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Factors Affecting Voluntary Breath-Holding Duration and Breaking Point in Young Adults 影响青少年自主屏气时间和断气点的因素
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i3.7
Rahaf MohammedRashad Marwah, Norah Asem Alsulami, Raghad Saleh Alyami, Mohamed Eldigire, Raju Suresh Kumar
BACKGROUND: Studies have reported that breath-holding duration (BHD) in humans varies and can be influenced by several factors. The breaking point is an involuntary respiratory act that overrides the urge to hold one's breath, preventing unconsciousness. This study investigated the effects of the isometric handgrip test, cold pressor test and mental arithmetic task on BHD and its breakpoint in young, healthy Saudi Arabian subjects. METHODS: This interventional study, with a single-arm design, involved 78 young adults. Before conducting breath-holding duration (BHD) testing, their age, gender, height, weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. BHD was assessed under various experimental conditions, such as rest, during an isometric handgrip test, a cold pressor test, and mental arithmetic tasks. Blood pressure (BP) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels were continuously monitored. RESULTS: The study subjects had a mean age of 21.23 years, with 47 (60.3%) females and 31 (39.7%) males. The mean Body Mass Index was 24.14 kg/m2. During rest, the mean BHD value was 29.67 seconds, while it was 26.21 seconds during isometric handgrip. The cold pressor test recorded a mean value of 32.69 seconds, and the mental arithmetic test recorded a mean value of 33.08 seconds. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate a reduction in BHD during isometric handgrip and augmentation during the cold pressor and mental arithmetic tests.
背景:研究表明,人类的憋气时间(BHD)长短不一,并可能受到多种因素的影响。断气点是一种不自主的呼吸行为,它能压倒憋气的冲动,防止昏迷。本研究调查了等长手握试验、冷加压试验和心算任务对年轻、健康的沙特阿拉伯受试者的 BHD 及其断点的影响。方法:这项干预性研究采用单臂设计,共有 78 名年轻成人参与。在进行屏气持续时间(BHD)测试前,记录了受试者的年龄、性别、身高、体重、收缩压和舒张压。憋气时间在不同的实验条件下进行评估,如休息、等长握手测试、冷压测试和心算任务。连续监测血压(BP)和血氧饱和度(SpO2)水平。结果:研究对象的平均年龄为 21.23 岁,其中女性 47 人(占 60.3%),男性 31 人(占 39.7%)。平均体重指数为 24.14 kg/m2。在休息时,BHD 的平均值为 29.67 秒,而在等长握手时为 26.21 秒。冷压测试的平均值为 32.69 秒,心算测试的平均值为 33.08 秒。结论:本研究结果表明,在进行等长握手测试时,BHD 会减少,而在进行冷压和心算测试时,BHD 会增加。
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引用次数: 0
Analyzing Children's Weight Growth Variations and Associated Factors in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam: Using Fractional Polynomial Mixed-Effects Model. 分析埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南儿童体重增长变化及相关因素:使用分数多项式混合效应模型。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.4
Alemayehu Siffir Argawu, B Muniswamy, B Punyavathi

Background: Children's growth is increasingly considered a key mediator of later life outcomes. When examining weight growth, the correlation between repeated observations on the same subject must be regarded as well-modelled. This study aimed to analyze children's weight growth variations and associated factors in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam using a fractional polynomial mixed-effects model.

Methods: This study used longitudinal data from the Young Lives Cohort Study conducted from 2002 to 2016 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. The study included 7,140 children of 1 to 15 years old A fractional polynomial mixed-effects model was used to analyze the data.

Results: Ethiopian, Peruvian, and Vietnamese children had significantly higher average body weights than children in India (1.426, P<0.001; 1.992, P<0.001; 1.334, P<0.001, respectively). Girl children's average body weight was significantly 0.15 times less than that of boys (-0.148; P=0.027). The average weight of rural children was significantly 0.671 times less than that of urban children (0.671, P<0.001). Children from Peru and Vietnam had higher rates of weight change than those from India. However, the rate of weight change was lower in Ethiopian children than in Indian children. Children from urban areas had a significantly higher rate of weight gain than those from rural areas.

