Leather is one of the important export commodities in Ethiopia. However, itsquality and physical characteristics are affected by diseases, handling and storage problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify major hide and skin defects and assess their effect on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather. A total of 6530 hides and skins were inspected at Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry Private Limited Company (PLC) through standard operative procedures. For tests on physical characteristics of crust leather, top 6 defects of skin and hide were identified thereby each 5-crust leather per defect were evaluated by standard experiments for determining testing tensile strength, tear strength and percentage elongation at break. The overall hide and skin rejection was 32.7%. The rejection in wet blue hide (23.5%) was higher than for wet blue salted and dry goatskins (5.1%) and pickled sheepskins (4.1%). Scratch (20.5%), Wound (14.6%) and Cockle (12.7%), were the most common pre-slaughter skin and hide defects found in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin, respectively. Knife cut with proportion of 21.1%, 17.5% and 4.5% respectively in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin was the major slaughter defect. Putrefaction was of the most common post-slaughter defect in wet blue hide (5.3 %), pickled sheepskin (1.6%) and goatskin (2.7%). Among the identified major defects, statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) were noted in tensile strength, tear strength and percent elongation of the crust leather. Major skin and hide defects lead to considerable economical losses through reducing quality and physical performance characteristics of crust leather. Hence, innovative leather grade correction technologies are timely important. Keywords: Defects; hide; physical characteristics; quality; skin
{"title":"Effects of skin and hide defects on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather","authors":"Tewelde Tsigab, A. Bsrat, Redae Alemayohu, Mengstu Ashebre Arefe, Niraj Kumar, Birhanu Hadush","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Leather is one of the important export commodities in Ethiopia. However, itsquality and physical characteristics are affected by diseases, handling and storage problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify major hide and skin defects and assess their effect on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather. A total of 6530 hides and skins were inspected at Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry Private Limited Company (PLC) through standard operative procedures. For tests on physical characteristics of crust leather, top 6 defects of skin and hide were identified thereby each 5-crust leather per defect were evaluated by standard experiments for determining testing tensile strength, tear strength and percentage elongation at break. The overall hide and skin rejection was 32.7%. The rejection in wet blue hide (23.5%) was higher than for wet blue salted and dry goatskins (5.1%) and pickled sheepskins (4.1%). Scratch (20.5%), Wound (14.6%) and Cockle (12.7%), were the most common pre-slaughter skin and hide defects found in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin, respectively. Knife cut with proportion of 21.1%, 17.5% and 4.5% respectively in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin was the major slaughter defect. Putrefaction was of the most common post-slaughter defect in wet blue hide (5.3 %), pickled sheepskin (1.6%) and goatskin (2.7%). Among the identified major defects, statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) were noted in tensile strength, tear strength and percent elongation of the crust leather. Major skin and hide defects lead to considerable economical losses through reducing quality and physical performance characteristics of crust leather. Hence, innovative leather grade correction technologies are timely important. \u0000Keywords: Defects; hide; physical characteristics; quality; skin","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"35-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88574195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solomon Lulie, Haile Alemayehu, A. Nuru, T. Abayneh, T. Eguale
Fowl typhoid is a systemic poultry disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). It is responsible for significant economic loss, due to its severe morbidity and mortality. An irradiated vaccine is one of the possible alternatives to prevent and control fowl typhoid. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of irradiated SG using a randomized control trial in chicken. A field strain of SG was exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation to determine its effect on the viability of SG. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed by administering irradiated SG orally to 3 groups (5 each) of 5 weeks old Bovans brown chickens at 2400, 2500, and 2600 gray (Gy). The protective efficacy of 108colony forming units (CFU) of SG irradiated at 2400 Gy administered orally and subcutaneously was then evaluated using homologous challenge infection and compared with SG 9R commercial vaccine using 40, 5-week old Bovans brown chickens where the chickens were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Chickens in Group 1were exposed to 108 CFU of irradiated SG orally; Group 2 to the same dose subcutaneously; Group 3 to SG 9R strain commercial vaccine subcutaneously, Group 4 to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) orally. Data related to survival, antibody response, and pathological lesions were recorded. Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine for statistical significance. Irradiation at 2600 Gy caused complete inactivation of SG whereas SG exposed to 2400 Gy showed better immunogenicity and was safe for chickens. Antibody response in a group of chickens vaccinated with irradiated SG administered subcutaneously (SC) was significantly higher than those vaccinated with the SG 9R vaccine on day 7 (p=0.003) and day 14 (p=0.002) post-immunization. Comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy based on the mortality rate of chickens after challenge showed that 2400 Gy irradiated SG vaccine administered SC and SG 9R vaccine-induced equal protection of 50% while the irradiated vaccine administered orally protected only 10% of chickens against homologous challenge infection. SG was not isolated from the liver, spleen, and feces of chickens that survived challenge infection until the end of the experiment. Irradiated SG administered SC is shown to be a promising vaccine against fowl typhoid. Further studies using a large sample size involving tuning of irradiation dose to improve immunogenicity and use of booster vaccination are recommended. Keywords: Chicken; Fowl typhoid; Gamma irradiation; Salmonella Gallinarum; Vaccine
{"title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of irradiated Salmonella Gallinarum against homologous challenge infection in Bovans brown chickens","authors":"Solomon Lulie, Haile Alemayehu, A. Nuru, T. Abayneh, T. Eguale","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Fowl typhoid is a systemic poultry disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). It is responsible for significant economic loss, due to its severe morbidity and mortality. An irradiated vaccine is one of the possible alternatives to prevent and control fowl typhoid. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of irradiated SG using a randomized control trial in chicken. A field strain of SG was exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation to determine its effect on the viability of SG. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed by administering irradiated SG orally to 3 groups (5 each) of 5 weeks old Bovans brown chickens at 2400, 2500, and 2600 gray (Gy). The protective efficacy of 108colony forming units (CFU) of SG irradiated at 2400 Gy administered orally and subcutaneously was then evaluated using homologous challenge infection and compared with SG 9R commercial vaccine using 40, 5-week old Bovans brown chickens where the chickens were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Chickens in Group 1were exposed to 108 CFU of irradiated SG orally; Group 2 to the same dose subcutaneously; Group 3 to SG 9R strain commercial vaccine subcutaneously, Group 4 to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) orally. Data related to survival, antibody response, and pathological lesions were recorded. Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine for statistical significance. Irradiation at 2600 Gy caused complete inactivation of SG whereas SG exposed to 2400 Gy showed better immunogenicity and was safe for chickens. Antibody response in a group of chickens vaccinated with irradiated SG administered subcutaneously (SC) was significantly higher than those vaccinated with the SG 9R vaccine on day 7 (p=0.003) and day 14 (p=0.002) post-immunization. Comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy based on the mortality rate of chickens after challenge showed that 2400 Gy irradiated SG vaccine administered SC and SG 9R vaccine-induced equal protection of 50% while the irradiated vaccine administered orally protected only 10% of chickens against homologous challenge infection. SG was not isolated from the liver, spleen, and feces of chickens that survived challenge infection until the end of the experiment. Irradiated SG administered SC is shown to be a promising vaccine against fowl typhoid. Further studies using a large sample size involving tuning of irradiation dose to improve immunogenicity and use of booster vaccination are recommended. \u0000Keywords: Chicken; Fowl typhoid; Gamma irradiation; Salmonella Gallinarum; Vaccine","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"2012 1","pages":"123-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88148552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Abebe, Mesele Abera, Y. Denbarga, M. Suleyman, A. Fekadu, F. Abunna, Adugna Abebe, D. Wale, Erdachew Kassa, Beyene Tune
Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy farms worldwide. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where no routine prevention and control practices are in place. This cross-sectional study was carried out between October 2017 and June 2018 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and isolate bacterial causes in dairy farms located in southern Ethiopia using standard microbiological methods and questionnaire survey. A total of 686 lactating cows which were found in 122 selected dairy farms were investigated by physical examination and California mastitis test. The overall cow-level prevalence of mastitis was 54.2% (95% CI: 50.5 – 57.9%). Based on the study site, the prevalence was 55.7% in Hawassa, 54.3% in Arsi Negele, 52.6% each in Wondo Genet and Wolayta Soddo towns with no significant (p > 0.05) difference among the sites. The majority of mastitis cases were subclinical (48.1%) while the clinical mastitis was only 6.1%. Of the 122 herds tested, 109 (89.3%; 95% CI: 82.1 – 93.9%) had at least a cow positive for mastitis. The study showed that high parity number (OR = 1.6; p = 0.015), flat (OR = 4.5; p <0.001) and round (OR = 2; p <0.001) teat end shape, history of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 3.3; p <0.001), and slightly (OR = 3.5; p < 0.001), moderately (OR = 4.9; p < 0.001), and very dirty (OR = 9.2; p < 0.001) udder and legs were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of mastitis. Based on the available media and reagents, the major bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were Staphylococcus spp. (57.3%), Streptococcus spp. (18.6%), E. coli (17.3%) and Bacillus spp. (7.5%) in order of their abundance. The present study revealed a high prevalence of mastitis, particularly the subclinical one, and the associated risk factors. Enhancing the awareness of dairy farmers, regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis, proper treatment of the clinical cases, improving the hygienic condition of the cows, and culling of chronically infected cows are critically important to prevent and control bovine mastitis. Keywords: Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Southern Ethiopia
