Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602895
D. V. Fomicheva, A. P. Zhidkin, M. A. Komissarov
Abstract
The study of soil erodibility, i.e., its ability to resist the destructing action of water flow and raindrops, is one of the important challenges in erosion science. The values of soil erodibility are used in erosion models and make it possible to calculate the rate of soil matter loss/accumulation. The purpose of this study is to assess soil erodibility and its variation on plots of different areas in the northern forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland. It has been established that the calculated parameter of soil erodibility (K-factor) is mainly determined by the soil organic matter content. The mean K-factor for gray forest soils is more than 1.5 times higher than that for noneroded chernozems. The K-factor increases with an increase in the degree of soil erosion. For example, in a series of noneroded and slightly, moderately, and strongly eroded chernozems, it reaches 38, 42, 44, and 57 kg h/(MJ mm), respectively. Gray forest soils are much more susceptible to the risk of degradation from erosion than chernozems because of their higher erodibility and lower thickness of the humus layer, other factors being equal. The use of different methods of K-factor interpolation exerts little effect on changes in the mean soil erosion rates calculated by the WaTEM/SEDEM model, even under conditions of the highly contrasting soil cover. With a change in the scale of soil erosion estimates (the transition from a medium to a large scale, or from a large to a medium scale), the deviation of calculated mean soil erosion rates is less than 15%.
摘要 研究土壤的侵蚀性，即土壤抵抗水流和雨滴破坏作用的能力，是侵蚀科学面临的重要挑战之一。土壤可侵蚀性的数值可用于侵蚀模型，并能计算土壤物质流失/积累的速度。本研究的目的是评估俄罗斯中部高原北部森林草原不同地区小块土壤的侵蚀性及其变化。研究发现，土壤侵蚀性的计算参数（K 系数）主要由土壤有机质含量决定。灰色森林土壤的 K 系数平均值比未侵蚀的切尔诺泽姆高 1.5 倍以上。K 系数随着土壤侵蚀程度的增加而增加。例如，在一系列未侵蚀、轻微侵蚀、中度侵蚀和强烈侵蚀的石炭系土壤中，K 系数分别达到 38、42、44 和 57 kg h/(MJ mm)。在其他因素相同的情况下，灰林土壤由于侵蚀性较强、腐殖质层厚度较低，因此比切尔诺泽姆土壤更容易受到侵蚀造成的退化风险的影响。使用不同的 K 因子插值方法对 WaTEM/SEDEM 模型计算出的平均土壤侵蚀率的变化影响不大，即使在土壤植被对比强烈的情况下也是如此。随着土壤侵蚀估算尺度的改变（从中等尺度过渡到大尺度，或从中等尺度过渡到大尺度），计算出的平均土壤侵蚀率的偏差小于 15%。
{"title":"Multiscale Estimates of Soil Erodibility Variation under Conditions of High Soil Cover Heterogeneity in the Northern Forest-Steppe of the Central Russian Upland","authors":"D. V. Fomicheva, A. P. Zhidkin, M. A. Komissarov","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602895","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The study of soil erodibility, i.e., its ability to resist the destructing action of water flow and raindrops, is one of the important challenges in erosion science. The values of soil erodibility are used in erosion models and make it possible to calculate the rate of soil matter loss/accumulation. The purpose of this study is to assess soil erodibility and its variation on plots of different areas in the northern forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland. It has been established that the calculated parameter of soil erodibility (<i>K</i>-factor) is mainly determined by the soil organic matter content. The mean <i>K</i>-factor for gray forest soils is more than 1.5 times higher than that for noneroded chernozems. The <i>K</i>-factor increases with an increase in the degree of soil erosion. For example, in a series of noneroded and slightly, moderately, and strongly eroded chernozems, it reaches 38, 42, 44, and 57 kg h/(MJ mm), respectively. Gray forest soils are much more susceptible to the risk of degradation from erosion than chernozems because of their higher erodibility and lower thickness of the humus layer, other factors being equal. The use of different methods of <i>K</i>-factor interpolation exerts little effect on changes in the mean soil erosion rates calculated by the WaTEM/SEDEM model, even under conditions of the highly contrasting soil cover. With a change in the scale of soil erosion estimates (the transition from a medium to a large scale, or from a large to a medium scale), the deviation of calculated mean soil erosion rates is less than 15%.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140032403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602779
O. V. Nikolaeva, S. A. Kulachkova, A. A. Astaykina, M. S. Rozanova, O. A. Chistova
Abstract
Ecotoxicity of dust was assessed for different functional zones in three Moscow districts. Ecotoxicity was estimated by the reaction of higher plants using a new approach to the implementation of biotesting method and by changes in the biomass and respiration of microorganisms in residential and transport zones as compared to recreational zones. The proposed method of assessing urban dust toxicity upon modeling dust transfer to soil-like substrates allowed us to solve the main methodological problem, i.e., the choice of control. By the example of perennial ryegrass (Lollium perenne L.), it was found out that annual volume of dust deposition upon a high load within a one-meter zone from the road surface does not manifest toxicity, whereas a three-year volume suppresses plants up to 