European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology最新文献

(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal is an important product of deep-frying systems and is regarded as a health hazard. The present study investigated the formation of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in deep-fried dough sticks under different conditions, including types of deep-frying oils, deep-frying temperature, and dough composition. In addition, the correlation between (E,E)-2,4-decadienal formation and deep-frying conditions was analyzed. The results showed that the (E,E)-2,4-decadienal content in the deep-frying system was related to the linoleic acid level in the deep-frying oils. Furthermore, adding 6% soy protein isolate to the dough considerably suppressed the formation of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in the deep-frying system, resulting in the lowest content at 43.52 mg kg^–1. The highest (E,E)-2,4-decadienal content in the deep-frying system (64.65 mg kg^–1) was observed when a dough with a moisture content of 38% was used. The results of the correlation analysis revealed a strong association between the (E,E)-2,4-decadienal content in the deep-fried dough sticks and their oil absorption capacity. The (E,E)-2,4-decadienal content increased with higher oil content in the deep-fried dough sticks. Therefore, suppressing the oil absorption of deep-fried dough sticks is an important approach for controlling (E,E)-2,4-decadienal content.

Practical applications: As one kind of traditional deep-fried foods in China, deep-fried dough sticks attracted the attention of consumers because of its desirable flavor and texture. Thus, it is crucial to improve its safety and quality. As is known, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal is harmful to health, and it is the main aldehyde component in the deep-frying system. Herein, it is important to improve the safety of deep-fried dough sticks while suppressing the formation of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in deep-frying system and reducing the content of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in deep-fried dough sticks. On the one hand, the use of deep-frying oils with lower level of linoleic acid could limit the formation of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in deep-frying system, which could also be achieved with the addition of protein into the dough. On the other hand, suppressing the oil uptake ability of deep-fried dough sticks is an important approach to limit the level of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in deep-fried dough sticks.

Mushrooms are rich in ergosterol and ergosta-5,7-dienol, which can be partly converted into vitamin D₂ and D₄ through ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Typically, mushrooms have very low vitamin D contents, but it can be increased by UV irradiation. This process generates additional photoisomers scarcely studied in mushrooms due to analytical challenges. Here, we developed a new solid phase extraction (SPE) method to separate vitamin D₂, vitamin D₄, and other tri- and pentacyclic photoisomers from the much higher abundant ergosterol. Subsequent GC/MS analysis enabled the detection of ten photoisomers in eight UV-treated mushroom species, including vitamin D₂ (previtamin D₂, tachysterol₂, two suprasterol₂ and trans-vitamin D₂ isomers) and vitamin D₄ (previtamin D₄). Quantitated vitamin D₂ contents of 10–540 µg/100 g dry weight agreed well with the sparse literature data available for the investigated mushroom species. In addition, previtamin D₂ (nd–1950 µg/100 g dry weight) and vitamin D₄ (10–140 µg/100 g dw) were quantified in the samples. The content and photoproduct compositions varied considerably between different mushroom species.

Practical applications: The novel SPE method can be applied to study the vitamin D and photoisomer content of mushrooms.

Phytanic acid is one of the branched-chain fatty acids in the human diet. Humans incorporate it into their bodies through the ingestion of ruminant meat and milk since these animal products contain the 3RS, 7R, 11R-isomer, as naturally occurring phytanic acid (nPA). Although phytanic acid has been reported to have health-promoting effects such as immunomodulatory effects, these findings were obtained mostly from in vitro cell-based experiments. In this study, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of nPA were investigated using a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were fed diets containing 0%, 0.05%, or 0.1% nPA for 4 weeks. During the fourth week, acute colitis was induced by administration of a 3% DSS solution. The intake of 0.05% and 0.1% nPA inhibited DSS-induced body weight loss in mice, and showed improvement of histopathological changes in colon epithelium. nPA also inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, especially macrophage-related cytokines such as interleukin-1β in the colon. These results suggest that nPA exerts anti-inflammatory effects under in vivo physiological conditions.

Practical application: There is a growing demand for fatty acids possessing distinct nutritional and physical characteristics in the realms of health, nutrition, and food-related applications. The present study demonstrated that a branched-chain fatty acid, phytanic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory activity under not only in vitro but also in vivo conditions, using a commonly used mouse model of human inflammatory bowel disease. Our findings encourage further studies to determine whether phytanic acid elicits beneficial properties in humans, and suggest that phytanic acid enrichment can be a novel product strategy in the food market.

Phospholipids, PLs, are interesting and highly abundant amphiphilic molecules, which self-assemble into 3D nanostructures that have big interest as formulation excipients in, for example, pharma industry. However, the structures that are formed by naturally occurring PLs usually suffer from rigidity problems, and the nanostructures have to be modified in various ways for improved stability. One such approach is by the conjugation of saccharides to the PL head group. In this study, we investigate reaction conditions for the scalable phospholipase D–catalyzed transphosphatidylation reaction for the synthesis of glycophospholipids. Biphasic reaction systems with different solvents are compared with a purely aqueous system with PLs dispersed as vesicles. The investigations showed that use of the biphasic system containing chloroform and a glucose/phosphatidylcholine ratio of 50, in combination with carefully selected enzyme concentration and reaction time, led to an optimized process without any hydrolytic side reaction for the synthesis of phosphatidyl glucose. The reaction system was then applied to a variety of different mono- and disaccharides for the synthesis of a range of different glycophospholipids, resulting in yields up to 85% of phosphatidyl monosaccharides and 35% of disaccharides.

