European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology最新文献

Elemental sulfur (S₈), previously the powerhouse of modern society, and waste cooking oil (WCO) are nowadays surplus industrial by-products from oil-refinery and food processing industries, respectively, generating growing environmental concerns and economic loss. These unavoidable wastes, which are inherent in the aforementioned processes, cannot be minimized without substantial advances in technology and/or significant modifications in consumer behavior. Indeed, there are ongoing research activities to enable a powerful strategy for upcycling these wastes into valuable and useful products, that is, conversion to high-sulfur content polymeric materials (also known as polysulfides). Among those research activities, the ones focusing on the utilization of the inverse vulcanization (IV), the reverse version of the well-known vulcanization process, provides a facile and straightforward method that allows the use of S₈ and the WCO derivatives as the respective olefin components essential for the process. Thus, in this mini-review a brief overview of the recent outcomes, challenges, and opportunities of the valorization of WCO and S₈ toward the synthesis of high-sulfur content polymeric materials are discussed. Besides, exemplary studies are provided to illustrate the versatility of these materials in applications ranging from energy storage to heavy metal remediation, as well as prospects for industrial use.

Practical Applications: Beyond highlighting existing applications, this review serves as a comprehensive guide to exploring new opportunities in the field, paving the way for future research and development. Crucially, the discussion extends to industrial scalability, commercialization prospects, and closed-loop production strategies, evaluating the feasibility of waste-cooking derived IV polymers in next-generation sustainable manufacturing and green technology solutions.

The reductive hydroformylation reaction of polyunsaturated linseed oil using a rhodium precursor associated with a nitrogen compound from five different families (pyridines, imidazoles, trialkylamines, amidines, and guanidines) has been successfully developed. The highest yield of 72% alcohols was obtained with an (Rh/1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole) catalytic system. This value represents the highest yield obtained in this tandem reaction of such a challenging substrate. A deep screening of different nitrogen compounds highlighted the strong influence of their pKa on the reaction kinetics. If the ligand/Rh ratio is too high, the basic character of the ligand overrides its ligating property and leads to deprotonation of the Rh hydride active species, resulting in dormant species that are inactive in the reductive hydroformylation reaction. For each family tested, except for triethylamine, a bell-shaped curve of alcohol yield versus ligand/Rh ratio was obtained, with a peak position essentially related to the pKa value of the N-ligand. This work highlights the efficiency of new families of nitrogen promoters in the HHM reaction catalyzed by rhodium complexes, and in particular in the valorization of bio-based substrates presenting challenging characteristics such as polyunsaturations.

Practical Applications: The (Rh/1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole) catalytic system provided the highest alcohol yield in linseed oil reductive hydroformylation. This system could be applied to other petroleum-derived olefins or bio-based substrates containing unsaturations. The value-added polyols obtained in this study have a wide range of applications in the production of lubricants, surfactants, plasticizers, or polymers.

This work combined physical treatments to disrupt fat globules with the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of goat milk cream (GMC) and cow milk cream (CMC) to improve free fatty acids production. Both creams were pretreated at 50°C by high shear dispersion (HSD-25 000 rpm/5 min), stirring (ST-4 min, 550 W) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH-40 MPa), resulting in a similar reduction in fat globule diameter for GMC (73%–83%, p > 0.05) and a greater reduction for CMC (87%) after HPH. The lipolysis was conducted using lipase with and without ultrasound (US) (20 kHz and 38.4 W/L) at 20°C–50°C for 300 min. The fatty acids concentration (FAC) over the reaction was quantified and modelled to determine the lipolysis rate and final FAC. Physical pretreatments increased lipolysis rate (2.6–3.9 times for GMC and 3.0–7.3 times for CMC) and FAC (7.8–10.1 times for GMC and 8.0–11.1 times for CMC) after conventional lipolysis. For GMC, the HPH = ST>HSD>control promoted higher final FAC. In contrast, for CMC, the order was changed to HPH>HSD>ST>control. For most conditions evaluated, especially at lower hydrolysis temperatures, US-assisted reactions promoted an additional increase in the final FAC (3%–73% for GMC and 2%–80% for CMC). Therefore, the physical disruption of fat globules is an interesting strategy to improve cream lipolysis, especially HPH and ST for goat cream and HPH and HSD for cow cream. In addition, US-assisted hydrolysis lowered the needed reaction temperature from 50°C to 20°C, possibly saving energy and reducing undesirable thermal impacts on the final product.