27% relative to the control. No significant differences were found between the phytotoxicity of dust in different functional zones; and phytotoxicity did not correlate with any of the studied properties of dust (organic carbon content (Corg), pH, electrical conductivity, moisture capacity, particle-size composition). Basal respiration and carbon content in microbial biomass (Cmic) of dust were maximal in the recreational zones of the city (3.1–7.2 μg C–CO2 g–1 h–1 and 314–435 μg g–1, respectively) decreasing by 27–71% in residential and by 76–81% in the transport zones. Significant correlations of basal respiration and Cmic with Corg were observed (rS = 0.57 and 0.61, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 49). High values of microbial metabolic quotient qCO2 of dust and a small share of Cmic in Corg indicate unfavorable conditions for microorganisms.
{"title":"Ecotoxicity of Dust from Different Functional Zones of Moscow","authors":"O. V. Nikolaeva, S. A. Kulachkova, A. A. Astaykina, M. S. Rozanova, O. A. Chistova","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602779","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Ecotoxicity of dust was assessed for different functional zones in three Moscow districts. Ecotoxicity was estimated by the reaction of higher plants using a new approach to the implementation of biotesting method and by changes in the biomass and respiration of microorganisms in residential and transport zones as compared to recreational zones. The proposed method of assessing urban dust toxicity upon modeling dust transfer to soil-like substrates allowed us to solve the main methodological problem, i.e., the choice of control. By the example of perennial ryegrass (<i>Lollium perenne</i> L.), it was found out that annual volume of dust deposition upon a high load within a one-meter zone from the road surface does not manifest toxicity, whereas a three-year volume suppresses plants up to 27% relative to the control. No significant differences were found between the phytotoxicity of dust in different functional zones; and phytotoxicity did not correlate with any of the studied properties of dust (organic carbon content (C<sub>org</sub>), pH, electrical conductivity, moisture capacity, particle-size composition). Basal respiration and carbon content in microbial biomass (C<sub>mic</sub>) of dust were maximal in the recreational zones of the city (3.1–7.2 μg C–CO<sub>2</sub> g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup> and 314–435 μg g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively) decreasing by 27–71% in residential and by 76–81% in the transport zones. Significant correlations of basal respiration and C<sub>mic</sub> with C<sub>org</sub> were observed (<i>r</i><sub><i>S</i></sub> = 0.57 and 0.61, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>n</i> = 49). High values of microbial metabolic quotient <i>q</i>CO<sub>2</sub> of dust and a small share of C<sub>mic</sub> in C<sub>org</sub> indicate unfavorable conditions for microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140037681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602780
L. N. Boloneva, I. N. Lavrentieva, M. G. Merkusheva, L. L. Ubugunov, V. L. Ubugunov, S. B. Sosorova
Abstract
The influence of sowing cereal-legume mixtures and application of mineral fertilizers on technozem created after the liquidation of the tailing dump of the Dzhida Tungsten-Molybdenum Works (Republic of Buryatia) on the change of trace element concentrations in plants and formation of sod limiting the spread of pollutants and reducing environmental risks was assessed. The content of total and mobile forms of some trace elements in the upper loamy sand layer of technozem was higher than in the background soil, exceeded the median background for the soils of Transbaikalia and in some cases the maximum permissible concentrations, and was characterized as moderately hazardous by the coefficient of total contamination (Zc = 18.8); the lower loamy layer was nonhazardous (Zc = 4). It was revealed that the application of fertilizers reduced the concentration of trace elements and their accumulation coefficients in plants. According to the intensity of biological uptake, most of the elements in the aboveground phytomass belonged to the group of medium capture; in the underground phytomass, to the group of medium and intense uptake, which indicates its phytostabilization role. Bioproductivity of cereal–legume mixtures in the control was low. Fertilizer application increased the bioproductivity of the mixtures year to the moderate level on the second year and to the high level on the third year; the dense sod layer fixing the surface and contributing to the increase in the soil organic matter content in comparison with its initial amount was formed on the fourth year. The results of this study can be applied in remediation works on overburden dumps with the creation of technozems for phytostabilization and initiation of organic matter accumulation in these soils by sowing high-yielding perennial herbs and applying mineral fertilizers.
