Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.11.18
Warda Khalid, Misbah Fida, W. Hussain, A. Rashid, H. U. Rehman
This paper reviews the concentration and distribution of fluoride in Indian groundwater with particular emphasis and similarities between different components. Groundwater is an essential and precious source of water for drinking. Fluoride is frequently found naturally in the groundwater. Through human activities, organic pollutants enter the groundwater are also a significant concern that can not be avoided. The data for this review paper was obtained from nineteen locations from 2007 to 2018. The data revealed that fluoride concentration ranged from 0.26 to 5.636 mg/L, with 37% of sites with a higher fluoride concentration level. Excessive fluoride ingestion contributes to fluorosis of the dentures and skeletons and bone deformities. It is observed that eight sites were found with higher concentrations (>180 mg/L) of hard water minerals out of nineteen sites. The correlation between the elements itself shows a strong positive correlation, which is r= +1 but the correlation of F-, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, Fe, Mn, PO43-, CO32- between each other is either strong, medium, or small positive and negative or shows no linear relationship between each other. It was noted that the level of health risk in the district of Dhandband and the state of Telangana was calculated to have a higher risk with greater probability and consequences.
{"title":"AN INVESTIGATION BASED ON ELEMENTS CORRELATION AND RISK LEVEL OF FLUORIDE IN GROUNDWATER IN INDIA. A REVIEW","authors":"Warda Khalid, Misbah Fida, W. Hussain, A. Rashid, H. U. Rehman","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.11.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.11.18","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the concentration and distribution of fluoride in Indian groundwater with particular emphasis and similarities between different components. Groundwater is an essential and precious source of water for drinking. Fluoride is frequently found naturally in the groundwater. Through human activities, organic pollutants enter the groundwater are also a significant concern that can not be avoided. The data for this review paper was obtained from nineteen locations from 2007 to 2018. The data revealed that fluoride concentration ranged from 0.26 to 5.636 mg/L, with 37% of sites with a higher fluoride concentration level. Excessive fluoride ingestion contributes to fluorosis of the dentures and skeletons and bone deformities. It is observed that eight sites were found with higher concentrations (>180 mg/L) of hard water minerals out of nineteen sites. The correlation between the elements itself shows a strong positive correlation, which is r= +1 but the correlation of F-, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, Fe, Mn, PO43-, CO32- between each other is either strong, medium, or small positive and negative or shows no linear relationship between each other. It was noted that the level of health risk in the district of Dhandband and the state of Telangana was calculated to have a higher risk with greater probability and consequences.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72775941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.02.2021.36.42
Na yad, Maribel L., Is on, Michael Jomar B, Ma ningas, Rolando V.
The goal of this research is to create biodegradable plastics made from Paragis grass (Eleusine indica) cellulose-pulp that can be used as alternatives to traditional plastics. The bioplastics were made by combining cellulose pulp from paragis grass leaves, sorbitol, acetic acid, and corn starch, with a constant amount of 8g corn starch and varying amounts of cellulose pulp (20g, 30g, and 40g), as well as 10ml sorbitol and 3 ml acetic acid. Collection and processing of paragis grass, cellulose pulp manufacturing, and bioplastic film manufacture were some of the methods used. Tensile strength, biodegradability, water absorption, and water solubility tests are used to characterize bioplastic. The mechanical properties testing shown that bioplastic produced with variation of corn starch to paragis grass cellulose pulp ratio had a tensile strength of 0.549 MPa, 0.878 MPa and 1.03 MPa; elongation at break (%) of 7.33%, 6.97% and 6.54%; biodegradability (weight loss) of 91.65%; 90.05%; and 69.46%; water absorption (weight gain) of 91.80%, 83.06% and 53.74%; and water solubility (weight loss) of 86.96%, 66.46% and54.91% respectively. The study found that Treatment 3 (40g paragis grass) has higher tensile strength (1.03 MPa) and tear strength, ability to degrade in four weeks, low water absorption (53.74%), and water solubility (54.91%).The result showed that cellulose-pulp from Paragis grass leaves could be used to make bioplastic. This research would aid in the reduction of plastic waste that pollutes the Earth’s soil, air, and water, as well as the mitigation of its consequences. It can also help reduce environmental pollution by using biodegradable plastic.
