous solution was investigated. As an adsorbent, the produced chitosan from crustacean waste shells was employed. The study's parameters were contact time, adsorbent quantity, and pH. Results showed that 0.5 g of chitosan has a higher absorption rate of 99% in 500 mg/L solutions compared to 1.0 g of chitosan with an adsorption rate of 98%. In terms of contact time, 60 minutes showed almost 100% adsorption rate while 120 minutes was 98%. With increasing pH, the amount of metal adsorption rises. This developed chitosan from crustacean waste shells indicates high capacity as adsorbent materials for heavy metals. As a result, it appears to be a viable material for water treatment.
拉古纳德湾(Laguna de Bay)是菲律宾的主要湖泊之一，为大马尼拉1600万居民提供了三分之一的鱼类消费。它还为农业、工业和水力发电提供支持，并为许多菲律宾人提供了一个受欢迎的喘息机会。然而，由于湖泊的重要性，它受到各种问题的威胁，包括污染。像汞和铅这样的重金属在湖中浓度很高。这些重金属可能存在于鱼、水、空气和人体中。为此，研究了一种去除水中重金属的吸附技术。以甲壳类动物废壳为原料，制备壳聚糖作为吸附剂。研究的参数为接触时间、吸附剂用量和ph。结果表明，在500 mg/L的溶液中，0.5 g壳聚糖的吸收率为99%，1.0 g壳聚糖的吸收率为98%。在接触时间方面，60分钟的吸附率几乎为100%，120分钟的吸附率为98%。随着pH值的增加，金属吸附量增加。从甲壳类动物废壳中开发的壳聚糖具有较高的重金属吸附性能。因此，它似乎是一种可行的水处理材料。
{"title":"CRUSTACEAN WASTE SHELLS AS ADSORPTION MATERIALS FOR HEAVY METALS IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION","authors":"Queency P. Padida, Rolando V. Maningas, Christian Paul P. dela Cruz, Lustina P. Lapie, Nilda S. Alforja","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2021.33.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2021.33.35","url":null,"abstract":"Laguna de Bay is one of the country's major lakes, providing a third of the fish consumed by Metro Manila's 16 million residents. It also provides support for agriculture, industry, and hydropower generation, as well as providing a welcome respite for many Filipinos. However, because of the lake's importance, it is threatened by a variety of issues, including pollution. Heavy metals such as mercury and lead are present in high concentrations in the lake. And these heavy metals may persist in fish, water, air and the human body. As a result, an adsorption technique for heavy metal removal in an aqueous solution was investigated. As an adsorbent, the produced chitosan from crustacean waste shells was employed. The study's parameters were contact time, adsorbent quantity, and pH. Results showed that 0.5 g of chitosan has a higher absorption rate of 99% in 500 mg/L solutions compared to 1.0 g of chitosan with an adsorption rate of 98%. In terms of contact time, 60 minutes showed almost 100% adsorption rate while 120 minutes was 98%. With increasing pH, the amount of metal adsorption rises. This developed chitosan from crustacean waste shells indicates high capacity as adsorbent materials for heavy metals. As a result, it appears to be a viable material for water treatment.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77254142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.01.07
A. Shehzadi, Syed Amer Mehmood, H. Aeman, S. Batool
The study on Appraisal of Snow in Context of Temperature Variations in Gilgit Basin was conducted to find the snow cover change over Gilgit and Hunza Rivers. Hypsometric curve for this catchment was convex upward between normalized area and elevation. Using the MODIS snow cover product classification of snow cover was done which indicate the present of snow in the catchment. Change detection technique indicates there was high level of snow cover area change during the melting period of 2011. This area of snow which melted during melting period of 2011 was 9358.762km2. There was high level of snow cover change detection appeared in the melting period of 2011, 2012 and 2015 along the Gilgit-Hunza Rivers. The minimum snow area change was observed in 2014 during the melting period. During this year snow melting was observed with low level of change detection. Besides there was also low level of snow cover change detection observed in 2013 melting period. There was decreasing trend in snow cover change appeared in this basin.