Conclusion: Country, sex, residence, parental education, household size, wealth, good drinking water, and reliable power affected children's longitudinal weight growth. Therefore, WHO and the nation's health ministry should monitor children's weight growth status and these associated factors to plan future action.

背景:儿童的生长发育越来越被认为是日后生活结果的一个关键中介因素。在研究体重增长时,对同一对象的重复观察之间的相关性必须被视为模型良好。本研究旨在使用分数多项式混合效应模型分析埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南儿童体重增长的变化及相关因素:本研究使用了 2002 年至 2016 年在埃塞俄比亚、印度、秘鲁和越南开展的 "年轻生命队列研究 "的纵向数据。研究包括 7,140 名 1 至 15 岁的儿童,采用分数多项式混合效应模型对数据进行分析:结果:埃塞俄比亚、秘鲁和越南儿童的平均体重明显高于印度儿童(1.426,PC):国家、性别、居住地、父母教育程度、家庭规模、财富、良好的饮用水和可靠的电力都会影响儿童体重的纵向增长。因此,世卫组织和国家卫生部应监测儿童的体重增长状况和这些相关因素,以规划未来的行动。
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引用次数: 0
Anemia Prevalence and Socioeconomic Status among Adolescent Girls in Rural Western India: A Cross-Sectional Study. 印度西部农村地区少女的贫血患病率和社会经济地位:一项横断面研究。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.7
Manisha Nitin Gore, Madeline Elizabeth Drozd, Reshma Sudhir Patil

Background: Anemia poses a significant challenge among Indian adolescent girls due to their heightened vulnerability, resulting from increased micronutrient requirements, rapid physical growth, menstrual blood loss, inadequate nutrition, and socioeconomic disparities. This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of anemia, along with socioeconomic and nutritional statuses among adolescent girls attending rural public schools in Pune, India.

Methods: A sample of 400 girls was selected from 22 villages through Symbiosis International University. Hemoglobin levels were assessed using the HemoCue 201 system, while standardized protocols were employed for height, weight, and BMI-for-age measurements. Socioeconomic status was determined using the Kuppuswamy scale.

Results: The findings revealed an overall anemia prevalence of (42.75%), comprising severe (2.5%), moderate (21%) and mild (20.25%) cases. Additionally, a substantial proportion (74.6%) of girls were classified as underweight. Socioeconomic analysis disclosed that 64.25% of families belonged to the lower middle class, and 27% in the upper lower class. Anemia was more prevalent in young adolescent girls (10-14 years) and in the families of adolescents who had low income, were illiterate, unemployed, and belonged to the lower-middle class and upper-lower-class socio-economic status (SES) and did not have a bank account.

Conclusion: Anemia was prevalent in adolescent girls and associated with low SES. This study underscores the limitations of relying solely on the distribution of iron and folic acid tablets to combat anemia. A holistic strategy is imperative, encompassing improvements in SES of families (literacy, employment and income), as well as initiatives aimed at enhancing the nutritional status of adolescent girls.

背景:印度少女由于对微量营养素的需求增加、身体快速发育、月经失血、营养不足以及社会经济差异等原因,更容易患上贫血症,这给她们带来了巨大的挑战。本研究旨在评估印度浦那农村公立学校少女的贫血患病率以及社会经济和营养状况:方法:通过共生国际大学从 22 个村庄选取了 400 名女孩作为样本。血红蛋白水平使用 HemoCue 201 系统进行评估,身高、体重和按年龄计算的体重指数则采用标准化方案进行测量。社会经济状况采用 Kuppuswamy 量表进行测定:结果:研究结果显示,总体贫血患病率为(42.75%),包括重度贫血(2.5%)、中度贫血(21%)和轻度贫血(20.25%)。此外,相当大比例(74.6%)的女孩被归类为体重不足。社会经济分析显示,64.25%的家庭属于中下层阶级,27%属于上下层阶级。贫血症在少女(10-14 岁)和低收入、文盲、失业、属于中下层和中上层社会经济地位(SES)且没有银行账户的青少年家庭中更为普遍:结论:贫血在少女中很普遍,且与社会经济地位低有关。这项研究强调了仅仅依靠发放铁和叶酸片来防治贫血的局限性。当务之急是采取综合战略,包括提高家庭的社会经济地位(识字率、就业率和收入),以及采取旨在改善少女营养状况的措施。
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引用次数: 0
Malaria Diagnosis at the Pediatric Emergency Unit of a Teaching Hospital in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. 尼日利亚中北部马库尔迪一家教学医院儿科急诊室的疟疾诊断。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.5
A Michael, N B Samba, M G Adikwu, M O Ochoga, J U Akpan, E E Eseigbe

