European Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Purpose: to evaluate the effects of three interventions (conventional yogurt; probiotic yogurt, and isolated probiotic) on bone and heart parameters in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model.

Methods: male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Nephrectomized Group (Nx, n = 8); Nx + Yogurt Group (NxY, n = 8); Nx + Probiotic-enriched Yogurt Group (NxPY, n = 8) and Nx + Probiotic Group (NxP, n = 8). Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 (10⁸ -10⁹ log CFU/mL) was used as a probiotic. Cardiac electrical activity was measured by electrocardiogram, and body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Additional measurements included bone biomechanical and atherogenic parameters, histomorphometry of the heart and aorta, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, inflammation parameters, and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) levels.

Results: The NxPY group presented improvements in tibia parameters such as maximum strength (p = 0.02), maximum tension (p = 0.02), and breaking tension (p = 0.04) than the Nx group. On the other hand, NxY and NxP did not affect bone parameters. The NxPY group showed lower heart relative weight than the NxP group (p = 0.007). In the electrocardiogram, NxPY demonstrated shorter T wave duration (p = 0.002), QT (p = 0.006), and QTc (p = 0.003) interval duration compared to NxP. NxP worsened cardiac electrical activity as the increase in T wave duration (p = 0.03), QTc interval (p = 0.02), ST segment amplitude (p = 0.01), and raised cardiac hypertrophy including heart weight corrected for tibia length (p = 0.04) compared to Nx. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found between the NxY and Nx groups. Also, there were no significant differences in pCS levels among the groups Nx, NxY, NxPY and, NxP.

Conclusion: This is the first study to compare these effects and revealed that supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus La‑05-enriched yogurt improved bone parameters, while isolated probiotic impaired electrical conduction and aggravated hypertrophy in the heart. On the other hand, conventional yogurt did not affect bone or heart parameters. These findings may help guide future clinical studies and recommendations, mainly about dairy products and probiotics in CKD.

Purpose: Although recent studies suggest associations between temporal meal patterns, diet quality, and health outcomes such as obesity and cardiometabolic risk, the evidence remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate meal patterns, including meal frequency, breakfast skipping and timing of energy intake (late or early), and their associations with diet quality and body mass index.

Methods: The study was completed as a secondary analysis of two cross-sectional, national dietary surveys, Riksmaten Adults 2010-11 (n = 1796) and Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17(n = 2967). Meal patterns were reported for 3-4 days using two different web-based methods. Among adolescents, weight was measured using standardised methods, whereas adults provided self-reported weight. Diet quality was evaluated with the Swedish Healthy Eating Index 2025.

Results: Meal patterns differed according to weight status, where adults with obesity or adolescents with overweight or obesity reported a lower meal frequency and more often skipped breakfast. A low eating frequency, breakfast skipping, and a late energy distribution were negatively associated with diet quality. A high meal frequency (OR 0.44 CI 0.28-0.68) and a late energy distribution (OR 0.70 CI 0.57-0.85) were associated with a decreased risk for overweight or obesity in adolescents.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that there may be a benefit in having a higher eating frequency and consuming breakfast, with regard to diet quality and weight.

Purpose: A growing body of evidence suggests diets rich in flavonoids may protect against metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development and progression. As the gut microbiome is important in the biotransformation of flavonoids to their constituent bioactive metabolites, studies on the potential mediating role of the gut microbiome in the association between dietary flavonoid intakes and MASLD are warranted but lacking. Thus, this study aims to examine the associations between a diet rich in flavonoids and MASLD, and assess the potential mediating role of the gut microbiome.

Methods: In a cross-sectional analysis (n = 531), using the FlavoDiet score (FDS), we assessed the association between a flavonoid-rich diet and MASLD (ascertained by magnetic resonance imaging) using multivariable logistic and linear regression. Additionally, we used mediation analysis to identify and assess potential 16S-derived gut microbiome mediators.

Results: Each doubling of the FDS was associated with a 27% lower odds of MASLD (OR: 0.73 [95% CI 0.54-0.98], p = 0.04) after multivariable adjustment. 9.2% of this association was mediated by a greater abundance of the genus Eisenbergiella (indirect effect ß = - 0.006 [95% CI - 0.019, to - 0.000], p = 0.04).

Conclusion: These findings suggest that a flavonoid-rich diet is associated with better liver health, and that the abundance of the Eisenbergiella taxa may in part explain the association between a flavonoid-rich diet and MASLD.

