Yolanda Pitra Kusumadewi, Afdina Melya Ganes Febiyanti, Ilma Tazkiya, Galang Ridha Allatief, Annisa Somaningtyas, Cicilia Widhi Astuti, Ika Puspitasari, K. Triyana, T. Wibawa, T. Nuryastuti
Introduction: Diabetic foot infection is a complication that often occurs in people with diabetes mellitus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism found in diabetic foot infections. In addition, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also be demonstrated. Diabetic foot infection treatment usually takes a long time which may increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance. This article will present a unique and interesting case about Streptococcus agalactiae resistant to β-lactam infection. Case description: A 56-year-old man presented with a long history of diabetes mellitus but had not taken anti-diabetic drugs and had no history of previous use of antibiotics. Since 2016 his right foot had a recurring wound that he routinely treated. Microbiology culture of the wound swab obtained three bacteria namely Streptococcus agalactiae, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae which is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Conclusion: The identification of Group B Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae) which are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, third and fourth generation cephalosporins) which were found in this case, reminds all medical personnel to be more careful and prudent in the rational use of antibiotics.
{"title":"Streptococcus agalactiae is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics in a diabetic patient with foot infection: a case report","authors":"Yolanda Pitra Kusumadewi, Afdina Melya Ganes Febiyanti, Ilma Tazkiya, Galang Ridha Allatief, Annisa Somaningtyas, Cicilia Widhi Astuti, Ika Puspitasari, K. Triyana, T. Wibawa, T. Nuryastuti","doi":"10.51559/jcmid.v2i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51559/jcmid.v2i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diabetic foot infection is a complication that often occurs in people with diabetes mellitus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism found in diabetic foot infections. In addition, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also be demonstrated. Diabetic foot infection treatment usually takes a long time which may increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance. This article will present a unique and interesting case about Streptococcus agalactiae resistant to β-lactam infection.\u0000Case description: A 56-year-old man presented with a long history of diabetes mellitus but had not taken anti-diabetic drugs and had no history of previous use of antibiotics. Since 2016 his right foot had a recurring wound that he routinely treated. Microbiology culture of the wound swab obtained three bacteria namely Streptococcus agalactiae, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae which is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics.\u0000Conclusion: The identification of Group B Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae) which are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, third and fourth generation cephalosporins) which were found in this case, reminds all medical personnel to be more careful and prudent in the rational use of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80252363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Biofilm formation is one of the most important virulence factors of Candida species which leads to permanent infection foci by adhering to foreign materials and which are difficult to treat. Candida parapsilosis, which is one of the most common causes of candidemia in our country, is frequently isolated as a causative agent in catheterrelated infections. The most commonly used methods for evaluating the biofilm formation of Candida species are measuring cell viability with XTT (2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) and evaluating the total biofilm mass with crystal violet (CV). The aim of this study is to evaluate the biofilm formation ability of C. parapsilosis candidemia isolates by XTT and (CV) methods and compare these methods with each other. Materials and Methods: C. parapsilosis isolates sent from various hospitals between 2015 and 2019 were included in the study retrospectively, and the species-level identification was performed using the matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) The biofilm formation of the isolates was compared based on the optical density (OD) values obtained by crystal violet and XTT methods. The biofilm formation of the isolates was evaluated by categorizing them into low, medium and high biofilm groups as ± 20% according to the median value of all strains. Results: Totally, 79 C. parapsilosis candidemia isolates were included in this study and categorical compatibility between CV and XTT methods in low, medium and high biofilm groups was found as 69.6%, 60.6% and 73.9%, respectively. The OD values of the XTT method in the high biofilm group were found statistically significantly higher when compared with the values from the CV method. Conclusion: The compatibility of XTT and crystal violet methods in terms of biofilm measurement in C. parapsilosis isolates was considered acceptable, and no major variations were detected between the categories. According to these results, when evaluating the biofilm levels of C. parapsilosis isolates, high OD values obtained by the XTT method should be confirmed with the CV method.