Background: Globally, there were 241 million cases of malaria in 2020, with an estimated 627,000 deaths with Nigeria accounting for 27% of the global malaria cases. In sub-Saharan Africa, testing is low with only 28% of children with a fever receiving medical advice or a rapid diagnostic test in 2021. In Nigeria, there are documented reports of over-diagnosis and over-treatment of malaria in children. Therefore, this study examined the diagnosis of malaria at the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi.

Methods: A 5-year (2018-2022) retrospective study was carried out at the Emergency Pediatric Unit (EPU). Records of all children presenting to the EPU with an assessment of malaria were retrieved and reviewed. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23.

Results: Out of 206 children reviewed, 128 (62.1%) were tested using either malaria RDT or microscopy while 78(37.9%) were not tested. Out of the number tested, 59(46.1%) were negative while 69(53.9%) tested positive, of which 14(20.3%) had uncomplicated malaria while 55(79.7%) had severe malaria. However, while 97.1% (n=67) of the positive cases were treated with IV artesunate, 69.5% (n=41) of those who tested negative and 88.5% (69) of those who were not tested also received IV artesunate. Moreover, while 85.5% (n=59) of those who tested positive received oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), 72.9% (n=43) of those who tested negative and 67.9% (53) of those who were not tested also received oral ACT.

Conclusion: There was over-diagnosis of malaria, and subsequently, over-treatment. Hence continued emphasis on parasitological confirmation of malaria before treatment is recommended.

背景:2020 年全球疟疾病例将达到 2.41 亿例,估计有 62.7 万人死亡,其中尼日利亚占全球疟疾病例的 27%。在撒哈拉以南非洲,检测率很低,2021 年只有 28% 的发烧儿童接受了医疗建议或快速诊断检测。在尼日利亚,有文献报道存在过度诊断和过度治疗儿童疟疾的情况。因此,本研究考察了马库尔迪贝努埃州立大学教学医院的疟疾诊断情况:在儿科急诊室(EPU)开展了一项为期 5 年(2018-2022 年)的回顾性研究。研究人员检索并审查了所有在儿科急诊室就诊并被评估为患有疟疾的儿童的记录。数据使用 SPSS 23 进行分析:在接受复查的 206 名儿童中,128 人(62.1%)接受了疟疾 RDT 或显微镜检测,78 人(37.9%)未接受检测。在接受检测的人数中,59 人(46.1%)检测结果呈阴性,69 人(53.9%)检测结果呈阳性,其中 14 人(20.3%)为无并发症疟疾,55 人(79.7%)为重症疟疾。不过,虽然 97.1%(67 人)的阳性病例接受了青蒿琥酯静脉注射治疗,但 69.5%(41 人)的阴性病例和 88.5%(69 人)的未检测病例也接受了青蒿琥酯静脉注射治疗。此外,85.5%(n=59)检测呈阳性的患者接受了口服青蒿素综合疗法(ACT),72.9%(n=43)检测呈阴性的患者和 67.9%(53)未接受检测的患者也接受了口服青蒿素综合疗法:结论:存在疟疾诊断过度和治疗过度的情况。因此,建议在治疗前继续强调疟疾的寄生虫学确认。
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引用次数: 0
Schizodontic Molarization of Mandibular Premolars: A Case Report of Gemination. 下颌前臼齿的分裂磨牙术:一例宝石化病例报告
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.11
Harshata Tirtalli Sathish, Sharad Kamat, Mamata Kamat, Rudrayya S Puranik

Background: Tooth gemination is a single enlarged or joined tooth with a normal tooth count when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. Mandibular second premolars show an elevated variability of crown morphology. Only nine cases of isolated second premolar macrodontia have been reported in the literature.

Case description: This case report presents the clinical and radiographic findings and conservative treatment of an atypical and rare case of localized bilateral molarization of mandibular second premolars.

