European Journal of Nutrition最新文献

Ulcerative colitis (UC) can cause severe oxidative stress in the colon, which can lead to tissue damage and an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota. Ellagic acid (EA) is one of the main types of plant polyphenols with improved pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, currently, the studies on the impact of EA on the gut microbiota and its potential to alleviate UC in mice through the ROS/NLRP3 pathway are limited. In this study, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to construct a UC mouse model, which was then treated with EA as an intervention for UC. The results revealed that EA alleviated the trend of liver, spleen, and weight changes in UC mice and improved colon oxidative stress, inflammation, and pathological damage. Mechanistically, DSS-induced UC indicated a significant increase in ROS/NLRP3 pathway-related factors, whereas EA intervention activated the Nrf2 pathway to reduce these factors. Furthermore, the DSS group had a reduced abundance of Firmicutes (59.02%) and an increased abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacterium by 1.8 times and 10.16%; however, EA intervention reversed these changes, thus alleviating UC. The findings of this study revealed that EA could significantly enhance the composition of gut microbiota in UC and reduce the inflammatory response, colonic damage as well as oxidative stress caused by DSS by regulating the ROS/NLRP3 pathway. These results provide novel perspectives on the prevention and treatment strategies of UC and highlight the therapeutic benefits of EA in managing colitis.

Background: Severe disruption of lipid metabolism in vivo is one of the central mechanisms in the development of atherosclerotic vascular injury (AVI). Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) plays a pivotal role in eliminating excess cholesterol, preventing lipid deposition in the aorta, and reducing plaque formation associated with AVI. Floralozone (FL) reduces endothelial cell injury in AVI rats by regulating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) expression. However, FL's potential to prevent AVI by modulating cholesterol metabolism remains unknown.

Methods: In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking predicted FL's potential targets in AVI protection. AVI rats were induced with a high-sugar, high-fat diet and vitamin D3 injection. FL intervention's effects on aortic pathology and lipid levels were assessed. The expression levels of SREBP-1c, PPARγ, ABCA1, and ABCG1 were evaluated. Raw264.7 macrophages were induced to form foam cells with ox-LDL, and FL's effects on the AMPKα/SREBP-1c pathway and miR-33-5p were investigated.

Results: FL reduced lipid levels and SREBP-1c expression, increased HDL-C, promoted ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux, and reduced aortic cholesterol accumulation. The AMPKα inhibitor dorsomorphin blocked FL's inhibition of intracellular cholesterol accumulation and SREBP1 down-regulation in foam cells. FL decreased miR-33-5p expression but up-regulated PPARγ, promoting ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux. However, miR-33-5p mimic reduced FL-induced cholesterol efflux, while miR-33-5p inhibitor increased it.

Conclusion: FL may promote foam cell cholesterol efflux by modifying the AMPKα/SREBP-1c pathway and down-regulating miR-33-5p, which targets cholesterol metabolism genes (PPARγ, ABCA1, and ABCG1). These findings provide a new insight into the protective effect of FL on AVI.

Purpose: Protein supplementation has been proposed as an effective dietary strategy for maintaining or increasing skeletal muscle mass and improving physical performance in middle-aged and older adults. Diabetes mellitus exacerbates muscle mass loss, leading to many older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experiencing sarcopenia, and vice versa. Our objective was to assess the impact of increased dietary protein intake on muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and the progression of T2DM in middle-aged and older adults diagnosed with this condition.

Methods: A 12-week randomized, controlled, parallel pilot study was conducted with 26 patients diagnosed with T2DM and had either low muscle mass, or low muscle strength or poor physical performance (age > 55 years old), aiming to investigate the effects of a protein-rich diet in sarcopenic and metabolic markers. The control group received 0.8-1.0 g/kg/day, while the intervention group received 1.2-1.5 g/kg/day of protein respectively. Body composition, muscle mass/strength and biochemical parameters were measured before and after the intervention period.

Results: Different kinetics of skeletal muscle index (SMI), appendicular lean mass (ALM), hand grip strength (HGS), gait speed (GS) and standing balance (SB) (p < 0.05) were observed between two groups. Specifically, the intervention group showed a significant improvement in HGS (p < 0.001) and physical performance (timed-up-and-go, p < 0.001; GS, p = 0.011; SB, p = 0.022), while the control group had its ALM (p = 0.014), SMI (p = 0.011) and HGS (p = 0.011) significantly reduced. The kinetics of metabolic markers indices was similar for both groups.

Conclusion: Current recommendation for protein intake (0.8-1 g/kg/day) is certainly not enough to ameliorate the muscle mass loss in middle age and older adults' individuals with T2DM. In contrast, protein intake of 1.2-1.5 g/kg/day seems to be a more appropriate recommendation to combat upcoming sarcopenia, nonetheless the progression of T2DM was not interrupted.

