Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523761
J. Herbst, F. Engelkemeir, A. Gattozzi
Power electronic converters are expected to be significant contributors to system mass, system loss, and system cost in the all-electric ship, and are therefore a significant area of interest. This paper investigates the reduction of switching losses in high power (MW level) converters. These losses remain a major obstacle to the development of converters capable of operating at higher frequencies and higher power densities. The Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole (ARCP) soft-switching converter topology offers the potential for minimization of switching losses but has some inherent limitations. This paper examines two new converter designs based on the ARCP soft-switching topology that allow for more compact units by reducing the semiconductor switching losses generated within them. These concepts have been proven in principle by preliminary laboratory testing of a scaled 20 kW converter prototype. The new proposed topologies are described and simulation results and experimental waveforms obtained on the prototype unit are also reported.
{"title":"High power density and high efficiency converter topologies for electric ships","authors":"J. Herbst, F. Engelkemeir, A. Gattozzi","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523761","url":null,"abstract":"Power electronic converters are expected to be significant contributors to system mass, system loss, and system cost in the all-electric ship, and are therefore a significant area of interest. This paper investigates the reduction of switching losses in high power (MW level) converters. These losses remain a major obstacle to the development of converters capable of operating at higher frequencies and higher power densities. The Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole (ARCP) soft-switching converter topology offers the potential for minimization of switching losses but has some inherent limitations. This paper examines two new converter designs based on the ARCP soft-switching topology that allow for more compact units by reducing the semiconductor switching losses generated within them. These concepts have been proven in principle by preliminary laboratory testing of a scaled 20 kW converter prototype. The new proposed topologies are described and simulation results and experimental waveforms obtained on the prototype unit are also reported.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134455704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523747
A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, F. Lewis
In this paper, the voltage and frequency control of shipboard power systems are implemented by the distributed cooperative control of multi-agent systems. The proposed control synchronizes the voltage and frequency of generators to the nominal values. This control is implemented through a communication network with one-way communication links, and is fully distributed such that each generator only requires its own information and the information of its neighbors on the communication network graph. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller for a test system.
{"title":"Distributed control for AC shipboard power systems","authors":"A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, F. Lewis","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523747","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the voltage and frequency control of shipboard power systems are implemented by the distributed cooperative control of multi-agent systems. The proposed control synchronizes the voltage and frequency of generators to the nominal values. This control is implemented through a communication network with one-way communication links, and is fully distributed such that each generator only requires its own information and the information of its neighbors on the communication network graph. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller for a test system.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116008701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523714
R. Meka, M. Sloderbeck, M. Faruque, J. Langston, M. Steurer, L. DeBrunner
This paper presents the work being done in developing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based high-frequency power electronic models in co-simulation with Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) small time step models. With the inclusion of FPGAs in the Electromagnetic Transient simulations, higher frequencies for power electronic models, which were not previously possible using only RTDS, can be achieved. A two port buck converter is modeled on an FPGA using Dommel's algorithm and interfaced with the small time-step environment in RTDS using a travelling wave model. The RTDS small time-step size is 2 μs, whereas the time-step for the FPGA is 300 ns. This paper presents the results and challenges faced in developing this system.
{"title":"FPGA model of a high-frequency power electronic converter in an RTDS power system co-simulation","authors":"R. Meka, M. Sloderbeck, M. Faruque, J. Langston, M. Steurer, L. DeBrunner","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523714","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the work being done in developing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based high-frequency power electronic models in co-simulation with Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) small time step models. With the inclusion of FPGAs in the Electromagnetic Transient simulations, higher frequencies for power electronic models, which were not previously possible using only RTDS, can be achieved. A two port buck converter is modeled on an FPGA using Dommel's algorithm and interfaced with the small time-step environment in RTDS using a travelling wave model. The RTDS small time-step size is 2 μs, whereas the time-step for the FPGA is 300 ns. This paper presents the results and challenges faced in developing this system.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126064872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523746
A. Tessarolo, S. Castellan, R. Menis, G. Sulligoi
A promising solution to improve tomorrow's all-electric ship onboard power system design and performance relies on moving from 50-Hz or 60-Hz AC distribution to a Medium-Voltage DC (MVDC) grid. This paper provides a review of presently-available and under-development technologies for electric generators to be used in perspective MVDC shipboard systems. The inspiring reason for the survey lies in the fact that an MVDC grid design removes the constraints usually imposed on shipboard generation group design and opens the way for a wide variety of non-conventional machine alternatives. In combination of high-speed gas turbines, that can be employed as prime movers, several electric machine topologies, not yet used for ship applications, can be selected to feed MVDC onboard systems. Along with a review of possible generator types suitable for such use, the paper critically reviews some emerging technologies for their fault-tolerance enhancement through conventional and innovative split-phase architectures.