{"title":"APPRAISAL OF SNOW IN CONTEXT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN GILGIT BASIN","authors":"A. Shehzadi, Syed Amer Mehmood, H. Aeman, S. Batool","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.01.07","url":null,"abstract":"The study on Appraisal of Snow in Context of Temperature Variations in Gilgit Basin was conducted to find the snow cover change over Gilgit and Hunza Rivers. Hypsometric curve for this catchment was convex upward between normalized area and elevation. Using the MODIS snow cover product classification of snow cover was done which indicate the present of snow in the catchment. Change detection technique indicates there was high level of snow cover area change during the melting period of 2011. This area of snow which melted during melting period of 2011 was 9358.762km2. There was high level of snow cover change detection appeared in the melting period of 2011, 2012 and 2015 along the Gilgit-Hunza Rivers. The minimum snow area change was observed in 2014 during the melting period. During this year snow melting was observed with low level of change detection. Besides there was also low level of snow cover change detection observed in 2013 melting period. There was decreasing trend in snow cover change appeared in this basin.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83073826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.08.10
Nurhaliza Said Mohd, R. Mohamed
Accumulation of heavy metals in water is of particularly important because it can impact upon human health through possible contamination of food. The use of banana peel was investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was chosen as alternative process. The objective of this project is to synthesize banana peel hydrochars adsorbent via HTC process and to evaluate the heavy metals adsorption performance of banana peel hydrochars adsorbent. Conventional methods in removal of heavy metals require high operational cost, need highly skilled labour, and generate sludge at the end of the operation. Compared to other techniques, banana peel absorbent is a cost- effective adsorbent, easy to operate, environmentally safe and no health risk for the operator. Besides, large quantity of banana peel waste contributes to its significant disposal problem. Thus, this study is expected to solve problems of banana peel, by preparing banana peel adsorbent through hydrothermal carbonization. There are three phases in this project, phase 1 which is synthesis of banana peel based on hydrochars, banana peel was chopped the peels into small pieces. It was then soaked in KOH solution for 2hours and transferred into PTFE and heat for 2hours at 230°C. For phase 2, physico-chemical characterization of banana peels hydrochars by using FTIR. The result obtained shown that all of the content in banana peels will activate the surface of banana peel to enhance the adsorption of the heavy metals. For the final phase, by using AAS, the initial and final concentration of the metals was tested to determine the removal of heavy metals by the prepared hydrochars. The results showed that the removal capacity of the hydrochars increased when the initial concentration of the metals increased. From the research, it can be concluded that, as the initial concentration of the metals higher, the ability of the hydrochars to remove the metals also higher and stronger.
{"title":"THE INITIAL ION EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ADSORPTION BY USING HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION BANANA PEELS","authors":"Nurhaliza Said Mohd, R. Mohamed","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.08.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.08.10","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation of heavy metals in water is of particularly important because it can impact upon human health through possible contamination of food. The use of banana peel was investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was chosen as alternative process. The objective of this project is to synthesize banana peel hydrochars adsorbent via HTC process and to evaluate the heavy metals adsorption performance of banana peel hydrochars adsorbent. Conventional methods in removal of heavy metals require high operational cost, need highly skilled labour, and generate sludge at the end of the operation. Compared to other techniques, banana peel absorbent is a cost- effective adsorbent, easy to operate, environmentally safe and no health risk for the operator. Besides, large quantity of banana peel waste contributes to its significant disposal problem. Thus, this study is expected to solve problems of banana peel, by preparing banana peel adsorbent through hydrothermal carbonization. There are three phases in this project, phase 1 which is synthesis of banana peel based on hydrochars, banana peel was chopped the peels into small pieces. It was then soaked in KOH solution for 2hours and transferred into PTFE and heat for 2hours at 230°C. For phase 2, physico-chemical characterization of banana peels hydrochars by using FTIR. The result obtained shown that all of the content in banana peels will activate the surface of banana peel to enhance the adsorption of the heavy metals. For the final phase, by using AAS, the initial and final concentration of the metals was tested to determine the removal of heavy metals by the prepared hydrochars. The results showed that the removal capacity of the hydrochars increased when the initial concentration of the metals increased. From the research, it can be concluded that, as the initial concentration of the metals higher, the ability of the hydrochars to remove the metals also higher and stronger.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"IM-30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84739695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.19.23
Ch. Arslan, M. Hasnain, W. Tariq
Water contamination due to textile industrial discharge is one of major problems of modern world. Azo dyes are major culprits of water pollution due to presence of complicated azo bond. Synthetic wastewater with high concentration of azo dyes has been treated using different adsorbents in this study. This exploration technique is proved to be conservative, appealing and compelling for the removal of dyes from wastewater. In this investigation, pre-treated sugarcane bagasse and chicken eggshell were utilized as an adsorbent for adsorption of azo dyes from wastewater. All the experiments were allowed to run for 160 minutes. These adsorbents satisfactorily served the purpose of application. Eggshells and sugarcane bagasse and presented 79% and 73% removal of reactive red-1 respectively. Removal of direct blue-1 was observed as 96% and 95% using eggshells and sugarcane bagasse respectively.