Purpose: Provision of nutrition information is mandated for packaged foods, but few countries regulate serving sizes. Our objective was to develop a methodology to establish globally consistent portion size recommendations for both nutrient-dense and discretionary foods.

Methods: A stepwise systematic approach incorporated portion values from serving size regulations (n = 10), food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG; n = 90, aggregated into 6 regions), and reported food intakes from Europe and Australia. Global Portion Values (GPVs) for 50 food groups were derived as the median of all data inputs. Consistency was evaluated using 25th and 75th percentiles and dispersion of input values (percent of median absolute deviations (MAD)/median).

Results: GPVs were calculated for 50 food groups organized into nine food categories: Milk/Dairy (n = 6 food groups), Protein Foods (n = 5), Mixed Dishes (n = 4), Grains (n = 7), Fruits/Vegetables (n = 5), Snacks/Sweets (n = 12), Sauces/Condiments (n = 5), Fats/Oils/Sugars (n = 4) and Beverages (n = 2). Data inputs for each portion value ranged from 6 to 18; only 4 foods had < 10 inputs; 21 had ≥ 15. Dispersion ranged from 0 to 33%; 88% of GPVs were considered "consistent" (dispersion < 25%) and 9 groups had 0% variation, indicating high consistency. Example GPVs include: 240mL for milk (16 inputs, 8% dispersion); 90 g for meat/poultry/fish main dishes (16 inputs, 13% dispersion); 50 g for bread/rolls (18 inputs, 20% dispersion); 130 g for canned vegetables (10 inputs, 2% dispersion); 30 g for chocolate (15 inputs, 17% dispersion); and 250mL for soft drinks (17 inputs, 20% dispersion).

Conclusions: This standardized approach provides clear and consistent portion recommendations that, if adopted, could help consumers make informed choices about appropriate portions.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of a multidomain lifestyle intervention conducted in older adults at increased risk for dementia on participants' diet.

Methods: Secondary analyses of the cluster-randomized AgeWell.de-trial, testing a multidomain intervention (optimization of nutrition and medication, enhancement of physical, social and cognitive activity) in older adults at increased dementia risk. Intervention effects on a healthy diet (composite score) and its components were analyzed using Poisson- and logistic regression analyses. Stages of behavior change (transtheoretical model), and respective changes between baseline and follow-up were analyzed using mixed regression analyses.

Results: A total of 819 individuals were analyzed (M_age = 69.0, SD = 4.9, n_{intervention/control group} = 378/441). We observed a significant intervention effect on the healthy diet score (b = 0.06, IRR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11). Changes were particularly due to increased fruit- and vegetable consumption, while other food components were not improved by the intervention. The intervention did not induce transitions to advanced stages of behavior change regarding a healthy diet, however, participants in the control group moved to initial stages of behavior change (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.92).

Conclusion: A multidomain lifestyle intervention improved participants' diet and maintained motivation to change in an at-risk-sample. However, only fruit- and vegetable consumption increased. Additional support might be necessary to encourage older adults to integrate new, healthier food components into their diet. Control group participants transitioned to initial stages of behavior change, stressing the need to encourage older adults to maintain a healthy diet as they age. AGEWELL.DE WAS PROSPECTIVELY REGISTERED IN THE GERMAN CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTER (DRKS; IDENTIFIER: DRKS00013555) ON DECEMBER 7TH, 2017: DRKS00013555.

Purpose: Canada's public health objective is that ≥ 90% of the population consume <1% of total energy (< 1%En) as trans fatty acids (TFA), in line with World Health Organization recommendations. Our study aimed to estimate usual intakes of total TFA, industrially-produced TFA (i-TFA), and naturally occurring TFA (n-TFA) overall and in subgroups of the population before Canada's 2018 prohibition on the use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHO) in foods.

Methods: Data from 1-2 24-h recalls was available for 19,670 participants in the cross-sectional Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-Nutrition 2015. Usual intakes of total TFA, i-TFA, n-TFA, and mixed TFA (TFA from foods containing both i-TFA and n-TFA) from all foods and beverages were generated according to the National Cancer Institute method, and weighted to represent the population of Canada aged ≥ 1 and within age, sex, income, and self-reported racial groups.

Results: For the overall population, the mean usual intake of total TFA was 1.2 g/day (SE:0.02) and represented 0.57%En (SE:0.001). All age-sex groups had mean total TFA intakes <1%En, ranging from 0.52 to 0.71%En. On average, foods containing only n-TFA provided >1/2 of total TFA intake (0.32%En, SE:0.01). The target of ≥ 90% of the population consuming <1%En as TFA had already been achieved before the PHO prohibition in all income, racial, and age-sex groups, except children 1-3 years old, with 86% within target. In that group, foods containing only n-TFA provided >2/3 of total TFA intake (0.48%En, SE:0.02).