{"title":"THE UTILIZATION OF PARAGIS GRASS (Eleusine indica) AS CELLULOSE-BASED BIOPLASTIC FILM","authors":"Na yad, Maribel L., Is on, Michael Jomar B, Ma ningas, Rolando V.","doi":"10.26480/ecr.02.2021.36.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.02.2021.36.42","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research is to create biodegradable plastics made from Paragis grass (Eleusine indica) cellulose-pulp that can be used as alternatives to traditional plastics. The bioplastics were made by combining cellulose pulp from paragis grass leaves, sorbitol, acetic acid, and corn starch, with a constant amount of 8g corn starch and varying amounts of cellulose pulp (20g, 30g, and 40g), as well as 10ml sorbitol and 3 ml acetic acid. Collection and processing of paragis grass, cellulose pulp manufacturing, and bioplastic film manufacture were some of the methods used. Tensile strength, biodegradability, water absorption, and water solubility tests are used to characterize bioplastic. The mechanical properties testing shown that bioplastic produced with variation of corn starch to paragis grass cellulose pulp ratio had a tensile strength of 0.549 MPa, 0.878 MPa and 1.03 MPa; elongation at break (%) of 7.33%, 6.97% and 6.54%; biodegradability (weight loss) of 91.65%; 90.05%; and 69.46%; water absorption (weight gain) of 91.80%, 83.06% and 53.74%; and water solubility (weight loss) of 86.96%, 66.46% and54.91% respectively. The study found that Treatment 3 (40g paragis grass) has higher tensile strength (1.03 MPa) and tear strength, ability to degrade in four weeks, low water absorption (53.74%), and water solubility (54.91%).The result showed that cellulose-pulp from Paragis grass leaves could be used to make bioplastic. This research would aid in the reduction of plastic waste that pollutes the Earth’s soil, air, and water, as well as the mitigation of its consequences. It can also help reduce environmental pollution by using biodegradable plastic.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89132618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2021.29.32
Esonanjor E.E, O. C.
The study assessed the effect of waste dumpsites on groundwater quality of upper aquifers in Port Harcourt. Water samples were retrieved from hand-dug wells from a dumpsite and a control site and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal content. Results show that electrical conductivity of the dumpsite water samples was 42.06μS/cm while the control site water samples recorded 31.27μS/cm. Turbidity of the water samples ranged from 0.62NTU-0.65NTU. Total Dissolved Solids of the dumpsite water sample was 26.8mg/l while the TDS of the control site water sample was 33.70mg/l. The pH of water samples from both sites ranged from 5.46 -7.34. The pH of water samples from the dumpsite was slightly acidic (5.46). The average temperature of the water samples was approximately 28oC. Phosphate concentration of water samples ranged from 0.32 mg/l-0.54 mg/l while chloride levels ranged from 10.60mg/l-17.12 mg/l. All physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal content of the water samples all fell within the WHO and NSDWQ stipulated standards except for the lead concentration of the water sample retrieved from the dumpsite. The study also revealed that waste dumpsites did not alter the concentration of the measured physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of water samples. However, the study recommended that periodic assessments of groundwater quality of waste dumpsites should be undertaken
{"title":"EFFECT OF WASTE DUMPSITE ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF A SHALLOW AQUIFER IN PORT HARCOURT, SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA","authors":"Esonanjor E.E, O. C.","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2021.29.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2021.29.32","url":null,"abstract":"The study assessed the effect of waste dumpsites on groundwater quality of upper aquifers in Port Harcourt. Water samples were retrieved from hand-dug wells from a dumpsite and a control site and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal content. Results show that electrical conductivity of the dumpsite water samples was 42.06μS/cm while the control site water samples recorded 31.27μS/cm. Turbidity of the water samples ranged from 0.62NTU-0.65NTU. Total Dissolved Solids of the dumpsite water sample was 26.8mg/l while the TDS of the control site water sample was 33.70mg/l. The pH of water samples from both sites ranged from 5.46 -7.34. The pH of water samples from the dumpsite was slightly acidic (5.46). The average temperature of the water samples was approximately 28oC. Phosphate concentration of water samples ranged from 0.32 mg/l-0.54 mg/l while chloride levels ranged from 10.60mg/l-17.12 mg/l. All physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal content of the water samples all fell within the WHO and NSDWQ stipulated standards except for the lead concentration of the water sample retrieved from the dumpsite. The study also revealed that waste dumpsites did not alter the concentration of the measured physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of water samples. However, the study recommended that periodic assessments of groundwater quality of waste dumpsites should be undertaken","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89411015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.32.36
M. Alia, Q. Ain
This paper reviews the background and developments of air filters based on electrospun nanofiber materials. Methods of electrospinning in the production of filter materials and their advantages are discussed in detail. Researchers around the globe are working hard to get highly efficient filters at low cost. Famous approaches to build most effective air filters include electrospun nanofiber mats, composite nanofiber mats, and antibacterial nanofiber mats for micro to nano level filtration at a higher rate. Properties like high temperature, alkali, acid, and flame resistance are still constraining the use of nanofiber filters in many industries. Future research should be focused on producing nanofiber mats capable of undergoing extreme conditions.
{"title":"ADVANCES IN AIR FILTERS BASED ON ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS","authors":"M. Alia, Q. Ain","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.32.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.32.36","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the background and developments of air filters based on electrospun nanofiber materials. Methods of electrospinning in the production of filter materials and their advantages are discussed in detail. Researchers around the globe are working hard to get highly efficient filters at low cost. Famous approaches to build most effective air filters include electrospun nanofiber mats, composite nanofiber mats, and antibacterial nanofiber mats for micro to nano level filtration at a higher rate. Properties like high temperature, alkali, acid, and flame resistance are still constraining the use of nanofiber filters in many industries. Future research should be focused on producing nanofiber mats capable of undergoing extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74202305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.24.31
S. Khalid, Khano ranga, Uroosa Altaf, Rahim Shah, G. Parveen
Access to safe drinking water is an emerging issue in Pakistan, both in urban and rural settlements. The water quality in the region is mainly declined by population explosion, vehicular and industrial emissions and agricultural activities. The aim of the study was to assess the water quality of the study area through integrated approach of water quality index and multivariate analysis. Water samples from the study area were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The study site was divided into eight (8) different locations and the water samples were collected from commonly used water sources. The results of study indicated that the concentration of all studied chemical parameters were within the permissible limits when compared with WHO recommended standards except lead (Pb). Major cations were found in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+>Na+ whereas the trend of anions was HCO-3>Cl->SO4>NO3.Overall water was estimated to be of CaHCO-3 type. Water quality index illustrated that all water samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes. Microbiological assessment showed that water is contaminated with coliform bacteria and fungal spores. Multivariate techniques were found to be ideal tools in identifying spatial variability through cluster analysis (CA) and reducing the dimensionality of huge data set through PCA/FA. It is briefly, concluded from the results of current study, that water of the study area was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to presence of some biological and chemical contaminants. Results recommend that developing efficient water quality monitoring programs, promoting ceramic filters technology, and raising awareness about the issue in communities are the most important steps that might help the people of the study area to resolve the problem.