{"title":"Comparison of Crystal Violet Staining Assay and XTT Methods in the Evaluation of Biofilm Formation in Candida parapsilosis Candidemia Isolates","authors":"O. Dogan, N. Atac, G. Babuccu, F. Can","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.104","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Biofilm formation is one of the most important virulence factors of Candida species which leads to permanent infection foci by adhering to foreign materials and which are difficult to treat. Candida parapsilosis, which is one of the most common causes of candidemia in our country, is frequently isolated as a causative agent in catheterrelated infections. The most commonly used methods for evaluating the biofilm formation of Candida species are measuring cell viability with XTT (2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) and evaluating the total biofilm mass with crystal violet (CV). The aim of this study is to evaluate the biofilm formation ability of C. parapsilosis candidemia isolates by XTT and (CV) methods and compare these methods with each other. Materials and Methods: C. parapsilosis isolates sent from various hospitals between 2015 and 2019 were included in the study retrospectively, and the species-level identification was performed using the matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) The biofilm formation of the isolates was compared based on the optical density (OD) values obtained by crystal violet and XTT methods. The biofilm formation of the isolates was evaluated by categorizing them into low, medium and high biofilm groups as ± 20% according to the median value of all strains. Results: Totally, 79 C. parapsilosis candidemia isolates were included in this study and categorical compatibility between CV and XTT methods in low, medium and high biofilm groups was found as 69.6%, 60.6% and 73.9%, respectively. The OD values of the XTT method in the high biofilm group were found statistically significantly higher when compared with the values from the CV method. Conclusion: The compatibility of XTT and crystal violet methods in terms of biofilm measurement in C. parapsilosis isolates was considered acceptable, and no major variations were detected between the categories. According to these results, when evaluating the biofilm levels of C. parapsilosis isolates, high OD values obtained by the XTT method should be confirmed with the CV method.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84004335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kayıhan Pala, Nese Yurekli, Nil Kader Çağaç, Alpaslan Turkkan
{"title":"All-cause excess mortality in 2020: The example of Bursa City in Turkey","authors":"Kayıhan Pala, Nese Yurekli, Nil Kader Çağaç, Alpaslan Turkkan","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.86","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83975920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Araz, G. Arslan, Aysel Kocagul-Celikbas, A. Aypak, B. Dokuzoğuz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a self-limiting gastroenteritis agent in healthy adults, while it can also cause more severe conditions such as bacteremia and meningitis in pregnant women, newborns, elderly and immunosuppressed patients. In our report, an 81-year-old geriatric patient presented with fever, dysuria, and gastroenteritis. The patient was prescribed ceftriaxone empirically upon admission, and urine culture was reported as Escherichia coli sensitive to ceftriaxone. However, there were still no fever response and clinical improvement on the third day of antibiotic treatment. In blood culture obtained upon admission, Listeria monocytogenes was grown on the third day. The patient responded to treatment after her treatment was changed to ampicillinsulbactam. However, a pulmonary embolism developed on the 14th day of admission, and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. In our report, it was stated that attention should be paid to the nutrition of patients in elderly. We also emphasized that blood culture should be taken from every patient who represents with fever and the importance of early and appropriate treatment.
{"title":"Listeria bacteremia: Don’t Underestimate Gastroenteritis in Elderly","authors":"H. Araz, G. Arslan, Aysel Kocagul-Celikbas, A. Aypak, B. Dokuzoğuz","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.63","url":null,"abstract":"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a self-limiting gastroenteritis agent in healthy adults, while it can also cause more severe conditions such as bacteremia and meningitis in pregnant women, newborns, elderly and immunosuppressed patients. In our report, an 81-year-old geriatric patient presented with fever, dysuria, and gastroenteritis. The patient was prescribed ceftriaxone empirically upon admission, and urine culture was reported as Escherichia coli sensitive to ceftriaxone. However, there were still no fever response and clinical improvement on the third day of antibiotic treatment. In blood culture obtained upon admission, Listeria monocytogenes was grown on the third day. The patient responded to treatment after her treatment was changed to ampicillinsulbactam. However, a pulmonary embolism developed on the 14th day of admission, and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. In our report, it was stated that attention should be paid to the nutrition of patients in elderly. We also emphasized that blood culture should be taken from every patient who represents with fever and the importance of early and appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"558 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91449372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: We aimed to determine diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of clinical and laboratory findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics of patients who were suspected of CCHF. The patients were stratified into two groups as positive and negative based on results of CCHF specific IgM and viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Mean age of 125 patients included (55.2% women, 44.8% men) was 47±20 years. The highest sensitivity (95%) was in myalgia. When the association of multiple findings were assessed, the highest sensitivity was found for myalgia plus transaminase elevation (Odds ratio [OR] 9.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.75-23.05; p<0.05). The highest specificity was found for myalgia plus history of husbandry plus transaminase elevation (OR 15; 95% CI 5.27-42.68; p<0.05). Conclusion: If patients have myalgia and transaminase elevation with a history of husbandry at endemic regions, CCHF should be considered.