Conclusion: Total TFA intakes in Canada before the PHO prohibition were relatively low, likely due to previous initiatives to reduce i-TFA in foods.

Purpose: Swedish adolescents' free and added sugars intake exceeds recommended levels. This poses potential health problems; however, little is known about dietary sources within the Swedish population. This study investigated dietary sources of sugars among Swedish adolescents, as well as timing and location of free sugars intake.

Methods: A nationally representative sample of 3099 adolescents in school years 5, 8 and 11 (ages around 12, 15 and 18) was derived from the Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 cross-sectional survey. Dietary intake was self-reported over two non-consecutive days of retrospective registration. Various food categories' contribution to sugars intake were evaluated in relative and absolute terms. To analyse differences between subsamples in consumption, non-parametric tests and logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results: Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) were the biggest source of free (30%) and added sugars (34%) within the population, contributing with 4.4% of total energy intake among consumers. SSBs were particularly consumed by boys, adolescents to parents with lower education levels, and those residing in smaller cities/rural areas. Other food categories contributing substantially to free sugars intake were sweets and chocolates (20%), sweet bakery products and desserts (11%), fruit juices (11%), and sweetened dairy products (9%). Intakes of free sugars were higher during weekends, mostly consumed outside of main meals, predominantly within the home environment.

Conclusion: The majority of free and added sugars consumed by Swedish adolescents comes from nutrient-poor food sources. SSB intake is highly associated with free and added sugars intake and is the primary source of sugars in the adolescent diet.

Purpose: As healthy eating recommendations shift to incorporate environmentally sustainable eating principles, it becomes crucial to understand whether children's dietary intakes align with global recommendations such as the EAT-Lancet Commission Planetary Health Diet (PHD), in addition to national health-promoting guidelines, including the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the alignment of young Australian children's food intakes with these recommendations.

Methods: Dietary data from the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey for children aged 2-8 years were used and compared with, energy-adjusted target amounts of the PHD and ADG Foundation Diet. Usual energy intakes were calculated for two age groups (2-3; 4-8 years) and used to proportionally adjust the adult PHD target amounts for children. Mean intake of each food group (g/day) was determined through one 24-h dietary recall.

Results: For both age groups (2-3-years: n = 463; 4-8-years: n = 776), the daily mean consumption of wholegrains, starchy vegetables, other vegetables, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts, and unsaturated oils was below the PHD targets, while the consumption of red meat, dairy products, poultry, and added sugars was above the targets. The ADG Foundation Diet trends were similar to the PHD for wholegrains, vegetables, nuts, and legumes but the daily mean consumption of dairy products and red meat was below ADG Foundation Diet targets and above PHD targets.

Conclusion: Australian children's diets do not align with the PHD and ADG Foundation Diet. Substantial changes are required to improve dietary practices, emphasizing the gap between current consumption and recommended guidelines.

Background: Legumes are widely considered one of the most beneficial food groups to consume. They are high in fibre and plant-based protein as well as naturally low in sodium, saturated fats, and sugars. However, legumes do not feature prominently in the modern diet, and previous evidence syntheses show inconsistent results on cardiometabolic risk profile when increasing legume intakes. This review examines the impact of legume intake on cardiometabolic profile and gut microbiome.

Methods: EMBASE, OVID Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to 15 May 2024 with checking of relevant reference lists and bibliographies. Relevant data were extracted into pre-tested forms and risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane RoB2. Searches, screening, and risk of bias assessment were done independently by two reviewers. We have considered trials where legumes were provided to adults, with and without pre-existing conditions (i.e. type 2 diabetes, heart disease or dyslipidaemia), in randomised controlled trials of at least six weeks duration on cardiometabolic risk factors and gut microbiome outcomes. Trial data were pooled using random effects models. Prespecified regression analyses were then performed to identify the factors influencing pooled results. Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE.

Results: We identified 30 papers of 24 trials with 33 eligible comparisons where legumes (daily average 86 g (range 2-251)) were provided to 1,938 participants. No eligible studies reported on microbiome outcomes. There was moderate certainty evidence that higher legume intakes improved total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.23mmol/L, 95%CI -0.33 to -0.13), LDL cholesterol (MD -0.16mmol/L (-0.24 to -0.08)), and fasting blood glucose (MD -0.18mmol/L (-0.30 to -0.06)). The majority of trial comparisons (70%) provided an isoenergetic control food. Pooled results were influenced by underlying differences between trials such as type and format of legumes provided, but not consistently across multiple outcomes.

Conclusions: Increasing legume intakes improved some blood lipid and glucose parameters, but not all. Isoenergetic comparisons in trials may obscure changes in cardiometabolic risk factors due to greater satiation or reduced intake, and no trials greater than six weeks duration were identified to consider the microbiome-mediated health effects with greater legume intakes. Future trials in these areas are necessary.

Trial registration: Prospero ID CRD42023456953.