{"title":"DRINKING WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF UNION COUNCIL DHAMNI, POONCH, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN, USING WATER QUALITY INDEX AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS","authors":"S. Khalid, Khano ranga, Uroosa Altaf, Rahim Shah, G. Parveen","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.24.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.24.31","url":null,"abstract":"Access to safe drinking water is an emerging issue in Pakistan, both in urban and rural settlements. The water quality in the region is mainly declined by population explosion, vehicular and industrial emissions and agricultural activities. The aim of the study was to assess the water quality of the study area through integrated approach of water quality index and multivariate analysis. Water samples from the study area were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The study site was divided into eight (8) different locations and the water samples were collected from commonly used water sources. The results of study indicated that the concentration of all studied chemical parameters were within the permissible limits when compared with WHO recommended standards except lead (Pb). Major cations were found in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+>Na+ whereas the trend of anions was HCO-3>Cl->SO4>NO3.Overall water was estimated to be of CaHCO-3 type. Water quality index illustrated that all water samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes. Microbiological assessment showed that water is contaminated with coliform bacteria and fungal spores. Multivariate techniques were found to be ideal tools in identifying spatial variability through cluster analysis (CA) and reducing the dimensionality of huge data set through PCA/FA. It is briefly, concluded from the results of current study, that water of the study area was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to presence of some biological and chemical contaminants. Results recommend that developing efficient water quality monitoring programs, promoting ceramic filters technology, and raising awareness about the issue in communities are the most important steps that might help the people of the study area to resolve the problem.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82904139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.13.15
Saba Malik
Changes in climate that is a global common with nearby and countrywide impact, has emerged as a widespread risk contributing to various aspects of countrywide protection. This varies from an effect on internal balance to remarkable dimensions of human security, each warrants precise responses underneath an overarching coverage concept. Pakistan as a rustic is indexed for high vulnerability and diverse impact as witnessed in extreme weather change-related events. Ministry of Climate Change formulated a countrywide policy in 2012 to make Pakistan a climate trade the resilient USA and outlined one of a kind region of coverage action. Five years on, it is appropriate now to reappraise the contributions of the policy while taking into account present-day developments. Concurrently, different worldwide and countrywide initiatives are consistently being completed to decorate awareness of the recurrent results of climate alternate. This paper ambition to make a contribution towards reading the impact of climate trade on distinctive elements of national protection and recommend a manner forward for Pakistan.
{"title":"EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ONWARD/TOWARD PAKISTAN","authors":"Saba Malik","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.13.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.13.15","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in climate that is a global common with nearby and countrywide impact, has emerged as a widespread risk contributing to various aspects of countrywide protection. This varies from an effect on internal balance to remarkable dimensions of human security, each warrants precise responses underneath an overarching coverage concept. Pakistan as a rustic is indexed for high vulnerability and diverse impact as witnessed in extreme weather change-related events. Ministry of Climate Change formulated a countrywide policy in 2012 to make Pakistan a climate trade the resilient USA and outlined one of a kind region of coverage action. Five years on, it is appropriate now to reappraise the contributions of the policy while taking into account present-day developments. Concurrently, different worldwide and countrywide initiatives are consistently being completed to decorate awareness of the recurrent results of climate alternate. This paper ambition to make a contribution towards reading the impact of climate trade on distinctive elements of national protection and recommend a manner forward for Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87327595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.16.20
S. Regmi, Manoj Paudel
Cucurbitaceous vegetables are the major source of income for small holding farmers in Nepal. However, production potential of this vegetable is hindered by many pests like red pumpkin beetle, fruit fly, cucurbit stink bug, cucumber thrips, cutworms etc. Red pumpkin beetle (RPB) has been a significant concern in cucurbit production, damaging from germination up to harvesting. This paper analyses host preference shown by RPB among different cucurbits along with severity of damage. Moreover, this paper shows heavier application of insecticides to control RPB which has adverse effect on human health and agro-ecosystem. In order to reduce such haphazard application of insecticides, other control techniques need to be formulated and familiarize with farmers. Integrated pest management (IPM) is the best option that provides several measures, alternative to insecticide and facilitates sustainable environment management. Result shows different eco-friendly techniques practiced by farmers. In addition, it elicits appropriate integration of such techniques in a research station that are applicable to farmer’s field.