Conclusion: Dental professionals should acquire deeper knowledge about anomalies and plan treatment carefully to avoid unexpected complications during dental procedures caused by morphological ignorance.

背景:牙齿畸形是指单颗牙齿增大或连接,当异常牙齿被算作一颗时,牙齿数量正常。下颌第二前磨牙的牙冠形态变化较大。文献中仅报道过九例孤立的第二前磨牙巨牙症病例:本病例报告介绍了一例非典型、罕见的下颌第二前磨牙局部双磨牙化的临床和影像学检查结果以及保守治疗方法:牙科专业人员应深入了解异常牙的相关知识,谨慎制定治疗计划,以避免在牙科治疗过程中因形态无知而导致意想不到的并发症。
{"title":"Schizodontic Molarization of Mandibular Premolars: A Case Report of Gemination.","authors":"Harshata Tirtalli Sathish, Sharad Kamat, Mamata Kamat, Rudrayya S Puranik","doi":"10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.11","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tooth gemination is a single enlarged or joined tooth with a normal tooth count when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. Mandibular second premolars show an elevated variability of crown morphology. Only nine cases of isolated second premolar macrodontia have been reported in the literature.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>This case report presents the clinical and radiographic findings and conservative treatment of an atypical and rare case of localized bilateral molarization of mandibular second premolars.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dental professionals should acquire deeper knowledge about anomalies and plan treatment carefully to avoid unexpected complications during dental procedures caused by morphological ignorance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12003,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11217797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141494781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Media in Pregnancy Care: Exploring Adoption Factors and Digital Healthcare Information Utilization among Expectant Mothers in Ghana. 孕期保健中的社交媒体:探索加纳准妈妈采用社交媒体的因素和数字医疗保健信息的利用情况。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.6
Philomina Pomaah Ofori

Background: The Antenatal Care (ANC) Center is a conventional facility that caters for the prenatal healthcare needs of expectant mothers and ensures proper management by healthcare professionals; however, expectant mothers seek healthcare support from other sources. This study aimed to examine the utilization of social media for healthcare information among expectant mothers in the capital city of Ghana and explore the factors that influence its adoption.

Method: This study employed a non-experimental survey design. The study used a questionnaire to gather data from expectant mothers. Using 580 valid responses, SmartPLS structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the study model.

Results: The study findings demonstrated the significant influence of performance expectancy of social media (PESM) and facilitating conditions of social media (FCSM) on social media healthcare information usage (SMHLU). The results also revealed that emotional support on social media and perceived vulnerability were influential factors that shaped expectant mothers' choices to use social media for healthcare information. However, the study showed that perceived severity and the relative advantage of social media had no significant effects on SMHIU. Interestingly, FCSM was found to be significantly associated with PESM, emphasizing that social media support enhances performance expectancy.

Conclusion: This study showed that information is important to expectant mothers, which compels them to seek digital healthcare. With these findings, healthcare providers can incorporate digital health services into their ANC service to support women during pregnancy.

背景:产前护理(ANC)中心是满足准妈妈产前保健需求的传统设施,并确保由专业医护人员进行适当管理;然而,准妈妈也会从其他渠道寻求保健支持。本研究旨在考察加纳首都准妈妈利用社交媒体获取医疗保健信息的情况,并探讨影响其采用的因素:本研究采用非实验性调查设计。研究采用问卷调查的方式收集准妈妈的数据。利用 580 份有效答卷,采用 SmartPLS 结构方程模型(SEM)对研究模型进行分析:研究结果表明,社交媒体绩效预期(PESM)和社交媒体便利条件(FCSM)对社交媒体医疗保健信息使用(SMHLU)有显著影响。研究结果还显示,社交媒体上的情感支持和感知到的脆弱性是影响准妈妈选择使用社交媒体获取医疗保健信息的因素。然而,研究表明,感知到的严重性和社交媒体的相对优势对 SMHIU 没有显著影响。有趣的是,研究发现 FCSM 与 PESM 显著相关,这强调了社交媒体支持可提高绩效预期:本研究表明,信息对准妈妈非常重要,这迫使她们寻求数字医疗服务。有了这些发现,医疗服务提供者可以将数字医疗服务纳入产前检查服务,为孕期妇女提供支持。
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引用次数: 0
Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid Positivity in Screening and Early Detection of Cervical Dysplasia in Africa, 2023: A Meta-Analysis. 2023 年肉眼观察醋酸阳性在非洲宫颈发育不良筛查和早期检测中的应用:一项 Meta 分析。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.2
Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Yirgalem Yosef Lamiso, Tamirat Melis Berhe, Seid Jemal Mohammed, Samuel Ejeta Chibsa, Daniel Adane Endalew, Kenzudin Assfa Mossa, Seblework Abeje, Mustefa Adem Hussen, Molalign Mesele Gesesse