{"title":"Electric generation technologies for all-electric ships with Medium-Voltage DC power distribution systems","authors":"A. Tessarolo, S. Castellan, R. Menis, G. Sulligoi","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523746","url":null,"abstract":"A promising solution to improve tomorrow's all-electric ship onboard power system design and performance relies on moving from 50-Hz or 60-Hz AC distribution to a Medium-Voltage DC (MVDC) grid. This paper provides a review of presently-available and under-development technologies for electric generators to be used in perspective MVDC shipboard systems. The inspiring reason for the survey lies in the fact that an MVDC grid design removes the constraints usually imposed on shipboard generation group design and opens the way for a wide variety of non-conventional machine alternatives. In combination of high-speed gas turbines, that can be employed as prime movers, several electric machine topologies, not yet used for ship applications, can be selected to feed MVDC onboard systems. Along with a review of possible generator types suitable for such use, the paper critically reviews some emerging technologies for their fault-tolerance enhancement through conventional and innovative split-phase architectures.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114362146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523781
Dan Li, L. Qi
A procedure of the energy based fuse model development is presented in the paper. A fuse model, including both pre-arcing and arcing characteristics from any given time-current characteristic curve, was developed. The developed fuse model was based on energy through fuses. Curve fitting technique can determine fuse melting time accurately. The fuse model was tested and validated via simulations. The model was built in Matlab/Simulink and the parameters of the fuse can be input from a user interface.
{"title":"Energy based fuse modeling and simulation","authors":"Dan Li, L. Qi","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523781","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure of the energy based fuse model development is presented in the paper. A fuse model, including both pre-arcing and arcing characteristics from any given time-current characteristic curve, was developed. The developed fuse model was based on energy through fuses. Curve fitting technique can determine fuse melting time accurately. The fuse model was tested and validated via simulations. The model was built in Matlab/Simulink and the parameters of the fuse can be input from a user interface.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127042180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523735
J. P. Stubban, B. Johnson, H. Hess
The US Navy has specified stringent component based performance criteria for interconnecting electrical system devices into a shipboard distribution system. The performance criteria include power quality and harmonic content at the generation, distribution and load. The distribution system is designed to provide a high level of power quality. At the same time, the end-use loads, especially critical loads, are looking at the shipboard power distribution as a low power quality system and may be overdesigned to account for that. This paper reviews the MVDC distribution network as a system, rather than a collection of individually specified components, and presents the trade-offs between point-of-use power quality enhancement filtering, and maintaining a high system-wide level power quality.
{"title":"Comparing point of use power quality to system level power quality in a shipboard MVDC distribution system","authors":"J. P. Stubban, B. Johnson, H. Hess","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523735","url":null,"abstract":"The US Navy has specified stringent component based performance criteria for interconnecting electrical system devices into a shipboard distribution system. The performance criteria include power quality and harmonic content at the generation, distribution and load. The distribution system is designed to provide a high level of power quality. At the same time, the end-use loads, especially critical loads, are looking at the shipboard power distribution as a low power quality system and may be overdesigned to account for that. This paper reviews the MVDC distribution network as a system, rather than a collection of individually specified components, and presents the trade-offs between point-of-use power quality enhancement filtering, and maintaining a high system-wide level power quality.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131699353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523763
F. Barati, Dan Li, R. Dougal
We describe a new method of operating MVDC power systems that is characterized by two aspects: 1) operation of main power sources in current-controlled mode, and voltage regulation via a (relatively) low-power voltage-source converter sourced from a small energy storage system (voltage regulator energy storage system or VRESS). In comparison to the bulk energy storage system, the VRESS is more agile - smaller, faster, lower power. This new voltage regulation scheme reduces capacitance on the dc bus, with the aim of reducing peak discharge currents during faults. Sizing and rating of the VRESS must consider power ramp rates of both the generating units and the loads. A notional system based on the proposed method is designed, implemented in simulation, and evaluated, with the results showing good efficacy in both steady state and dynamic conditions.
{"title":"Voltage regulation in medium voltage DC systems","authors":"F. Barati, Dan Li, R. Dougal","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523763","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new method of operating MVDC power systems that is characterized by two aspects: 1) operation of main power sources in current-controlled mode, and voltage regulation via a (relatively) low-power voltage-source converter sourced from a small energy storage system (voltage regulator energy storage system or VRESS). In comparison to the bulk energy storage system, the VRESS is more agile - smaller, faster, lower power. This new voltage regulation scheme reduces capacitance on the dc bus, with the aim of reducing peak discharge currents during faults. Sizing and rating of the VRESS must consider power ramp rates of both the generating units and the loads. A notional system based on the proposed method is designed, implemented in simulation, and evaluated, with the results showing good efficacy in both steady state and dynamic conditions.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134049657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523780
P. Prempraneerach, M. Angle, J. Kirtley, G. Karniadakis, C. Chryssostomidis
DC faults may cause severe disruptions in continuity of service to vital loads in a shipboard integrated power system, hence detection, isolation, and protection against such faults must be incorporated in both medium-voltage DC (MVDC) and low-voltage DC (LVDC) systems. Here we consider the effectiveness of existing z-source breakers and propose several new designs more appropriate for fault detection in MVDC and LVDC systems. In particular, we perform an optimization study that aims to minimize dissipation and weight and we identify the key parameters for use in MVDC and LVDC systems. Preliminary verification and validation studies are also included.