{"title":"A REVIEW ON HOST PREFERENCE, DAMAGE SEVERITY AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF RED PUMPKIN BEETLE","authors":"S. Regmi, Manoj Paudel","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.16.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.16.20","url":null,"abstract":"Cucurbitaceous vegetables are the major source of income for small holding farmers in Nepal. However, production potential of this vegetable is hindered by many pests like red pumpkin beetle, fruit fly, cucurbit stink bug, cucumber thrips, cutworms etc. Red pumpkin beetle (RPB) has been a significant concern in cucurbit production, damaging from germination up to harvesting. This paper analyses host preference shown by RPB among different cucurbits along with severity of damage. Moreover, this paper shows heavier application of insecticides to control RPB which has adverse effect on human health and agro-ecosystem. In order to reduce such haphazard application of insecticides, other control techniques need to be formulated and familiarize with farmers. Integrated pest management (IPM) is the best option that provides several measures, alternative to insecticide and facilitates sustainable environment management. Result shows different eco-friendly techniques practiced by farmers. In addition, it elicits appropriate integration of such techniques in a research station that are applicable to farmer’s field.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74851148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12
Majid Ali Seelro, Muhammad Usman Ansari, Sanjrani Manzoor A, A. M. Abodif, Sadaf A
This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water supply system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) IN MODEL COLONY MALIR, KARACHI, PAKISTAN","authors":"Majid Ali Seelro, Muhammad Usman Ansari, Sanjrani Manzoor A, A. M. Abodif, Sadaf A","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.04.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study covers the evaluation of the quality of ground water and surface water using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purpose of Model Colony, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan based on parameters physical, chemical, biological and heavy metals. The ground water samples were collected through boring wells and surface water samples were collected from (KWSB) Karachi Water and Sewerage Board’s water supply system from different locations of study area. Four different locations were selected for collection of water samples using sterilized plastic bottles (1.5L capacity) from 9C, Kazimabad, Abbasi market, and Surti Society. Sampling was done in the evening time (05:00 pm PST). The results were compared with the WHO guidelines. It is concluded that some parameters like Lead and Fecal Coliform (E. coli) are found above from WHO guidelines, some like Arsenic, pH, Turbidity, Total Alkalinity as (CaCO3), Calcium, Chloride, Hardness (CaCo3), Magnesium, Nitrate, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate and TDS are found below from WHO guidelines. For Water Quality Assessment Weighted Arithmetic Index method is used. WQI categorizes the both sources of water of Model Colony as good quality water. The mixing of sewage water which may infiltrate from the river channels and nala surrounding the study area, results in decreased quality of water. Calculated value of WQI revealed that the ground water with WQI= 25.60 and surface water with WQI= 29.38 are grouped into good category of water quality which indicates that it is unfit for drinking purpose. However, it can be used for the domestic, irrigation and industrial use. However, it can be used Over all public opinion was recorded through checklist at Model Colony causing various health ailment problems. The survey shows that persons found having diseases like Diarrhea 90%, Hepatitis-A 15%, Skin 70%, Eyes problem 45% and Typhoid 65%.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86270950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.21.23
S. Rijal
Land degradation and soil erosion are the major problem in the world. The world loses 24 billion tons of fertile land and dry land degradation reduces National domestic product in developing countries by up to eight percent per year which indicates the vulnerable threat to millions of people in the world. About 87 tonnes of topsoil per hectare per year eroded in Nepal. The fragile geology, farming practices, increasing population etc are the reason which exceeding erosion in Nepal. Soil conservation practices include erosion control and fertility maintenance as well. Agro-forestry system using Pectona grandis, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo etc play an important role in soil conservation. Cowpea, Velvet bean, sesbania, blackgram etc as a cover crop intercept the splash effect of raindrops, improve infiltration of soil and also to reduce deleterious effects of global warming. Conservation tillage was found effective against both soil and wind erosion. Mulching, contour farming and terracing are also found effective in the hilly mountaineous region. It was also found effective in Nepalese condition as well. In this paper bird’s eye view on soil erosion issue, reason and major conservation practices in Nepal and world as well.