Background: Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) is the best feasible method of screening and early detecting for cervical dysplasia for resource limited settings like Africa. There is no study that can represent Africa on VIA positivity. Therefore, this metaanalysis was planned to verify the best available articles to pool the visual inspection with acetic acid positivity in screening and early detection of cervical dysplasia in Africa.

Methods: The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, free Google database search engines, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were used to conduct a true search of this research article. STATA version 14.0 was used to do the metaanalysis. This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO database under the identity pf CRD42023392197.

Result: This meta-analysis analyzed data from 21,066 women who had VIA examination to estimate the pooled VIA positivity in Africa. The overall pooled effect estimate of VIA positivity in Africa was 11.93 (95%CI: 11.48-12.37). Age <16 year during first intercourse 2.58(95%CI: 1.53-3.62), lifetime sexual partner ≥2 3.92(95%CI: 2.05-5.78) and HIV positivity 2.92(95%CI: 1.72-4.12) were the significant variables which influence VIA positivity.

Conclusion: Overall pooled effect estimate of VIA positivity in Africa was high compared to other continents. The main factors that affect VIA positivity are age at first sexual contact being under 16 years old, the number of lifetime sexual partners being at least two, and HIV positivity. Therefore, the WHO's goal of creating Africa free of cervical cancer is still one that requires significant effort.

背景:在非洲等资源有限的地区,醋酸目视检查(VIA)是筛查和早期发现宫颈发育不良的最佳可行方法。目前还没有一项研究能代表非洲的 VIA 阳性率。因此,本荟萃分析计划验证现有的最佳文章,以汇集醋酸目检阳性在非洲宫颈发育不良筛查和早期检测中的应用:使用 Cochrane Library、Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、Google 免费数据库搜索引擎、Google Scholar 和 Science Direct 数据库对本研究文章进行了真实检索。使用 STATA 14.0 版本进行荟萃分析。本荟萃分析以 pf CRD42023392197.Result 的身份在 PROSPERO 数据库中注册:这项荟萃分析分析了 21,066 名接受过 VIA 检查的妇女的数据,以估算非洲的 VIA 阳性率。非洲 VIA 阳性的总体汇总效应估计值为 11.93(95%CI:11.48-12.37)。年龄 结论:与其他大洲相比,非洲 VIA 阳性的总体效应估计值较高。影响 VIA 阳性率的主要因素是首次性接触年龄在 16 岁以下、一生中至少有两个性伴侣以及 HIV 阳性。因此,世卫组织提出的在非洲消除宫颈癌的目标仍然需要付出巨大的努力。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Parents' Perceptions of the Dental and Oral Health in Children with Disability in the Bandung City. 评估万隆市残疾儿童家长对牙科和口腔健康的看法。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.8
Irsalina Nur Amalia, Eriska Riyanti, Prima Andisetyanto, Rasmi Rikmasari, Sri Tjahajawati, Yunia Dwi Rakhmatia

Background: Children with disability have a risk of poor dental health because of their mental and physical limitations. They depend on caregivers in their daily life Parents have an important role in maintaining children's dental health. Parents attitudes can be influenced by parents' perceptions of children's dental health. This study explored parental perceptions regarding the dental and oral health of children with special needs in Bandung City.

Methods: This study utilized a descriptive observational research using a cross-sectional survey. The subjects in this study were 239 parents who had children aged 0-18 years who were taken from 9 special schools. The variables of this study were parents' perceptions and the dental and oral health status of children with disability. Primary data were obtained through a validated questionnaire.

Results: Parents' perceptions of the dental and oral health of children with disability consists of 84.94% good enough perceptions, 12.13% good perceptions, and 2.93% bad perceptions.