{"title":"Bioproductivity and Trace Element Composition of Cereal–Legume Mixtures in Technozem when Applying Mineral Fertilizers","authors":"L. N. Boloneva, I. N. Lavrentieva, M. G. Merkusheva, L. L. Ubugunov, V. L. Ubugunov, S. B. Sosorova","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602780","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The influence of sowing cereal-legume mixtures and application of mineral fertilizers on technozem created after the liquidation of the tailing dump of the Dzhida Tungsten-Molybdenum Works (Republic of Buryatia) on the change of trace element concentrations in plants and formation of sod limiting the spread of pollutants and reducing environmental risks was assessed. The content of total and mobile forms of some trace elements in the upper loamy sand layer of technozem was higher than in the background soil, exceeded the median background for the soils of Transbaikalia and in some cases the maximum permissible concentrations, and was characterized as moderately hazardous by the coefficient of total contamination (<i>Zc</i> = 18.8); the lower loamy layer was nonhazardous (<i>Zc</i> = 4). It was revealed that the application of fertilizers reduced the concentration of trace elements and their accumulation coefficients in plants. According to the intensity of biological uptake, most of the elements in the aboveground phytomass belonged to the group of medium capture; in the underground phytomass, to the group of medium and intense uptake, which indicates its phytostabilization role. Bioproductivity of cereal–legume mixtures in the control was low. Fertilizer application increased the bioproductivity of the mixtures year to the moderate level on the second year and to the high level on the third year; the dense sod layer fixing the surface and contributing to the increase in the soil organic matter content in comparison with its initial amount was formed on the fourth year. The results of this study can be applied in remediation works on overburden dumps with the creation of technozems for phytostabilization and initiation of organic matter accumulation in these soils by sowing high-yielding perennial herbs and applying mineral fertilizers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140032755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602871
E. A. Golovatskaya, E. E. Veretennikova, E. A. Dyukarev
Abstract
The carbon stock and the emission rates of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) in the peat soils of southern taiga in Western Siberia were studied. The studied peat soils belonged to typical oligotrophic peat soils (Histosols) but developed in two contrasting mire ecosystems—forested and open bogs—that differed considerably in the vegetation cover, soil morphology, and hydrological and temperature conditions. The carbon stock in the upper 50-cm-thick layer reached 9.3 and 6.8 kg/m2 in the forested and open bogs, respectively. The CO2 and CH4 emissions were measured using a static chamber method during the growing seasons in 1999–2014. The CO2 fluxes emitted from the studied soils into the atmosphere were close in their value (116.1 and 123.4 mg CO2/(m2 h) for the forested and open bogs, respectively), whereas CH4 fluxes differed considerably (0.57 and 2.66 mg CO4/(m2 h), respectively). This study highlights an important role of the species composition and hydrological regime of peat soils forming in different bog ecosystems in the estimates of the carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas fluxes in the region.