{"title":"EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES USING PRE-TREATED NATURAL ADSORBENTS","authors":"Ch. Arslan, M. Hasnain, W. Tariq","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.19.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.19.23","url":null,"abstract":"Water contamination due to textile industrial discharge is one of major problems of modern world. Azo dyes are major culprits of water pollution due to presence of complicated azo bond. Synthetic wastewater with high concentration of azo dyes has been treated using different adsorbents in this study. This exploration technique is proved to be conservative, appealing and compelling for the removal of dyes from wastewater. In this investigation, pre-treated sugarcane bagasse and chicken eggshell were utilized as an adsorbent for adsorption of azo dyes from wastewater. All the experiments were allowed to run for 160 minutes. These adsorbents satisfactorily served the purpose of application. Eggshells and sugarcane bagasse and presented 79% and 73% removal of reactive red-1 respectively. Removal of direct blue-1 was observed as 96% and 95% using eggshells and sugarcane bagasse respectively.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77994361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.24.28
Sundas Shafique, S. Mukhtar, U. Hani, S. Iram
Bioaerosols in indoor environment include substantial portion of fungi which are considered as “hidden killers”. Pakistan like other countries, also bears the atrocities of fungi and their mycotoxins and suffers more due to its favourable climate, weak economy and unawareness. Genus Aspergillus of Fungi is quite important and is predominant in indoor environment, along with Penicillium. There are not adequate research studies on the indoor micro-floral composition, however, the available data shows that numerous Aspergillus species are found inside the buildings whether they be houses, hospitals, laboratories, cafeteria or slaughterhouses. The mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species include aflatoxins, fumonisins, citrinin, ochratoxins and cyclopiazonic acid. They are mainly carcinogenic and cause various diseases like aflatoxicosis, pentaketide nephrotoxin, and necrosis. To avoid such issues, fungal growth should be avoided by controlling temperature and humidity. In addition, fungicides, ultraviolet radiation or essential oils can be used against fungi. The condition of the buildings can also be adjusted to minimize fungal growth like building material, ventilation system, wall paint and hygiene. The database of the country is not satisfactory with insignificant laws and regulation. To estimate the potential risks of Aspergillus species and their mycotoxins, regular monitoring is required at all levels. It will also help to devise solutions related to health and environment related problems.
{"title":"SCENARIO OF ASPERGILLUS INDOOR CONTAMINATION IN PAKISTAN (2000- 2020) – A REVIEW","authors":"Sundas Shafique, S. Mukhtar, U. Hani, S. Iram","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.24.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.24.28","url":null,"abstract":"Bioaerosols in indoor environment include substantial portion of fungi which are considered as “hidden killers”. Pakistan like other countries, also bears the atrocities of fungi and their mycotoxins and suffers more due to its favourable climate, weak economy and unawareness. Genus Aspergillus of Fungi is quite important and is predominant in indoor environment, along with Penicillium. There are not adequate research studies on the indoor micro-floral composition, however, the available data shows that numerous Aspergillus species are found inside the buildings whether they be houses, hospitals, laboratories, cafeteria or slaughterhouses. The mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species include aflatoxins, fumonisins, citrinin, ochratoxins and cyclopiazonic acid. They are mainly carcinogenic and cause various diseases like aflatoxicosis, pentaketide nephrotoxin, and necrosis. To avoid such issues, fungal growth should be avoided by controlling temperature and humidity. In addition, fungicides, ultraviolet radiation or essential oils can be used against fungi. The condition of the buildings can also be adjusted to minimize fungal growth like building material, ventilation system, wall paint and hygiene. The database of the country is not satisfactory with insignificant laws and regulation. To estimate the potential risks of Aspergillus species and their mycotoxins, regular monitoring is required at all levels. It will also help to devise solutions related to health and environment related problems.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84137709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2021.49.53
Yousaf Hassan, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan, R. A. Aslam, Touseef Ahmed Babar, A. Nasir