背景:我们旨在确定克里米亚-刚果出血热(CCHF)患者临床和实验室检查结果的诊断敏感性和特异性。方法:回顾性分析疑似CCHF患者的特点。根据实时聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测的CCHF特异性IgM和病毒RNA水平，将患者分为阳性和阴性两组。结果:125例患者的平均年龄(女性55.2%，男性44.8%)为47±20岁。敏感度最高的是肌痛(95%)。当评估多种症状的相关性时，发现肌痛和转氨酶升高的敏感性最高(优势比[OR] 9.3;95%置信区间[CI] 3.75-23.05;p < 0.05)。肌痛加畜牧史加转氨酶升高的特异性最高(OR 15;95% ci 5.27-42.68;p < 0.05)。结论:如果患者有肌痛和转氨酶升高，并有疫区畜牧史，应考虑CCHF。
{"title":"Diagnostic Value of Non-specific Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Patients Suspected of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in an Endemic Region","authors":"A. Hamidi, S. Kescioglu","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.91","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We aimed to determine diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of clinical and laboratory findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the characteristics of patients who were suspected of CCHF. The patients were stratified into two groups as positive and negative based on results of CCHF specific IgM and viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Mean age of 125 patients included (55.2% women, 44.8% men) was 47±20 years. The highest sensitivity (95%) was in myalgia. When the association of multiple findings were assessed, the highest sensitivity was found for myalgia plus transaminase elevation (Odds ratio [OR] 9.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.75-23.05; p<0.05). The highest specificity was found for myalgia plus history of husbandry plus transaminase elevation (OR 15; 95% CI 5.27-42.68; p<0.05). Conclusion: If patients have myalgia and transaminase elevation with a history of husbandry at endemic regions, CCHF should be considered.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72606232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buket Erturk Sengel, E. Tukenmez Tigen, F. Yıldız, Yusuf Olur, Nurver Ulger, V. Korten
Otitis media-associated complications are widespread when it is not treated with appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Meningitis and brain abscess are the most reported intracranial complications of otitis media, usually caused by the direct spread of organisms from the contagious site. While anaerobic microorganisms are well-known in brain abscesses, they are not common in meningitis. When the clinical history and pathogenesis of otitis mediaassociated meningitis are combined, special methods to identify and cover anaerobic pathogens should be considered.
{"title":"A Rare Case of Otitis Media-Associated Polymicrobial Anaerobic Meningitis and Brain Abscess","authors":"Buket Erturk Sengel, E. Tukenmez Tigen, F. Yıldız, Yusuf Olur, Nurver Ulger, V. Korten","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.54","url":null,"abstract":"Otitis media-associated complications are widespread when it is not treated with appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Meningitis and brain abscess are the most reported intracranial complications of otitis media, usually caused by the direct spread of organisms from the contagious site. While anaerobic microorganisms are well-known in brain abscesses, they are not common in meningitis. When the clinical history and pathogenesis of otitis mediaassociated meningitis are combined, special methods to identify and cover anaerobic pathogens should be considered.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76345380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Eren-Kutsoylu, A. Nazli-Zeka, Gokcen Omeroglu-Simsek, Ozgur Appak, B. Bayram, Aylin Ozgen-Alpaydın, Nese Colak-Oray, N. Yapar, V. Avkan-Oğuz
Objective: In this study, we determined the symptoms of the COVID-19 and defined agespecific symptoms that can help diagnose the disease on hospital admission. Materials and Methods: Patients who visited a university hospital’s adult pandemia outpatient clinic with suspected COVID-19 symptoms and tested with SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test between March 17 – May 17, 2020, were included in the study. Demographic data, symptoms on admission, prognostic laboratory tests and hospitalization were recorded. Results: Out of 5289 admissions, 639 (12.1%) patients had suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Patients were sorted incident to age groups to determine the difference in demographic data, comorbidities, symptoms, prognostic laboratory findings and outcome. The exposure history was lower in the 65-79 age group, contrary to the ≥ 80 age group. Sore throat, loss of smell and taste, headache and myalgia were specific to the 18-49 age group (p<0.001). Shortness of breath was represented 2.31 and 2.79 times higher in the 65-79 and the ≥ 80 age group, respectively, than the 18-49 age group. Comorbid diseases, prognostic laboratory tests (lymphopenia, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin) and hospitalization were found significantly higher in the ≥ 65 age group than the 18-49 age group. Conclusion: This study identifies the varieties in comorbidities, symptoms, prognostic laboratory findings and outcomes between the age-grouped patients referred to the outpatient clinic with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. We found that comorbidities, poor prognostic factors and hospitalization are more common in patients over 65 years. Shortness of breath is the most common symptom seen in the ≥ 65 age group compared to the 18-49 age group, where sore throat, loss of taste and smell are the symptoms commonly seen. Predominant symptoms for age groups help physicians differentiate the disease in clinical practice.