{"title":"Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Carbon Sequestration in the Oligotrophic Peat Soils of Southern Taiga in Western Siberia","authors":"E. A. Golovatskaya, E. E. Veretennikova, E. A. Dyukarev","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602871","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The carbon stock and the emission rates of greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>) in the peat soils of southern taiga in Western Siberia were studied. The studied peat soils belonged to typical oligotrophic peat soils (Histosols) but developed in two contrasting mire ecosystems—forested and open bogs—that differed considerably in the vegetation cover, soil morphology, and hydrological and temperature conditions. The carbon stock in the upper 50-cm-thick layer reached 9.3 and 6.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the forested and open bogs, respectively. The CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were measured using a static chamber method during the growing seasons in 1999–2014. The CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes emitted from the studied soils into the atmosphere were close in their value (116.1 and 123.4 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/(m<sup>2</sup> h) for the forested and open bogs, respectively), whereas CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes differed considerably (0.57 and 2.66 mg CO<sub>4</sub>/(m<sup>2</sup> h), respectively). This study highlights an important role of the species composition and hydrological regime of peat soils forming in different bog ecosystems in the estimates of the carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas fluxes in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140037572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602767
D. A. Nikitin, N. A. Manucharova, A. S. Dobryansky
Abstract
The microbiome of soils and supraglacial formations in background and oil-polluted ecosystems of Hayes Island (Franz Josef Land) was studied using the methods of luminescent microscopyreal-time and polymerase chain reaction. The biomass of microorganisms ranged from 81 to 666 μg C/g substrate; its larger part (up to 88%) was represented by fungi. The length of the fungal mycelium reached more than 360 m/g substrate. The number of prokaryotes varied from 4.0 × 107 to 3.75 × 109 cells/g substrate; the length of actinomycete hyphae reached 40 m/g substrate. Up to 78% of detected prokaryotic cells were represented by small nanoforms, which is typical for extreme ecosystems. The proportion of viable microbial cells gained maximum (74–86%) in surface organic horizons and minimum (29–54%) in mineral supra-permafrost layers. Bacteria dominated in the prokaryotic complex (from 5.14 × 105 to 5.05 × 1010 16S rRNA copies/g soil); the content of archaea was lower: from 8.46 × 105 to 2.28 × 109 16S rRNA copies/g substrate. The amount of fungal ITS rRNA in the soil samples ranged from 6.47 × 104 to 8.67 × 1010 copies. The number of copies of the alkB gene (synthesis of alkane monooxygenase for the destruction of n-alkanes of hydrocarbons) varied from 1.2 × 101 to 1.8 × 105 copies/g substrate and sharply decreased from surface to deep horizons. Oil-contaminated soils and supraglacial objects contained a smaller biomass, but a larger number of ribosomal genes of microorganisms as compared with background ecosystems. An exponential decrease in the analyzed quantitative parameters of microorganisms from surface to deep soil horizons was observed.
{"title":"Microbiome of Soils and Supraglacial Objects in Background and Oil-Polluted Ecosystems of Hayes Island, Franz Josef Land","authors":"D. A. Nikitin, N. A. Manucharova, A. S. Dobryansky","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602767","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The microbiome of soils and supraglacial formations in background and oil-polluted ecosystems of Hayes Island (Franz Josef Land) was studied using the methods of luminescent microscopyreal-time and polymerase chain reaction. The biomass of microorganisms ranged from 81 to 666 μg C/g substrate; its larger part (up to 88%) was represented by fungi. The length of the fungal mycelium reached more than 360 m/g substrate. The number of prokaryotes varied from 4.0 × 10<sup>7</sup> to 3.75 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/g substrate; the length of actinomycete hyphae reached 40 m/g substrate. Up to 78% of detected prokaryotic cells were represented by small nanoforms, which is typical for extreme ecosystems. The proportion of viable microbial cells gained maximum (74–86%) in surface organic horizons and minimum (29–54%) in mineral supra-permafrost layers. Bacteria dominated in the prokaryotic complex (from 5.14 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 5.05 × 10<sup>10</sup> 16S rRNA copies/g soil); the content of archaea was lower: from 8.46 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 2.28 × 10<sup>9</sup> 16S rRNA copies/g substrate. The amount of fungal ITS rRNA in the soil samples ranged from 6.47 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 8.67 × 10<sup>10</sup> copies. The number of copies of the alkB gene (synthesis of alkane monooxygenase for the destruction of <i>n-</i>alkanes of hydrocarbons) varied from 1.2 × 10<sup>1</sup> to 1.8 × 10<sup>5</sup> copies/g substrate and sharply decreased from surface to deep horizons. Oil-contaminated soils and supraglacial objects contained a smaller biomass, but a larger number of ribosomal genes of microorganisms as compared with background ecosystems. An exponential decrease in the analyzed quantitative parameters of microorganisms from surface to deep soil horizons was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140037676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323700278
R. Mikail, E. Hazar, E. Shein, F. Mikailsoy
Abstract
Methods for determining the thermal diffusivity coefficient from point temperature records in soil of a given thickness have been developed. Data on the dynamics of soil temperature measured at the same depth eight times per day with an interval of 3 hours are used. The proposed methods are based on solving inverse problems of the heat transfer equation (with two harmonics on the soil surface). Experimental studies on the temperature of the layers (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 cm) of gley alluvial soil (Calcaric Gleyic Pantofluvic Fluvisol) in the Igdır region (eastern Turkey) were carried out using Elitech RC-4 sensors during the summer season. Using the obtained data, various methods were used to calculate the thermophysical properties of the soil, namely thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, attenuation depth, heat transfer, and heat flux. Based on statistical criteria, it has been proven that the proposed point model is the best one. It has been established that for the studied soil, the thermal diffusivity κ is 1.1035×10–6 m2/s, thermal conductivity λ is 1.7612 W/(m оС), damping depth d is 17.42 cm, and thermal effusivity e is 27.9431 W h0.5/m2 °C. In addition, in accordance with the model obtained, it was determined that the largest heat flux on the soil surface occurs at 12:00 pm (q = 106.85 W/m2), and the lowest heat flux, at 03:00 am (q = –64.62 W/m2).