{"title":"Optimization of a z-source DC circuit breaker","authors":"P. Prempraneerach, M. Angle, J. Kirtley, G. Karniadakis, C. Chryssostomidis","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523780","url":null,"abstract":"DC faults may cause severe disruptions in continuity of service to vital loads in a shipboard integrated power system, hence detection, isolation, and protection against such faults must be incorporated in both medium-voltage DC (MVDC) and low-voltage DC (LVDC) systems. Here we consider the effectiveness of existing z-source breakers and propose several new designs more appropriate for fault detection in MVDC and LVDC systems. In particular, we perform an optimization study that aims to minimize dissipation and weight and we identify the key parameters for use in MVDC and LVDC systems. Preliminary verification and validation studies are also included.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131339345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523723
A. Cramer, Hanling Chen, E. Zivi
In early-stage design exploration, it has been found that electrical dynamics do not significantly affect the dependability of an integrated engineering plant. Therefore, it has been found useful to neglect these electrical dynamics and focus on mechanical, thermal, and fluidic dynamics in assessing system performance. Previous methods of accomplishing this goal involve the use of linear programming to describe the behavior of the electrical system. Herein, two significant shortcomings of the existing linear programming methods are identified, and a method of representing the electrical system that addresses these shortcomings is proposed. The proposed method is demonstrated in several system studies.
{"title":"Shipboard electrical system modeling for early-stage design space exploration","authors":"A. Cramer, Hanling Chen, E. Zivi","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523723","url":null,"abstract":"In early-stage design exploration, it has been found that electrical dynamics do not significantly affect the dependability of an integrated engineering plant. Therefore, it has been found useful to neglect these electrical dynamics and focus on mechanical, thermal, and fluidic dynamics in assessing system performance. Previous methods of accomplishing this goal involve the use of linear programming to describe the behavior of the electrical system. Herein, two significant shortcomings of the existing linear programming methods are identified, and a method of representing the electrical system that addresses these shortcomings is proposed. The proposed method is demonstrated in several system studies.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128765801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-22DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523760
Dan Li, R. Dougal, E. Thirunavukarasu, A. Ouroua
Our investigation of variable speed operation of turbogenerators, including both single-shaft and twin-shaft variants, shows significant opportunities to improve part-load efficiency in those certain electrical power generation applications that permit variable speed operation. Efficiency improvement increases as load decreases and the improvement is larger for single-shaft engines than for twin-shaft engines. For example, when operating at 20% loading, adjusting the engine speed can improve fuel efficiency by 14% for single-shaft gas turbines, and by 2% for twin-shaft gas turbines. In addition, we present a semi-theoretical analysis that provides a procedure to obtain the gas turbine optimal efficiency and its corresponding optimal speed as a function of shaft load. Simulation results of part-load variable speed modeling of gas turbines further confirmed the theoretical analysis. This has important practical implications. An analysis of fuel consumption by a gas turbine that operates with a load profile representative of a typical propulsion profile for a DDG51 ship, shows a 15% reduction in fuel consumption when variable speed operation is used, as compared to fixed speed operation. In addition, the analysis presented in this paper provides a general method to evaluate the steady-state performance of gas turbines operating with variable speed.
{"title":"Variable speed operation of turbogenerators to improve part-load efficiency","authors":"Dan Li, R. Dougal, E. Thirunavukarasu, A. Ouroua","doi":"10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTS.2013.6523760","url":null,"abstract":"Our investigation of variable speed operation of turbogenerators, including both single-shaft and twin-shaft variants, shows significant opportunities to improve part-load efficiency in those certain electrical power generation applications that permit variable speed operation. Efficiency improvement increases as load decreases and the improvement is larger for single-shaft engines than for twin-shaft engines. For example, when operating at 20% loading, adjusting the engine speed can improve fuel efficiency by 14% for single-shaft gas turbines, and by 2% for twin-shaft gas turbines. In addition, we present a semi-theoretical analysis that provides a procedure to obtain the gas turbine optimal efficiency and its corresponding optimal speed as a function of shaft load. Simulation results of part-load variable speed modeling of gas turbines further confirmed the theoretical analysis. This has important practical implications. An analysis of fuel consumption by a gas turbine that operates with a load profile representative of a typical propulsion profile for a DDG51 ship, shows a 15% reduction in fuel consumption when variable speed operation is used, as compared to fixed speed operation. In addition, the analysis presented in this paper provides a general method to evaluate the steady-state performance of gas turbines operating with variable speed.","PeriodicalId":119318,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128928978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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