{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors and bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in southern Ethiopia","authors":"R. Abebe, Mesele Abera, Y. Denbarga, M. Suleyman, A. Fekadu, F. Abunna, Adugna Abebe, D. Wale, Erdachew Kassa, Beyene Tune","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy farms worldwide. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where no routine prevention and control practices are in place. This cross-sectional study was carried out between October 2017 and June 2018 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and isolate bacterial causes in dairy farms located in southern Ethiopia using standard microbiological methods and questionnaire survey. A total of 686 lactating cows which were found in 122 selected dairy farms were investigated by physical examination and California mastitis test. The overall cow-level prevalence of mastitis was 54.2% (95% CI: 50.5 – 57.9%). Based on the study site, the prevalence was 55.7% in Hawassa, 54.3% in Arsi Negele, 52.6% each in Wondo Genet and Wolayta Soddo towns with no significant (p > 0.05) difference among the sites. The majority of mastitis cases were subclinical (48.1%) while the clinical mastitis was only 6.1%. Of the 122 herds tested, 109 (89.3%; 95% CI: 82.1 – 93.9%) had at least a cow positive for mastitis. The study showed that high parity number (OR = 1.6; p = 0.015), flat (OR = 4.5; p <0.001) and round (OR = 2; p <0.001) teat end shape, history of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 3.3; p <0.001), and slightly (OR = 3.5; p < 0.001), moderately (OR = 4.9; p < 0.001), and very dirty (OR = 9.2; p < 0.001) udder and legs were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of mastitis. Based on the available media and reagents, the major bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were Staphylococcus spp. (57.3%), Streptococcus spp. (18.6%), E. coli (17.3%) and Bacillus spp. (7.5%) in order of their abundance. The present study revealed a high prevalence of mastitis, particularly the subclinical one, and the associated risk factors. Enhancing the awareness of dairy farmers, regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis, proper treatment of the clinical cases, improving the hygienic condition of the cows, and culling of chronically infected cows are critically important to prevent and control bovine mastitis. \u0000Keywords: Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Southern Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80978069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many dog helminth parasites are endemic in many countries of the world posing public health threat. However, they were neglected and less studied in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 in Bishoftu town aims at estimating the prevalence of major gastrointestinal tract (GIT) zoonotic helminth parasites of dogs and assessing dog owner’s knowledge and control practice against zoonotic dog parasites. Accordingly, the whole area of Bishoftu town was divided into 60 blocks, of which 10 were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared in English, pretested and administered face to face to 140 dog-owning respondents using two local languages: Amharic and Affan Oromo. Fecal samples collected from 238 dogs after administration of ivermectin and praziquantel at recommended doses to increase sensitivity of detection and to get favorable cooperation of owners. For case detection flotation technique is used for parasite egg identification and parasite morphology for parasites observed in the feces. Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2), p-values and 95% confidence intervals calculated to measure association. Four zoonotic helminthic parasites detected with combined infection prevalence of 59.24% (95% CI: 52.84-65.35). The prevalence of each was 33.61% (95% CI: 27.86 – 39.90) Ancylostoma (A.) caninum, 29.41% (95% CI: 23.93 – 35.56) Toxocara (T.) canis, 19.75% (95% CI: 15.14 – 25.34) Dipylidium (D.) caninum, and 2.10% (95% CI: 0.87 – 4.98) Echinococcus (E.) granulosus. The prevalence of A. caninum and T. canis was significantly higher than the prevalence of D. caninum and E. granulosus. Mixed infection with two parasites recorded in 13.87% whereas concurrent infection with three parasites registered in 5.88% of the dogs. Statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed between overall infection prevalence and the sex of dogs, where infection prevalence of A. caninum (p<0.001) and T. canis (p<0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female dogs. The questionnaire survey revealed that only 40% of the respondents were aware of the transmission of zoonotic helminthes to humans while none know the route of transmission. Of all the respondents, 58.57% reported regular deworming of their dogs, at least twice per annum, whereas 47.86% of respondents clean and dispose dogs’ excrement with household garbage and 88.57% of dog owners remove dogs’ excrement without using glove, facemasks, boots and/or coverall/gown for personal protection In relative terms high prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasites infestation was observed in owned dog population with poor awareness about route of transmission. Thus, it is advisable to create awareness of dog owners in waste management and use of Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPE). Keywords: Ancylostoma; Bishoftu; Dipylidium; Echinococcus; Ethiopia; Toxocara