{"title":"Determination of Thermophysical Parameters of the Soil according to Dynamic Data on Its Temperature","authors":"R. Mikail, E. Hazar, E. Shein, F. Mikailsoy","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323700278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323700278","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Methods for determining the thermal diffusivity coefficient from point temperature records in soil of a given thickness have been developed. Data on the dynamics of soil temperature measured at the same depth eight times per day with an interval of 3 hours are used. The proposed methods are based on solving inverse problems of the heat transfer equation (with two harmonics on the soil surface). Experimental studies on the temperature of the layers (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 cm) of gley alluvial soil (Calcaric Gleyic Pantofluvic Fluvisol) in the Igdır region (eastern Turkey) were carried out using Elitech RC-4 sensors during the summer season. Using the obtained data, various methods were used to calculate the thermophysical properties of the soil, namely thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, attenuation depth, heat transfer, and heat flux. Based on statistical criteria, it has been proven that the proposed point model is the best one. It has been established that for the studied soil, the thermal diffusivity κ is 1.1035×10<sup>–6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s, thermal conductivity λ is 1.7612 W/(m <sup>о</sup>С), damping depth <i>d</i> is 17.42 cm, and thermal effusivity <i>e</i> is 27.9431 W h<sup>0.5</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> °C. In addition, in accordance with the model obtained, it was determined that the largest heat flux on the soil surface occurs at 12:00 pm (<i>q</i> = 106.85 W/m<sup>2</sup>), and the lowest heat flux, at 03:00 am (<i>q</i> = –64.62 W/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140037926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323603001
Abstract
Deserts represent one of the most inhospitable environments on Earth characterized by extreme daily variations in temperature, limited availability of nitrogen and water, high salinity levels, and other challenging conditions. Within these arid zones, cyanobacteria emerge as a crucial group of organisms capable of actively thriving. They form complex communities known as biocrusts, which not only ensure their own survival, but also significantly contribute to the persistence of other organisms within these ecosystems. Cyanobacteria, through their metabolic activities, play a significant role in the establishment and functioning of soil ecosystems. They are capable of generating primary organic matter, fixing molecular nitrogen, and synthesizing metabolites with potent biological activities. To endure the relentless pressures of their environment, desert cyanobacteria have evolved intricate adaptive strategies to enhance their resilience against multiple concurrent stresses. One such mechanism involves the production of secondary metabolites, enabling them to cope with the extreme conditions of drought and salinity. This comprehensive review delves into the ecological significance of desert cyanobacteria in the context of soil improvement. Additionally, the latest advancements in utilizing cyanobacteria to combat desertification and prevent soil degradation are elucidated.