Introduction: Improving human and planetary health is one of the most important challenges of the current century. Demand-side food policy strategies can be implemented to achieve this dual objective. To develop and implement policy measures effectively, it is essential to conduct upfront analyses that demonstrate their potential impact.

Objective: To explore the harmonised assessment of environmental impacts of national representative food consumption surveys using the MCRA software, and to demonstrate the framework by assessing the potential environmental impact of food policy strategies that aim to simultaneously improve human and planetary health.

Methods: Individual-level food consumption data from 11 European countries were used to evaluate current diets and the potential impact of demand-side food policy scenarios designed to reflect health and sustainability objectives. Dutch life-cycle assessment data were used to estimate six environmental impact indicators. Food composition data were applied to estimate protein intake. Food consumption, dietary environmental impacts, and protein intake were estimated and modelled using the MCRA (Monte-Carlo Risk Assessment) software for baseline and alternative scenarios.

Results: In the baseline scenarios, daily average GHG emissions ranged from 4.01 kg CO₂-eq per person in Cyprus to 6.30 kg CO₂-eq in France. Blue water consumption averaged between 104 L per person per day in the Czech Republic and 256 L in Italy. Across all countries, the environmental impact of diets specific to each country demonstrated potential reductions up to 55% in GHG emissions, land use, blue water consumption, and animal protein, and reductions up to 70% in freshwater and marine eutrophication, acidification, when meat intake was reduced and/or replaced by legumes or meat substitutes. Strategies such as replacing dairy with dairy substitutes, soft drinks with water, and limiting confectionery foods demonstrated less pronounced effects on environmental indicators, with reductions ranging from 1 to 11%. Strategies aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption had adverse environmental effects, increasing environment impacts by up to 7% and blue water consumption by up to 14%.

Conclusion: Using the MCRA framework, this study demonstrates that harmonised assessment of current diets and the potential impacts of dietary scenarios can effectively inform policy development. Policies reducing animal food consumption and increasing plant-based intake offer the greatest environmental benefits, particularly when meat is substituted with plant-based alternatives. Implementation of coherent, multi-level policy instruments and tailored country-specific approaches will be essential for achieving both human and planetary health objectives.

Objectives: One-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients are essential for methylation processes and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but prospective evidence remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary OCM nutrients and RA risk, and their interactions with genetic and lifestyle factors.

Methods: A total of 189,440 participants from the UK Biobank were included. Dietary intake was assessed using repeated 24-hour recalls. Nutrient levels were estimated based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods and the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the independent and joint associations of OCM nutrients, genetic risk, and RA risk. Nonlinear associations were examined using restricted cubic spline.

Results: During a median follow-up of 13.43 years, 1,751 RA cases were identified. Participants in the highest quartile of OCM nutrient intake had a significantly lower risk of RA compared to those in the lowest quartile. The hazard ratios (95% CI) for methionine, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were 0.84 (0.74-0.97), 0.88 (0.76-1.00), 0.88 (0.78-0.98), and 0.84 (0.73-0.96), respectively. High OCM intake combined with low genetic risk was associated with a > 40% lower risk of RA. Additionally, significant interactions were observed between OCM nutrient intake and both smoking and alcohol consumption.

Conclusion: Higher intake of OCM nutrients was associated with a reduced risk of RA and showed a joint effect with genetic risk. Individuals with certain lifestyle factors may benefit more from dietary OCM nutrient intake.

Purpose: To reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD), guidelines recommend adopting a more plant-based diet. The EAT-Lancet diet, which focuses on plant-based foods, is associated with a lower risk of CVD in apparently healthy people. However, the relationship in patients with established CVD is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this research was to quantify the relationship between the EAT-Lancet Healthy Reference Diet (HRD) and risk of recurrent CVD in patients with established CVD.

Methods: Patients with established CVD from the Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort-Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease were studied. Dietary intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire and the relationship between the EAT-Lancet HRD (score from 0 to 140 points) and non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke was assessed using Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, educational background, lifestyle factors, and energy intake.

Results: During a follow-up of 24,212 person-years 209 non-fatal vascular events occurred. The median score for the EAT-Lancet HRD was 57 out of 140 points (IQR: 41-68). After adjustment for confounders, a diet more in line with the EAT-Lancet HRD was associated with a lower risk of non-fatal vascular events (HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.96) per 10-point increase); stroke (HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.63-0.91) per 10-point increase); and a trend towards lower risk of myocardial infarction (HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.81-1.02) per 10-point increase).