{"title":"A REVIEW ON SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN NEPAL","authors":"S. Rijal","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.21.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.21.23","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation and soil erosion are the major problem in the world. The world loses 24 billion tons of fertile land and dry land degradation reduces National domestic product in developing countries by up to eight percent per year which indicates the vulnerable threat to millions of people in the world. About 87 tonnes of topsoil per hectare per year eroded in Nepal. The fragile geology, farming practices, increasing population etc are the reason which exceeding erosion in Nepal. Soil conservation practices include erosion control and fertility maintenance as well. Agro-forestry system using Pectona grandis, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo etc play an important role in soil conservation. Cowpea, Velvet bean, sesbania, blackgram etc as a cover crop intercept the splash effect of raindrops, improve infiltration of soil and also to reduce deleterious effects of global warming. Conservation tillage was found effective against both soil and wind erosion. Mulching, contour farming and terracing are also found effective in the hilly mountaineous region. It was also found effective in Nepalese condition as well. In this paper bird’s eye view on soil erosion issue, reason and major conservation practices in Nepal and world as well.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75708840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.26480/ecr.01.2020.01.03
R. Karn, A. Paudel, S. Pandey
Biological weed control agents are eco-friendly measures of controlling various weed species. They are the living organisms which kill or suppress the growth of another organism. This paper aims at organizing the scientific research finding and providing information about biological control of an invasive weed species, Swallowwort of Southern Ottawa region of Canada. Hypena opulenta, leaf feeding moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is an effective bio-agent for controlling invasive plant species, Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum). Vincetoxicum is native to Mediterranean regions of France, Italy, and Spain and typically grows in calcareous soils on forested slopes. It was introduced to North America (Ontario, Canada) in 19th century. It is found in wide range of habitat that is from agricultural field to the forests and plantations making several adverse impacts in the respective ecosystems of the region. Overwintering Pupa of Leaf feeding moth emerges as an adult and starts laying eggs after 2 days. Eggs are deposited on upper or under side of the main vein and petioles of leaves. Larvae of H. opulenta feed exclusively on newly expanded leaves of the plant for completion of its developmental cycle. Though the larvae show the minimal feeding on other plants but they necessarily require Vincetoxicum species as a host for completion of their life stages. Before releasing larvae of H. opulenta for control of Vincetoxicum in the field they were tested in the lab for host specificity and environmental safety. Larvae of H. opulenta can spread up to the distance of 100 m from release site and control the growth of swallow-wort by feeding on newly emerged leaves which results in reduced shoot biomass and seed multiplication of the plant.
{"title":"HYPENA OPULENTA: A BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL AGENT FOR CONTROLLING AN INVASIVE WEED SPECIES, SWALLOW-WORT: A REVIEW","authors":"R. Karn, A. Paudel, S. Pandey","doi":"10.26480/ecr.01.2020.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Biological weed control agents are eco-friendly measures of controlling various weed species. They are the living organisms which kill or suppress the growth of another organism. This paper aims at organizing the scientific research finding and providing information about biological control of an invasive weed species, Swallowwort of Southern Ottawa region of Canada. Hypena opulenta, leaf feeding moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is an effective bio-agent for controlling invasive plant species, Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum). Vincetoxicum is native to Mediterranean regions of France, Italy, and Spain and typically grows in calcareous soils on forested slopes. It was introduced to North America (Ontario, Canada) in 19th century. It is found in wide range of habitat that is from agricultural field to the forests and plantations making several adverse impacts in the respective ecosystems of the region. Overwintering Pupa of Leaf feeding moth emerges as an adult and starts laying eggs after 2 days. Eggs are deposited on upper or under side of the main vein and petioles of leaves. Larvae of H. opulenta feed exclusively on newly expanded leaves of the plant for completion of its developmental cycle. Though the larvae show the minimal feeding on other plants but they necessarily require Vincetoxicum species as a host for completion of their life stages. Before releasing larvae of H. opulenta for control of Vincetoxicum in the field they were tested in the lab for host specificity and environmental safety. Larvae of H. opulenta can spread up to the distance of 100 m from release site and control the growth of swallow-wort by feeding on newly emerged leaves which results in reduced shoot biomass and seed multiplication of the plant.","PeriodicalId":11882,"journal":{"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS REVIEWS","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72786378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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