Conclusion: Most parents have a fairly good perception of the dental and oral health of children with special needs.

背景:残疾儿童由于智力和身体的限制,牙齿健康状况不佳的风险很大。他们在日常生活中依赖照护者,父母在维护儿童牙齿健康方面扮演着重要角色。家长对儿童牙齿健康的看法会影响他们的态度。本研究探讨了万隆市家长对有特殊需要儿童的牙齿和口腔健康的看法:本研究采用横断面调查的描述性观察研究方法。研究对象为 239 名家长,他们的子女年龄在 0-18 岁之间,来自 9 所特殊学校。本研究的变量是家长对残疾儿童牙齿和口腔健康状况的看法。主要数据通过有效问卷获得:结果:家长对残疾儿童牙齿和口腔健康状况的看法包括:84.94%的家长认为足够好,12.13%的家长认为好,2.93%的家长认为不好:结论:大多数家长对有特殊需要儿童的牙齿和口腔健康有相当好的认识。
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引用次数: 0
The Ethiopian National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (E-NITAG): Establishment, Achievements and the Future. 埃塞俄比亚国家免疫技术咨询小组(E-NITAG):成立、成就与未来。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.12
Yemane Berhane, Telahun Teka, Meseret Zelalem, Yohannes Lakew, Amha Mekasha, Bogale Worku, Genet G/Medhin, Liya Wassie, Liya Wondwossen, Mulat Nigus, Samuel Teshome, Shiferaw Mitiku, Solomon Tessema Memirie, Teferi Fenta, Workeabeba Abebe, Yirgu Gebrehiwot

The National Immunization Program (NIP) was introduced in Ethiopia in 1980. The NIP has expanded the number of vaccines from six to more than 14 in 2023. However, decisions on new vaccine introduction and other vaccine-related matters were not systematically deliberated nationally. Thus, the need to establish a national body to deliberate on vaccine and vaccination matters, in addition to the global immunization advisory groups, has been emphasized in the last decade. This article presents the establishment and achievements of the Ethiopian NITAG. The E-NITAG was established in 2016 and maintained its active role in providing recommendations for new vaccine introduction and improving the delivery of routine vaccines. The external assessment indicated the E-NITAG was highly functional and played a critical role in enhancing the vaccination practice in Ethiopia, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The absence of a dedicated secretariat staff was the major bottleneck to expanding the role of the E-NITAG beyond responding to MOH requests. The E-NITAG must be strengthened by establishing a secretariat that can eventually grow as an independent institution to address complex vaccine-related issues the NIP needs to address.

埃塞俄比亚于 1980 年开始实施国家免疫计划 (NIP)。国家免疫计划将疫苗数量从 6 种扩大到 2023 年的 14 种以上。然而,关于引入新疫苗和其他疫苗相关事宜的决定并未在全国范围内进行系统审议。因此,在过去十年中,除全球免疫咨询小组外,建立一个国家机构来审议疫苗和接种事宜的必要性得到了强调。本文介绍了埃塞俄比亚国家免疫咨询小组的成立和成就。埃塞俄比亚国家疫苗接种咨询小组成立于 2016 年,在为新疫苗引进提供建议和改善常规疫苗接种方面一直发挥着积极作用。外部评估表明,E-NITAG 功能强大,在加强埃塞俄比亚疫苗接种实践方面发挥了关键作用,尤其是在 COVID-19 大流行期间。缺乏专职的秘书处工作人员是将 E-NITAG 的作用扩大到响应卫生部要求之外的主要瓶颈。必须通过建立一个秘书处来加强 E-NITAG,使其最终发展成为一个独立机构,以解决国家免疫计划需要解决的与疫苗相关的复杂问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Potential Mechanisms Behind Adverse Effect of Coronavirus Disease-19 on Heart and Liver Damage: A Review. Coronavirus Disease-19 对心脏和肝脏损伤产生不良影响的潜在机制:综述。
IF 1.5 Q3 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.10
Tolessa Muleta Daba, Mulatu Mokonon, Elsa Niguse, Meron Getahun

Background: Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the RNA viruses family. The viruses in this family are known to cause mild respiratory disease in humans. The origin of the novel SARS-COV2 virus that caused the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is the Wuhan city in China from where it disseminated to cause a global pandemic. Although lungs are the predominant target organ for Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), since its outbreak, the disease is known to affect heart, blood vessels, kidney, intestine, liver and brain. This review aimed to summarize the catastrophic impacts of Coronavirus disease-19 on heart and liver along with its mechanisms of pathogenesis.