{"title":"Zoonotic helminth parasites of dog in Bishoftu Town, central Ethiopia: prevalence, dog owners’ knowledge and control practice","authors":"Mitiku Tadesse, D. Ayana, B. Kumsa, A. Fromsa","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Many dog helminth parasites are endemic in many countries of the world posing public health threat. However, they were neglected and less studied in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 in Bishoftu town aims at estimating the prevalence of major gastrointestinal tract (GIT) zoonotic helminth parasites of dogs and assessing dog owner’s knowledge and control practice against zoonotic dog parasites. Accordingly, the whole area of Bishoftu town was divided into 60 blocks, of which 10 were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared in English, pretested and administered face to face to 140 dog-owning respondents using two local languages: Amharic and Affan Oromo. Fecal samples collected from 238 dogs after administration of ivermectin and praziquantel at recommended doses to increase sensitivity of detection and to get favorable cooperation of owners. For case detection flotation technique is used for parasite egg identification and parasite morphology for parasites observed in the feces. Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2), p-values and 95% confidence intervals calculated to measure association. Four zoonotic helminthic parasites detected with combined infection prevalence of 59.24% (95% CI: 52.84-65.35). The prevalence of each was 33.61% (95% CI: 27.86 – 39.90) Ancylostoma (A.) caninum, 29.41% (95% CI: 23.93 – 35.56) Toxocara (T.) canis, 19.75% (95% CI: 15.14 – 25.34) Dipylidium (D.) caninum, and 2.10% (95% CI: 0.87 – 4.98) Echinococcus (E.) granulosus. The prevalence of A. caninum and T. canis was significantly higher than the prevalence of D. caninum and E. granulosus. Mixed infection with two parasites recorded in 13.87% whereas concurrent infection with three parasites registered in 5.88% of the dogs. Statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed between overall infection prevalence and the sex of dogs, where infection prevalence of A. caninum (p<0.001) and T. canis (p<0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female dogs. The questionnaire survey revealed that only 40% of the respondents were aware of the transmission of zoonotic helminthes to humans while none know the route of transmission. Of all the respondents, 58.57% reported regular deworming of their dogs, at least twice per annum, whereas 47.86% of respondents clean and dispose dogs’ excrement with household garbage and 88.57% of dog owners remove dogs’ excrement without using glove, facemasks, boots and/or coverall/gown for personal protection In relative terms high prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasites infestation was observed in owned dog population with poor awareness about route of transmission. Thus, it is advisable to create awareness of dog owners in waste management and use of Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPE). \u0000Keywords: Ancylostoma; Bishoftu; Dipylidium; Echinococcus; Ethiopia; Toxocara","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82438753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a serious infectious disease of cattle with significant economic impact and public health risk. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where effective control measures are lacking. This cross-sectional study was carried out between April and July 2016 on 1038 cattle selected from 206 dairy farms in Adama city located in central Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bTB and identify the potential risk factors using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test. Accordingly, the individual animal level prevalence was found to be 2.1% (95% CI: 1.35 – 3.22). Of the 206 dairy farms included in the study, 7.3% (95% CI: 4.29 – 11.98) had one or more 15 cattle positive for the tuberculin test. Furthermore, 5.5% of the examined cattle were found reactive for atypical Mycobacterium. Among the risk factors considered, age and lactation status of the animals were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with the prevalence of bTB. It was noted that the apparent prevalence of bTB positive reactivity was greater in young and non-lactating cattle than their counterparts. In conclusion, the present study revealed 2.1% prevalence of bTB in the dairy farms investigated and culling of positive reactors is recommended as a feasible control intervention. Keywords: Adama; Bovine tuberculosis; CIDT; dairy cattle; Ethiopia