Practical Application: Phospholipids and other polar lipids are of great scientific interest as formulation excipients. The chemical structures of lipids used for such applications have major impact on the properties of the self-aggregated systems. Synthesis of new phospholipids with modified head groups can tremendously widen the portfolio of available choices of formulation excipients and make it possible to make customized formulations with the desired properties. The introduction of saccharides in the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid alters the chemistry of head group and its interaction with surrounding water in vesicle systems and should therefore have a significant effect on its formulating properties compared to natural phospholipids.

The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of selected essential oils as more environmentally friendly, sustainable antimicrobial agents in photographic films for long-term data storage. For this purpose, essential oils of oregano, thyme, and lemongrass were added in concentrations ranging from 0.4% to 4% to the gelatin comprising a protective layer for photographic microfilms. The emulsions were analyzed via UV-Vis for their optical transparency, then tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thin coatings generated by spreading and drying the emulsions onto photographic film substrates were then characterized morphologically via SEM before and after standardized artificial aging procedures. It was found that oregano oil at a concentration of 0.4% maintained the optical and physical properties of the emulsion and proved highly effective against all tested bacteria. Thyme and lemongrass oil also exhibited some antimicrobial activity, however, were not able to inhibit the bacterial growth completely. At higher concentrations of the oils, the gelatin coatings cracked after artificial aging, which makes them unsuitable for the application. To conclude, selected essential oils like oregano oil can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent without compromising the quality of the photographic films.

Practical Applications: The results of our research can be applied directly to the manufacturing of photographic films, specifically ones intended for long-term data storage. Furthermore, many applications of gelatin or related materials which require antimicrobial activity, such as food packaging, could be enhanced by the addition of essential oils.

Mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) are environmental and processing contaminants also found in extra-virgin olive oil. Knowledge on contamination sources can help minimize them. The main objective of this work was to investigate the impact of milling operations. To this purpose, samples from 25 processing lines (at 5 different processing stages) were analyzed by online high-performance liquid chromatography—gas chromatography—flame ionization detection. A protocol for eliminating endogenous n-alkanes was tested and applied when necessary. Generally, transport to the mill had a negligible impact. The washing step had a mitigation impact, more evident on samples with higher contamination. On average, total MOSH decreased of 2.1 mg kg^–1. Despite the reduction determined by washing, the entire milling process resulted in an increase in contamination (> 30%) for 20% of the processing lines. Total average MOSH and MOAH contamination increased by 2.3 and 0.6 mg kg^–1, respectively.

Practical Applications: This work aims to improve the knowledge on the presence and sources of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH), contaminants of petrogenic origin, in extra-virgin olive oil. In particular, this work investigates the impact of processing at the mill, including the transport stage, as well as the potential of the washing step in reducing the contamination. For the first time, a systematic study on this topic has been carried out. The knowledge of the contribution of individual steps in the production process to final product contamination is of paramount importance in identifying critical points on which to take action to mitigate contamination, and this is of great interest for all operators of the sector and for protecting consumer health, especially when considering possible presence of MOAH, which may include genotoxic and carcinogenic compounds.

In this study, we investigated the potential of genistein, the most abundant isoflavone in soybeans, to mitigate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in high-fat high-sucrose induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats. Forty male SD rats are divided into four groups: the Control group, high-fat high-sucrose diet group (HFSD), HFSD + low-dose genistein group (LG), and HFSD + high-dose genistein group (HG). The Control group is fed with a D12450B diet, whereas the latter three groups are fed with a D12492 diet with 10% sucrose in drinking water. 12 weeks later, serum and liver lipid levels, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, and protein expression of GRP78, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), p-PERK, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2α), p-eIF2α and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were characterized. Genistein significantly improved lipid profiles, alleviated AST and ALT levels, and reduced key typical NASH features, including macrovascular steatosis, lobular inflammation, and balloon degeneration of hepatocytes. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that genistein suppressed the activation of PERK-eIF2α-CHOP signal pathway induced by HFSD. Our present study indicates that genistein is capable of relieving liver damage, improving lipid dysregulation and modulating ER stress by suppressing the activation of the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP signal pathway in NASH rats.

Practical Applications: Genistein is capable to relieve liver damage and improve lipid dysregulation through the modulation of PERK–eIF2α–CHOP in NASH rats.

While nontargeted analysis aims to profile and report the relative distributions of a wide range of molecules from different lipid classes/subclasses, its major challenge is the annotation and identification of the molecules. Semitargeted analysis circumvents the problem by establishing a (potentially large) list of molecules to be targeted in the samples that are identified before the analysis. This approach is particularly adapted for lipid analysis to help with the automation of lipid annotation and identification. However, the manual extraction of peaks for many molecules and many samples is time consuming. Consequently, an automation of these extractions is deeply required. This paper presents a free R package for the automation of semitargeted analysis for lipid analysis. From raw files collected with LC-MS device and a list of molecules to target (containing their class), it automatically returns Excel files containing the intensities for each targeted molecule and each sample. This package allows a fast computation of the intensities. Furthermore, it guarantees the reproducibility of the results and is freely available and user-friendly.

Practical Applications: With the help of the R package presented in this paper, the use of semitargeted lipidomics as an alternative to untargeted analysis should be investigated by more labs. Work on the comparisons between the approaches could be conducted. While untargeted methods are mostly used, they require long pretreatments and identification of molecules of interest. On the contrary, in semitargeted analysis, once the integration table and retention time are obtained, the results are fast and directly interpretable. An idea for lipidomics would be to use untargeted lipidomics to compute the integration table and retention table, then use semitargeted analysis for a fast computation of well identified molecules.