Conclusion: In patients with established CVD, a dietary pattern more in line with the EAT-Lancet HRD is associated with a lower risk of non-fatal stroke and myocardial infarction.

Purpose: Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is key for offspring neurodevelopment. Given the role of glucose in brain function, assessing carbohydrate quantity and quality, including glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and carbohydrate quality index (CQI), may provide insights into early brain development. This study examined the associations between maternal dietary carbohydrate intake and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood.

Methods: The prospective cohort study included 1080 mother-child pairs from the Barcelona Life Study Cohort. Maternal dietary carbohydrate intake, GI, GL and CQI were assessed during mid-pregnancy using a food frequency questionnaire. Child neurodevelopment was evaluated at 8 and 28 months using the Developmental Profile 3 (DP-3) and at 18 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). Associations were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for relevant maternal and child covariates.

Results: Increased maternal carbohydrate intake, GI, and GL were inversely associated with language development (β (95% CI): - 2.67 (- 5.13, - 0.21), - 2.73 (- 5.21, - 0.26), - 3.51 (- 5.96, - 1.07) respectively) and receptive language (β (95% CI): - 0.58 (- 1.07, - 0.08), - 0.54 (- 1.04, - 0.04), - 0.70 (- 1.20, - 0.21) respectively) at 18 months, as measured by the BSID-III, although these associations were attenuated after adjustment for maternal and child covariates. Increased GI and lower CQI were associated with lower gross motor scores (β (95% CI): - 0.49 (- 0.84, - 0.15), 0.39 (0.06, 0.71) respectively) at 18 months (BSID-III), as well as reduced motor development (β (95% CI): - 3.2 (- 5.50, - 0.76), 2.22 (- 0.1, 4.54) respectively) at 8 and 28 months (DP-3).

Conclusions: Maternal carbohydrate quality during pregnancy may influence early neurodevelopment, particularly motor outcomes. Emphasizing low-GI, low-GL and high-CQI carbohydrate sources during pregnancy could support favorable developmental trajectories in offspring.

Background: Odd-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have shown potential metabolic benefits, may exert protective metabolic effects. However, their association with MetS and the potential role of insulin resistance remains unclear.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 746 adults, we assessed associations between erythrocyte odd-chain SFAs and MetS using logistic regression Mediation and interaction analyses were performed to explore the role of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in these associations. We also examined the correlations between odd-chain SFAs and dietary factors.

Results: Higher erythrocyte C17:0 levels were associated with lower MetS risk (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.21-0.60), partially mediated by HOMA-IR (33.8%). Joint analysis revealed the lowest MetS risk among participants with both high C17:0 and low HOMA-IR (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.26). Additive interaction between C17:0 and HOMA-IR was significant. Dietary fiber intake was positively associated with C17:0 levels. No significant association was observed for C15:0.

Conclusions: Elevated erythrocyte C17:0 is inversely associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, partially through improved insulin sensitivity. Targeting the elevation of C17:0 levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity may offer a promising strategy for early MetS prevention. Dietary fiber may play a potential role in modulating C17:0 levels.

Purpose: This study aimed to establish trends in overweight and obesity prevalence among adults living in Ireland (18-64 years) and older adults (> 65 years) over three decades, from 1990 to 2024.

Methods: Anthropometric data pertaining to n4357 adults were collated from four nationally representative, cross-sectional nutrition surveys published in Ireland between 1990 and 2024. These anthropometric data were measured by researchers in three of the four datasets, and self-measured in the fourth. X² tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test for significant differences. Binary logistic regression explored the association between sociodemographic variables and the presence of overweight and obesity.

Results: Significant increases in mean height and weight were observed between 1990 and 2011, across both age groups (18-64 years and > 65 years) and sexes (p ≤ 0.001). A decrease was observed in mean weight and BMI among the more recent 2024 cross-sectional sample (p < 0.001). A similar pattern was noted in the prevalence of those living with obesity with 11.5% presenting with obesity in 1990, increasing to 23.7% 2011, and declining to 17.3% in 2024 among the adults aged 18-64 years. The proportion of older adults living with obesity between 1990 and 2024 followed a similar trajectory. Social class was associated with the presence of overweight and obesity, with the greatest association noted among the 2011 cross-sectional sample (p = 0.003).

Conclusion: Weight status increased during the period 1990-2024, with the more recent data indicating a possible plateau emerging, methodological differences between the studies included hinder certainty. Consistent associations between social class and the presence of overweight and obesity are noted. Continuous monitoring of weight status is required to confirm the trends noted in the present study and to guide population wide public health measures related to weight status.