{"title":"Ecological Features and Adaptive Capabilities of Cyanobacteria in Desert Ecosystems: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323603001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323603001","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Deserts represent one of the most inhospitable environments on Earth characterized by extreme daily variations in temperature, limited availability of nitrogen and water, high salinity levels, and other challenging conditions. Within these arid zones, cyanobacteria emerge as a crucial group of organisms capable of actively thriving. They form complex communities known as biocrusts, which not only ensure their own survival, but also significantly contribute to the persistence of other organisms within these ecosystems. Cyanobacteria, through their metabolic activities, play a significant role in the establishment and functioning of soil ecosystems. They are capable of generating primary organic matter, fixing molecular nitrogen, and synthesizing metabolites with potent biological activities. To endure the relentless pressures of their environment, desert cyanobacteria have evolved intricate adaptive strategies to enhance their resilience against multiple concurrent stresses. One such mechanism involves the production of secondary metabolites, enabling them to cope with the extreme conditions of drought and salinity. This comprehensive review delves into the ecological significance of desert cyanobacteria in the context of soil improvement. Additionally, the latest advancements in utilizing cyanobacteria to combat desertification and prevent soil degradation are elucidated.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323603025
Abstract
For the first time, using the example of the Vecherny Oasis (Thala Hills, Enderby Land), data on the content of microplastic particles (<5 mm) in the soils of East Antarctica were obtained. Seven samples taken from a depth of 0–15 cm were analyzed. Two soil fractions (<1 mm and 1–5 mm) were studied in triplicate (42 individual samples). The method for isolating microplastic particles included soil sieving, density separation in a zinc chloride solution, centrifugation, vacuum filtration, and microscopic analysis. For filtration, glass fiber filters with pore diameter of 1.6 µm were used. Quantification of microplastic particles was carried out using a microscope, digital camera, and appropriate software. Microplastic particles were present in all the analyzed samples. Their quantity varied from 66 to 1933 particles/kg dry soil. In most cases, particles <1 mm predominated (70–100% of all particles). The share of fibers reached 70%; the share of fragments, 30%; plastic films were found sporadically. There was no definite allocation of the increased number of microplastic particles to particular infrastructure facilities, which may be a consequence of the influence of other factors, including local and long-distance transfer of microplastics.
{"title":"Microplastics in Soils of the Thala Hills, East Antarctica","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323603025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323603025","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3> <strong>Abstract</strong> </h3> <p>For the first time, using the example of the Vecherny Oasis (Thala Hills, Enderby Land), data on the content of microplastic particles (<5 mm) in the soils of East Antarctica were obtained. Seven samples taken from a depth of 0–15 cm were analyzed. Two soil fractions (<1 mm and 1–5 mm) were studied in triplicate (42 individual samples). The method for isolating microplastic particles included soil sieving, density separation in a zinc chloride solution, centrifugation, vacuum filtration, and microscopic analysis. For filtration, glass fiber filters with pore diameter of 1.6 µm were used. Quantification of microplastic particles was carried out using a microscope, digital camera, and appropriate software. Microplastic particles were present in all the analyzed samples. Their quantity varied from 66 to 1933 particles/kg dry soil. In most cases, particles <1 mm predominated (70–100% of all particles). The share of fibers reached 70%; the share of fragments, 30%; plastic films were found sporadically. There was no definite allocation of the increased number of microplastic particles to particular infrastructure facilities, which may be a consequence of the influence of other factors, including local and long-distance transfer of microplastics.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.1134/s106422932360224x
R. Vasundhara, Rajendra Hegde, S. Dharumarajan
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the vertical diversity of soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity under coconut (Cocosnucifera L.,) and arecanut (Arecacatechu L.,) plantations within four soil depths (0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) and to determine the factors controlling the distribution across the different agro-climatic zones of Karnataka. A total of 176 soil samples from 30 soil profiles were collected from coconut and arecanut plantations representing 5 different agroclimatic zones (ACZ) and three soil types (Lixisols, Сambisols, and Acrisols) and analyzed for three major soil enzymes viz. dehydrogenase (DHA), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results revealed that the pooled mean of DHA activity was higher in arecanut (7.44 µg TPF g–1 h–1) than coconut (5.75 µg TPF g–1 h–1) and the same pattern has been noticed in both ACP (84.041 and 48.19 µg PnP g–1 h–1 for arecanut and coconut plantations) and ALP (63.57 and 32.14 µg PnP g–1 h–1 for arecanut and coconut plantations). The impact of climate on soil enzyme activity showed that the southern dry zone (SDZ) was high in DHA (10.5 µg TPF g–1 h–1) and ALP (77.98 µg PnP g–1 h–1) activities followed by the eastern dry zone and the lowest was noticed in the coastal zone (CZ). However, ACP activity was higher in CZ (110.24 µg PnP g–1 h–1) and lower in SDZ (33.85 µg PnP g–1 h–1). As soil depth increases enzyme activity is decreased and nearly 50% of enzyme activities are restricted within 0–30 cm soil depth. We observed that greater activity of DHA and ALP was noticed in Lixisols than in Acrisols and Cambisols, whereas higher activity of ACP was found in Acrisols. Our analysis showed that the type of plantations, climate and soil type significantly affect the distribution of enzymes in soil.