Practical applications: The findings highlight the potential of combining physical treatments and ultrasound-assisted lipolysis to enhance free fatty acid production from goat and cow milk creams. High-pressure homogenization and stirring proved effective for disrupting fat globules, while ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis further boosted lipolysis efficiency, particularly at lower temperatures. These strategies can be applied in the dairy and food industries to produce functional ingredients with tailored fatty acid profiles, improve the sensory properties of food products, and reduce energy consumption by enabling low-temperature processing. This approach also offers opportunities to develop innovative products with added nutritional and functional value.

The physicochemical characteristics of cold-pressed hemp, flax, hazelnut, and pumpkin seed oils, along with the valorization opportunities of press cakes, were investigated. Initially, cold-pressed oils were analyzed for their yield, total fat content, acylglycerol composition, fatty acid compositions, and oxidative stability. In addition to analyzing the oils, the press cakes were also evaluated. Specifically, we assessed their fiber content, fatty acid, and amino acid profile. The oil yield of the seeds ranged from 20.62% to 54.07%, with hazelnut seeds recording the highest level. The acylglycerol composition of the oils showed low quality for commercial purposes in terms of partial hydrolysis of the oils (4.34%–17.08% free fatty acids and 3.68%–11.59% diacylglycerol). The highest percentage of total unsaturated fatty acids was recorded for hazelnut (92.47%), followed by flax (90.95%) and hemp (90.03%), and the highest degree of polyunsaturated fatty acids belonged to flaxseed oil and hemp seed oil (76.40% and 76.00%, respectively). The induction period of cold-pressed oils ranged between 3.29 and 17.30 h, with hazelnut oil being the most stable one. Additionally, the press cakes demonstrated significant potential as a source of dietary fiber (16.50%–34.94%), protein (26.49%–44.50%), and oil (6.45%–34.69%). The fatty acid and amino acid composition of press cakes showed that they can be a valuable source of essential amino acids (8.96%–15.00%).

Practical Applications: The research not only provided valuable insights into the physicochemical properties of cold-pressed oils but also emphasized the significant potential of their by-products, the press cakes, within the food industry.

Polyester is one of the most common plastics in our daily lives. Biobased chemically recyclable long-chain aliphatic polyesters attract considerable attention in terms of circular economy as a promising alternative to petroleum-based polyethylene as well as polyesters. This mini-review presents recent progress in the synthesis, especially by focusing on the approach using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. Synthesis of the high molar mass polymers (ca. M_n ≥ 30,000 Da), which exhibit better mechanical (tensile) properties in films, could be achieved from the biobased α,ω-diene monomers, derived from nonedible plant oils and carbohydrate derivatives (such as isosorbide, isomannide, etc.), by using ruthenium–carbene (solvent-free or in ionic liquid, etc.) or molybdenum–alkylidene catalysts. The highly active molybdenum–alkylidene catalyst successfully afforded the polyesters possessing higher M_n values, demonstrating better tensile properties than conventional polyolefins. Moreover, the ADMET approach enables us not only to synthesize a soluble polymer network showing improved tensile strain but also paves the way to the synthesis of multiblock copolymers, modification of the unsaturated backbone using thiol-ene reaction, and preparation of various composites (naturally abundant fibers, etc.). The resultant polyesters could be simply depolymerized by adopting transesterification with ethanol using the CpTiCl₃ catalyst or ethenolysis (olefin metathesis with ethene).

Practical Application: Long-chain aliphatic polyesters (LCAPEs) show enhanced functional properties with efficient chemical recyclability and biodegradability. Plant oils, crude or after subsequent chemical conversion to fatty acids or fatty acid methyl esters, are very valuable renewable feedstocks to prepare LCAPEs. In particular, the flexible unsaturated aliphatic lipidic chains (i.e. 10-undecenoate) derived from castor oil were used extensively with various biobased cores to prepare a plethora of monomers for the synthesis of semicrystalline or amorphous LCAPEs. Various semicrystalline or amorphous polyesters can be prepared using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization to make biobased films, composites, fibers, adhesives, coatings, elastomers, etc. Overall, the prepared biobased polyesters are subtly suited for a wide range of potential applications such as packaging, textile, structural, agriculture, and other crucial applications.