Water shortage is now one of the major issues of the global world. Water scarcity is increasing day by day. The availability of water is decreasing. The need of hour is to treat the wastewater for dealing water crisis and using it for various purposes. This study involves the treatment of domestic wastewater using phytoremediation technique. The two aquatic plants named Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) and Pistia stratiotes (Water lettuce) were used. The parameters investigated in this research were pH, TDS, Turbidity, EC, TSS and temperature. These parameters were checked at various retention times after every three days interval. The objective of this study was to get higher efficiencies of these two aquatic plants in improving the parameters involved in the research. The adequacy of the treatment parameters was also validated using statistical analysis. It was established by the results at the end of the experiment that maximum efficiencies were achieved by this phytoremediation technique. This concluded that these two aquatic plants treated the wastewater to such an extent that it can be safely disposed in the drains.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING EICCHORNIA CRASSIPES AND PISTA STRATIOTES BY PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES","authors":"Yousaf Hassan, Shahbaz Nasir Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Safdar Khan, R. A. Aslam, Touseef Ahmed Babar, A. Nasir","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2021.49.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2021.49.53","url":null,"abstract":"Water shortage is now one of the major issues of the global world. Water scarcity is increasing day by day. The availability of water is decreasing. The need of hour is to treat the wastewater for dealing water crisis and using it for various purposes. This study involves the treatment of domestic wastewater using phytoremediation technique. The two aquatic plants named Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) and Pistia stratiotes (Water lettuce) were used. The parameters investigated in this research were pH, TDS, Turbidity, EC, TSS and temperature. These parameters were checked at various retention times after every three days interval. The objective of this study was to get higher efficiencies of these two aquatic plants in improving the parameters involved in the research. The adequacy of the treatment parameters was also validated using statistical analysis. It was established by the results at the end of the experiment that maximum efficiencies were achieved by this phytoremediation technique. This concluded that these two aquatic plants treated the wastewater to such an extent that it can be safely disposed in the drains.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85262478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2021.43.48
Neha Sah, D. Sherpa
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) of the family Poaceae is an important cereal crop and is regarded as a basic source of calories and protein demands of the increasing population. With regards to change in global temperature, the impact of rising temperature on crop production is gaining concern worldwide. Among the various abiotic stresses observed in wheat, heat and drought are the major abiotic stresses. An increase in temperature results in the reduction of grain number, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and starch synthesis in the endosperm interrupting the important morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes of the plant causing considerable variation like reduction in grain weight per ear, single kernel weight, kernel number, grain size. Spikelet formation, seed size, etc. along with decreased plant size under morphological changes. Similarly, under physiological changes, water potential, photosynthesis, respiration, etc. are adversely affected due to heat stress in wheat. Content of starch, protein, and different types of amino acid present in wheat grain is also affected due to heat stress which comes under biochemical changes. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and stay green are the mechanisms for the heat tolerance in wheat. The present review was carried out to summarize the various effects of heat stress on wheat at morpho-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical behavior with a brief discussion on suitable breeding strategies to improve the production of wheat crops.
{"title":"TOLERANCE MECHANISM AGAINST IMPACT OF HEAT STRESS ON WHEAT : A REVIEW","authors":"Neha Sah, D. Sherpa","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2021.43.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2021.43.48","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivum) of the family Poaceae is an important cereal crop and is regarded as a basic source of calories and protein demands of the increasing population. With regards to change in global temperature, the impact of rising temperature on crop production is gaining concern worldwide. Among the various abiotic stresses observed in wheat, heat and drought are the major abiotic stresses. An increase in temperature results in the reduction of grain number, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and starch synthesis in the endosperm interrupting the important morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes of the plant causing considerable variation like reduction in grain weight per ear, single kernel weight, kernel number, grain size. Spikelet formation, seed size, etc. along with decreased plant size under morphological changes. Similarly, under physiological changes, water potential, photosynthesis, respiration, etc. are adversely affected due to heat stress in wheat. Content of starch, protein, and different types of amino acid present in wheat grain is also affected due to heat stress which comes under biochemical changes. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and stay green are the mechanisms for the heat tolerance in wheat. The present review was carried out to summarize the various effects of heat stress on wheat at morpho-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical behavior with a brief discussion on suitable breeding strategies to improve the production of wheat crops.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85046916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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