{"title":"Vertical Diversity of Soil Dehydrogenase and Phosphatase Activity under Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) Plantations in Different Agro-climatic Zones of Karnataka, India","authors":"R. Vasundhara, Rajendra Hegde, S. Dharumarajan","doi":"10.1134/s106422932360224x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106422932360224x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The present study was conducted to investigate the vertical diversity of soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity under coconut (<i>Cocos</i> <i>nucifera</i> L.,) and arecanut (<i>Areca</i> <i>catechu</i> L.,) plantations within four soil depths (0–30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm) and to determine the factors controlling the distribution across the different agro-climatic zones of Karnataka. A total of 176 soil samples from 30 soil profiles were collected from coconut and arecanut plantations representing 5 different agroclimatic zones (ACZ) and three soil types (Lixisols, Сambisols, and Acrisols) and analyzed for three major soil enzymes viz. dehydrogenase (DHA), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results revealed that the pooled mean of DHA activity was higher in arecanut (7.44 µg TPF g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) than coconut (5.75 µg TPF g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) and the same pattern has been noticed in both ACP (84.041 and 48.19 µg PnP g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup> for arecanut and coconut plantations) and ALP (63.57 and 32.14 µg PnP g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup> for arecanut and coconut plantations). The impact of climate on soil enzyme activity showed that the southern dry zone (SDZ) was high in DHA (10.5 µg TPF g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) and ALP (77.98 µg PnP g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) activities followed by the eastern dry zone and the lowest was noticed in the coastal zone (CZ). However, ACP activity was higher in CZ (110.24 µg PnP g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>) and lower in SDZ (33.85 µg PnP g<sup>–1</sup> h<sup>–1</sup>). As soil depth increases enzyme activity is decreased and nearly 50% of enzyme activities are restricted within 0–30 cm soil depth. We observed that greater activity of DHA and ALP was noticed in Lixisols than in Acrisols and Cambisols, whereas higher activity of ACP was found in Acrisols. Our analysis showed that the type of plantations, climate and soil type significantly affect the distribution of enzymes in soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139918265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.1134/s1064229323602548
Wenqi Zhang, Lu Wang, Jinhong Chen, Yinghu Zhang
Abstract
Rapid and unstable preferential flow has a significant impact on soil carbon cycle. This review aims to explore the effects of preferential flow on the soil carbon cycle and indicate its characteristics and ecological responses in different ecosystems. This study concluded that preferential flow influences soil carbon cycle through various mechanisms, such as facilitating rapid transport of dissolved organic matter, shaping the distribution and aggregation patterns of soil organic carbon, and enhancing soil microbial activity and organic matter decomposition. The characteristics of preferential flow include surrounding characteristics, rapid non-equilibrium infiltration characteristics, fluctuating characteristics, universal characteristics, lateral infiltration characteristics. Those characteristics could also affect the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon. In addition, this review examines the phenomenon of preferential flow in farmland, forest, wetland, desert, and permafrost ecosystems. Finally, we provide insightful perspectives on future research directions, emphasizing the importance of advancing our understanding of preferential flow mechanisms. It also serves as a valuable resource for future research aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of preferential flow and developing effective soil carbon management strategies.
{"title":"Preferential Flow in Soils: Review of Role in Soil Carbon Dynamics, Assessment of Characteristics, and Performance in Ecosystems","authors":"Wenqi Zhang, Lu Wang, Jinhong Chen, Yinghu Zhang","doi":"10.1134/s1064229323602548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1064229323602548","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Rapid and unstable preferential flow has a significant impact on soil carbon cycle. This review aims to explore the effects of preferential flow on the soil carbon cycle and indicate its characteristics and ecological responses in different ecosystems. This study concluded that preferential flow influences soil carbon cycle through various mechanisms, such as facilitating rapid transport of dissolved organic matter, shaping the distribution and aggregation patterns of soil organic carbon, and enhancing soil microbial activity and organic matter decomposition. The characteristics of preferential flow include surrounding characteristics, rapid non-equilibrium infiltration characteristics, fluctuating characteristics, universal characteristics, lateral infiltration characteristics. Those characteristics could also affect the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon. In addition, this review examines the phenomenon of preferential flow in farmland, forest, wetland, desert, and permafrost ecosystems. Finally, we provide insightful perspectives on future research directions, emphasizing the importance of advancing our understanding of preferential flow mechanisms. It also serves as a valuable resource for future research aimed at unraveling the underlying mechanisms of preferential flow and developing effective soil carbon management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11892,"journal":{"name":"Eurasian Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139918183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号