{"title":"Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Laboratory Findings of COVID-19 Patients by Age Groups","authors":"O. Eren-Kutsoylu, A. Nazli-Zeka, Gokcen Omeroglu-Simsek, Ozgur Appak, B. Bayram, Aylin Ozgen-Alpaydın, Nese Colak-Oray, N. Yapar, V. Avkan-Oğuz","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.76","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: In this study, we determined the symptoms of the COVID-19 and defined agespecific symptoms that can help diagnose the disease on hospital admission. Materials and Methods: Patients who visited a university hospital’s adult pandemia outpatient clinic with suspected COVID-19 symptoms and tested with SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test between March 17 – May 17, 2020, were included in the study. Demographic data, symptoms on admission, prognostic laboratory tests and hospitalization were recorded. Results: Out of 5289 admissions, 639 (12.1%) patients had suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Patients were sorted incident to age groups to determine the difference in demographic data, comorbidities, symptoms, prognostic laboratory findings and outcome. The exposure history was lower in the 65-79 age group, contrary to the ≥ 80 age group. Sore throat, loss of smell and taste, headache and myalgia were specific to the 18-49 age group (p<0.001). Shortness of breath was represented 2.31 and 2.79 times higher in the 65-79 and the ≥ 80 age group, respectively, than the 18-49 age group. Comorbid diseases, prognostic laboratory tests (lymphopenia, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin) and hospitalization were found significantly higher in the ≥ 65 age group than the 18-49 age group. Conclusion: This study identifies the varieties in comorbidities, symptoms, prognostic laboratory findings and outcomes between the age-grouped patients referred to the outpatient clinic with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. We found that comorbidities, poor prognostic factors and hospitalization are more common in patients over 65 years. Shortness of breath is the most common symptom seen in the ≥ 65 age group compared to the 18-49 age group, where sore throat, loss of taste and smell are the symptoms commonly seen. Predominant symptoms for age groups help physicians differentiate the disease in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91348555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sevil Alkan-Çeviker, Hatice Onturk, I. Alıravcı, Duygu Sıddıkoğlu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine, Çanakkale, Turkey 2 Nursing Department, Bitlis Eren University School of Health Sciences, Bitlis, Turkey 3 Department of Biostatistics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale, Turkey Sevil Alkan1 , Hatice Öntürk2 , Işıl Deniz Alıravcı1 , Duygu Sıddıkoğlu3
{"title":"Trends of COVID 19 Vaccines: International Collaboration and Visualized Analysis","authors":"Sevil Alkan-Çeviker, Hatice Onturk, I. Alıravcı, Duygu Sıddıkoğlu","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.70","url":null,"abstract":"This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University School of Medicine, Çanakkale, Turkey 2 Nursing Department, Bitlis Eren University School of Health Sciences, Bitlis, Turkey 3 Department of Biostatistics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale, Turkey Sevil Alkan1 , Hatice Öntürk2 , Işıl Deniz Alıravcı1 , Duygu Sıddıkoğlu3","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"543 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91551234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Önder Ergonul, Rabia Unal, A. Azap, Serap Yavuz-Simsek
{"title":"Virtual Learning Opportunity During COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Virtual (2021) and Face to Face (2019) Conferences of Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","authors":"Önder Ergonul, Rabia Unal, A. Azap, Serap Yavuz-Simsek","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2021.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36519/idcm.2021.112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11964,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89424151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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