{"title":"Study on the prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in Adama city, central Ethiopia","authors":"Tefera Woldemariam, S. Bekele, G. Mamo, G. Ameni","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a serious infectious disease of cattle with significant economic impact and public health risk. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where effective control measures are lacking. This cross-sectional study was carried out between April and July 2016 on 1038 cattle selected from 206 dairy farms in Adama city located in central Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bTB and identify the potential risk factors using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test. Accordingly, the individual animal level prevalence was found to be 2.1% (95% CI: 1.35 – 3.22). Of the 206 dairy farms included in the study, 7.3% (95% CI: 4.29 – 11.98) had one or more 15 cattle positive for the tuberculin test. Furthermore, 5.5% of the examined cattle were found reactive for atypical Mycobacterium. Among the risk factors considered, age and lactation status of the animals were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with the prevalence of bTB. It was noted that the apparent prevalence of bTB positive reactivity was greater in young and non-lactating cattle than their counterparts. In conclusion, the present study revealed 2.1% prevalence of bTB in the dairy farms investigated and culling of positive reactors is recommended as a feasible control intervention. \u0000Keywords: Adama; Bovine tuberculosis; CIDT; dairy cattle; Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77381263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tolesa Neggasa, Feyissa Begna, Moti Wakgari, Sisay Shibashi, Eshetu Gezahegn, Fikadu Bekele, T. Tolosa
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) remains a huge threat to cattle production in sub Saharan African countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular. A cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2017 and June, 2018 to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CBPP in the Gudeya Bila and Boneya Boshe districts of East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State. The study was conducted on 384 cattle with no history of vaccination against CBPP, using systematic random sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal and tested by competitive ELISA. Information on risk factors influencing the occurrence of CBPP was collected using questionnaire survey. Data obtained from both serological and questionnaire surveys were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of exposure variables with anti-mycoplasma mycoides subspecies small colony antibodies. The results indicated that, the overall seroprevalence of CBPP at individual animal-level and herd-level was 8.6% and 26.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant association in the sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MMmsSC) antibody (P< 0.05) with the poor body condition score, origin of animals (purchasing from outside of herd) and previous history of CBPP disease at individual animal and large herd size at herd level. This study showed that the overall prevalence of CBPP in study area was high. This warrants the implementation of appropriate preventive and control practice. Keywords: Boneya Boshe, Bovine, CBPP, c-ELISA, Ethiopia, Gudeya Bila, Sero-prevalence
{"title":"Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors in Gudeya Bila and Boneya Boshe Districts of East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Tolesa Neggasa, Feyissa Begna, Moti Wakgari, Sisay Shibashi, Eshetu Gezahegn, Fikadu Bekele, T. Tolosa","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) remains a huge threat to cattle production in sub Saharan African countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular. A cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2017 and June, 2018 to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of CBPP in the Gudeya Bila and Boneya Boshe districts of East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State. The study was conducted on 384 cattle with no history of vaccination against CBPP, using systematic random sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal and tested by competitive ELISA. Information on risk factors influencing the occurrence of CBPP was collected using questionnaire survey. Data obtained from both serological and questionnaire surveys were analyzed by using SPSS software version 20. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of exposure variables with anti-mycoplasma mycoides subspecies small colony antibodies. The results indicated that, the overall seroprevalence of CBPP at individual animal-level and herd-level was 8.6% and 26.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant association in the sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MMmsSC) antibody (P< 0.05) with the poor body condition score, origin of animals (purchasing from outside of herd) and previous history of CBPP disease at individual animal and large herd size at herd level. This study showed that the overall prevalence of CBPP in study area was high. This warrants the implementation of appropriate preventive and control practice. \u0000Keywords: Boneya Boshe, Bovine, CBPP, c-ELISA, Ethiopia, Gudeya Bila, Sero-prevalence","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80146709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ticks limit the productivity of livestock through decreased production, reproduction, increased mortality, downgrading and rejection of hides and skin. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of tick infestation in ruminant while experimental study was used to evaluate the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy of methanolic extracts: Calpurnia aurea and Otostegia integrifolia and the phytochemicals present in those extracts at different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml) against Amblyomma variegatum. Adult immersion was used for the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test and plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Out of the 160 goats, 152 sheep and 121 cattle, 23 (14.4%), 44 (28.9%) and 28 (23.1%) were found to be positive for tick infestation, respectively. The incidence of tick infestation was significantly different (p<0.01) among ruminants. Five tick spp. were identified: A. variegatum, A. gemma, R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. pulchellus. Extract of C. aurea and O. integrifolia was found to