Methods: The information used in this review was obtained from relevant articles published on PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, WHO website, CDC and other sources. Key searching statements and phrases related to COVID-19 were used to retrieve information. Original research articles, review papers, research letters and case reports were used as a source of information.

Results: Besides causing severe lung injury, COVID-19 has also been reported to affect and cause dysfunction of many other organs. COVID-19 infection can affect people by downregulating membrane-bound active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). People who have deficient ACE2 expression are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. The patients' pre-existing co-morbidities are major risk factors that predispose individuals to severe COVID-19.

Conclusion: The disease severity and its broad spectrum phenotype is a result of combined direct and indirect pathogenic factors. Therefore, protocols that harmonize many therapeutic preferences should be the best alternatives to de-escalate the disease and obviate deaths caused as a result of multiple organ damage and dysfunction induced by the disease.

背景:冠状病毒(CoV冠状病毒(CoV)属于 RNA 病毒科。已知冠状病毒可引起人类轻微的呼吸道疾病。引起冠状病毒-19 疾病(COVID-19)的新型 SARS-COV2 病毒的原产地是中国武汉市,它从那里传播并引起全球大流行。尽管肺部是冠状病毒-19(COVID-19)的主要靶器官,但自其爆发以来,已知该疾病会影响心脏、血管、肾脏、肠道、肝脏和大脑。本综述旨在总结冠状病毒疾病-19对心脏和肝脏的灾难性影响及其发病机制:本综述所使用的信息来自 PubMed、Google Scholar、Google、WHO 网站、CDC 及其他来源发表的相关文章。使用与 COVID-19 相关的关键搜索语句和短语来检索信息。原始研究文章、综述论文、研究信函和病例报告被用作信息来源:结果:COVID-19 除了会造成严重的肺损伤外,还有报道称它还会影响许多其他器官并导致其功能障碍。COVID-19 感染可通过下调膜结合活性血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)来影响人体。ACE2 表达不足的人更容易感染 COVID-19。患者原有的并发症是导致其感染严重的 COVID-19 的主要风险因素:结论:疾病的严重程度及其广谱表型是直接和间接致病因素共同作用的结果。因此,协调多种治疗偏好的方案应是缓解病情、避免因疾病引起的多器官损伤和功能障碍导致死亡的最佳选择。
{"title":"The Potential Mechanisms Behind Adverse Effect of Coronavirus Disease-19 on Heart and Liver Damage: A Review.","authors":"Tolessa Muleta Daba, Mulatu Mokonon, Elsa Niguse, Meron Getahun","doi":"10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.10","DOIUrl":"10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the RNA viruses family. The viruses in this family are known to cause mild respiratory disease in humans. The origin of the novel SARS-COV2 virus that caused the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is the Wuhan city in China from where it disseminated to cause a global pandemic. Although lungs are the predominant target organ for Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), since its outbreak, the disease is known to affect heart, blood vessels, kidney, intestine, liver and brain. This review aimed to summarize the catastrophic impacts of Coronavirus disease-19 on heart and liver along with its mechanisms of pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The information used in this review was obtained from relevant articles published on PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, WHO website, CDC and other sources. Key searching statements and phrases related to COVID-19 were used to retrieve information. Original research articles, review papers, research letters and case reports were used as a source of information.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Besides causing severe lung injury, COVID-19 has also been reported to affect and cause dysfunction of many other organs. COVID-19 infection can affect people by downregulating membrane-bound active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). People who have deficient ACE2 expression are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. The patients' pre-existing co-morbidities are major risk factors that predispose individuals to severe COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The disease severity and its broad spectrum phenotype is a result of combined direct and indirect pathogenic factors. Therefore, protocols that harmonize many therapeutic preferences should be the best alternatives to de-escalate the disease and obviate deaths caused as a result of multiple organ damage and dysfunction induced by the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12003,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11217793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141491398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences
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