contain alkaloids, saponins, phlobatannin, steroids, phenolic, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. However, both plants were found negative for triterpens. Extracts of C. aurea and O. integrifolia at 200 and 100 mg/ml concentrations showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) acaricidal activities compared to other treatments at 24 hrs post exposure. Mortality of ticks was increased with the increased dosage (concentration) and exposure time after treatment. Extracts of C. aurea showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) tick mortality (52%) compared to those of O. integrifolia (27%). This is a promising finding to have alternative means of treatment and to substitute the use of synthetic drugs which have a wide spread drug resistance especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Key words: Calpurnia aurea; in-vitro test; Otostegia integrifolia; Phytochemical screening; Tick infestation
{"title":"Study on ruminant tick infestation, phytochemical analysis and in vitro acaricidal effect of Calpurnia aurea and Otostegia integrifolia extracts on Amblyomma variegatum","authors":"Jelalu Kemal, Sisay Alemu, B. Tsegaye, N. Tamerat","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Ticks limit the productivity of livestock through decreased production, reproduction, increased mortality, downgrading and rejection of hides and skin. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of tick infestation in ruminant while experimental study was used to evaluate the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy of methanolic extracts: Calpurnia aurea and Otostegia integrifolia and the phytochemicals present in those extracts at different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml) against Amblyomma variegatum. Adult immersion was used for the in-vitro acaricidal efficacy test and plant extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Out of the 160 goats, 152 sheep and 121 cattle, 23 (14.4%), 44 (28.9%) and 28 (23.1%) were found to be positive for tick infestation, respectively. The incidence of tick infestation was significantly different (p<0.01) among ruminants. Five tick spp. were identified: A. variegatum, A. gemma, R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. pulchellus. Extract of C. aurea and O. integrifolia was found to contain alkaloids, saponins, phlobatannin, steroids, phenolic, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. However, both plants were found negative for triterpens. Extracts of C. aurea and O. integrifolia at 200 and 100 mg/ml concentrations showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) acaricidal activities compared to other treatments at 24 hrs post exposure. Mortality of ticks was increased with the increased dosage (concentration) and exposure time after treatment. Extracts of C. aurea showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) tick mortality (52%) compared to those of O. integrifolia (27%). This is a promising finding to have alternative means of treatment and to substitute the use of synthetic drugs which have a wide spread drug resistance especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. \u0000Key words: Calpurnia aurea; in-vitro test; Otostegia integrifolia; Phytochemical screening; Tick infestation","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80306529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross-sectional abattoir-based study was conducted in apparently healthy chicken in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of avian tuberculosis and isolate its causative agent. The occurrence of avian tuberculosis was investigated using postmortem examination, bacteriological culture and acid-fast staining methods. Of the total 648 chicken examined to detect avian tuberculosis, 42 tissue samples showing gross pathological tuberculous-like lesions were collected from liver, spleen and intestine. The overall prevalence of avian tuberculosis in poultry was 6.48% (42/648) (95%CI: 4.53-8.38) on the basis of detailed postmortem examination. Out of 42 tissue samples cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, 14 (33.3%) were bacteriologically culture positive and showed growth of dough-shaped smooth colony characteristic and out of these 14 culture positive samples, 5 (35.7%) were acid-fast positive mycobacteria. Statistical significant difference was observed in the prevalence of avian TB among chicken with different body condition scoring (χ2 = 23.593, p =0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors showed that body condition scoring has a high statistical significant association with the prevalence of avian tuberculosis in the study area (p<0.05). Poor body conditioned chicken were more likely to show TB lesions (OR=4.45, 95% CI, 2.33- 8.52) than good body conditioned chicken. The present preliminary study on avian TB using postmortem lesion examination and microbiological methods revealed the occurrence of avian TB in low prevalence inapparently healthy chicken originated from intensive poultry farms in Bishoftu area; hence detail poultry meat inspection should be practiced at poultry abattoirs in order to reduce the public health risk. Keywords: Abattoir, Avian tuberculosis, Postmortem examination, Poultry, Ethiopia
{"title":"Abattoir-based prevalence of avian tuberculosis in chicken slaughtered at Poultry abattoir in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia","authors":"G. Mamo","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional abattoir-based study was conducted in apparently healthy chicken in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of avian tuberculosis and isolate its causative agent. The occurrence of avian tuberculosis was investigated using postmortem examination, bacteriological culture and acid-fast staining methods. Of the total 648 chicken examined to detect avian tuberculosis, 42 tissue samples showing gross pathological tuberculous-like lesions were collected from liver, spleen and intestine. The overall prevalence of avian tuberculosis in poultry was 6.48% (42/648) (95%CI: 4.53-8.38) on the basis of detailed postmortem examination. Out of 42 tissue samples cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, 14 (33.3%) were bacteriologically culture positive and showed growth of dough-shaped smooth colony characteristic and out of these 14 culture positive samples, 5 (35.7%) were acid-fast positive mycobacteria. Statistical significant difference was observed in the prevalence of avian TB among chicken with different body condition scoring (χ2 = 23.593, p =0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors showed that body condition scoring has a high statistical significant association with the prevalence of avian tuberculosis in the study area (p<0.05). Poor body conditioned chicken were more likely to show TB lesions (OR=4.45, 95% CI, 2.33- 8.52) than good body conditioned chicken. The present preliminary study on avian TB using postmortem lesion examination and microbiological methods revealed the occurrence of avian TB in low prevalence inapparently healthy chicken originated from intensive poultry farms in Bishoftu area; hence detail poultry meat inspection should be practiced at poultry abattoirs in order to reduce the public health risk. \u0000Keywords: Abattoir, Avian tuberculosis, Postmortem examination, Poultry, Ethiopia","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83990063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence of brucellosis in different species of livestock has been reported from different parts of Ethiopia, however, the serostatus and risk factors of this disease in small ruminants is not well documented in southwestern parts of the country. This study was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017 to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone. A total of 804 small ruminants (402 sheep and 402 goats) were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serological tests. The presence of antibody to Brucella was screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test and confirmed using the complement fixation test. Seroprevalence of 4.2% in sheep and 5.2% in goats was recorded in this study. An overall seroprevalence of 4.7% was recorded in small ruminants in the study areas. Brucella seropositivity was observed more frequently among sheep and goats with a history of abortion (6.7%) than animals that have no history of abortion (3.7%), however, the difference noted was not statistically significant. Older age (OR 3.9, CI = 1.43-9.94), pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI = 1.19-5.72), late term gestation (OR 2.4, CI = 1.54-3.78), mixed flock (OR 2.8, CI = 1.33-5.89) and larger flock size (OR 2.7, CI = 1.08-6.95) were noted to have more number of reactors. Hence, it is important to consider brucellosis as one of the diseases that needs attention and further study should be conducted to identify the circulating Brucella species and other causes of abortion in sheep and goats. Besides, this finding warrants the need for further investigation on its public health impact in the region. Keywords: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Sheep; Goat; Jimma Zone
埃塞俄比亚不同地区报告了不同种类牲畜发生布鲁氏菌病的情况，然而，在该国西南部地区，小反刍动物中这种疾病的血清状况和危险因素没有很好的记录。本研究于2016年10月至2017年10月进行，目的是调查吉马地区选定地区绵羊和山羊的布鲁氏菌病血清阳性率和相关危险因素及其与流产的关系。随机选取小反刍动物804头(绵羊402头、山羊402头)，采集血液进行血清学检测。用玫瑰孟加拉平板试验筛选布鲁氏菌抗体，并用补体固定试验证实。绵羊血清阳性率为4.2%，山羊血清阳性率为5.2%。研究区小反刍动物血清总阳性率为4.7%。有流产史的绵羊和山羊血清布鲁氏菌阳性(6.7%)高于无流产史的绵羊和山羊(3.7%)，但差异无统计学意义。年龄较大(OR 3.9, CI = 1.43 ~ 9.94)、妊娠期(OR 2.6, CI = 1.19 ~ 5.72)、妊娠期晚期(OR 2.4, CI = 1.54 ~ 3.78)、混合群(OR 2.8, CI = 1.33 ~ 5.89)和较大群(OR 2.7, CI = 1.08 ~ 6.95)的反应器数量较多。因此，应将布鲁氏菌病视为需要关注的疾病之一，并开展进一步的研究，以确定绵羊和山羊中流行的布鲁氏菌种类和其他流产原因。此外，这一发现证明有必要进一步调查其对该区域的公共卫生影响。关键词:布鲁氏菌病;流行病学;羊;山羊;Jimma区
{"title":"Serological investigation of brucellosis and its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiop","authors":"Dereje Tulu, Abiy Gojam, B. Deresa","doi":"10.4314/evj.v24i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v24i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of brucellosis in different species of livestock has been reported from different parts of Ethiopia, however, the serostatus and risk factors of this disease in small ruminants is not well documented in southwestern parts of the country. This study was conducted from October 2016 to October 2017 to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as its association with abortion in sheep and goats in selected districts of Jimma zone. A total of 804 small ruminants (402 sheep and 402 goats) were randomly selected and blood samples were collected for serological tests. The presence of antibody to Brucella was screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test and confirmed using the complement fixation test. Seroprevalence of 4.2% in sheep and 5.2% in goats was recorded in this study. An overall seroprevalence of 4.7% was recorded in small ruminants in the study areas. Brucella seropositivity was observed more frequently among sheep and goats with a history of abortion (6.7%) than animals that have no history of abortion (3.7%), however, the difference noted was not statistically significant. Older age (OR 3.9, CI = 1.43-9.94), pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI = 1.19-5.72), late term gestation (OR 2.4, CI = 1.54-3.78), mixed flock (OR 2.8, CI = 1.33-5.89) and larger flock size (OR 2.7, CI = 1.08-6.95) were noted to have more number of reactors. Hence, it is important to consider brucellosis as one of the diseases that needs attention and further study should be conducted to identify the circulating Brucella species and other causes of abortion in sheep and goats. Besides, this finding warrants the need for further investigation on its public health impact in the region. \u0000Keywords: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Sheep; Goat; Jimma Zone","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91154267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Balako Gum, Sisay Girma, Hussein Mohamed, O. Kerro, H. Chaka
Despite of available protective rabies vaccines for both human and animal, transmission of rabies from animals to people continues in Africa and Asia. Every year, over 59,000 people are estimated to die from the disease globally. Most of industrialized countries in Europe and North America have eliminated rabies from domestic dog populations. However, in the majority of developing countries, rabies remains endemic in domestic dog and poorly controlled. To understand rabies situation in pastoralist and agro-pastoralists area of southern Ethiopian, retrospective data on 431 rabies suspected animal bite cases registered at Bule Hora and Yabello Hospitals were collected and reviewed. Moreover, the knowledge, attitude and practice of 107 selected community members and 55 traditional healers were assessed. Out of 431 cases, 55.7% and 24.4% were < 15 and between 16-25 years age group, respectively. There were more male 55.5% cases than female 44.5%. Only 32% of cases registered at Yabello Hospital received post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), whereas the remaining referred to other health facilities. Ninety eight percent (98 %) of animal responsible for the bite was dog and the remaining were cat, fox and donkey. Most of bites were occurred in March-June (36.2%) and November-February (35.5%). Out of interviewed participants 87.8% of them know rabies and 83.2% were able to mention rabid animals’ symptoms. The 78.5% of participants did mention how rabies transmitted to dog and 88.1 % of them described dog as main source of infection. The 91.6% of participants told us that rabies is transmitted to human by rabid animals’ bite and 94.3% of them believe that rabies is treatable disease and the major means of prevention is traditional treatment. Almost all traditional healers mention that the symptom of rabies in human and animals, and its way of transmission; however 90.9% of them believe that traditional treatment as effective means of rabies control. Interview result of both community members and traditional healers indicated that most of the rabies cases treated by the traditional healers. Health service providers have to make PEP vaccines available for bite victims and need to raise awareness of the local communities through health education about rabies and animal bite management. Keyword : Retrospective Study; Rabies; South Ethiopia; pastoralists
{"title":"Assessment of retrospective rabies suspected cases registered at two hospitals, community and traditional healers’ knowledge, attitude and practices in south Ethiopian pastoralist","authors":"Balako Gum, Sisay Girma, Hussein Mohamed, O. Kerro, H. Chaka","doi":"10.4314/evj.v23i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/evj.v23i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Despite of available protective rabies vaccines for both human and animal, transmission of rabies from animals to people continues in Africa and Asia. Every year, over 59,000 people are estimated to die from the disease globally. Most of industrialized countries in Europe and North America have eliminated rabies from domestic dog populations. However, in the majority of developing countries, rabies remains endemic in domestic dog and poorly controlled. To understand rabies situation in pastoralist and agro-pastoralists area of southern Ethiopian, retrospective data on 431 rabies suspected animal bite cases registered at Bule Hora and Yabello Hospitals were collected and reviewed. Moreover, the knowledge, attitude and practice of 107 selected community members and 55 traditional healers were assessed. Out of 431 cases, 55.7% and 24.4% were < 15 and between 16-25 years age group, respectively. There were more male 55.5% cases than female 44.5%. Only 32% of cases registered at Yabello Hospital received post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), whereas the remaining referred to other health facilities. Ninety eight percent (98 %) of animal responsible for the bite was dog and the remaining were cat, fox and donkey. Most of bites were occurred in March-June (36.2%) and November-February (35.5%). Out of interviewed participants 87.8% of them know rabies and 83.2% were able to mention rabid animals’ symptoms. The 78.5% of participants did mention how rabies transmitted to dog and 88.1 % of them described dog as main source of infection. The 91.6% of participants told us that rabies is transmitted to human by rabid animals’ bite and 94.3% of them believe that rabies is treatable disease and the major means of prevention is traditional treatment. Almost all traditional healers mention that the symptom of rabies in human and animals, and its way of transmission; however 90.9% of them believe that traditional treatment as effective means of rabies control. Interview result of both community members and traditional healers indicated that most of the rabies cases treated by the traditional healers. Health service providers have to make PEP vaccines available for bite victims and need to raise awareness of the local communities through health education about rabies and animal bite management. Keyword : Retrospective Study; Rabies; South Ethiopia; pastoralists","PeriodicalId":12019,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73061583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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