Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1671498
M. Milić, A. Nedeljković, I. Čuk, Mišo Mudrić, A. García-Ramos
Abstract This study aimed (I) to investigate the impact of the number of stimulus-responses alternatives on reaction time (RT) under quasi-realistic fencing situations, and (II) to elucidate whether the regression slope based on the RT and the number of stimulus-responses alternatives could distinguish between beginners and experienced fencers. Ten beginners (7 men) and 10 experienced (6 men) fencers participated in the study. A video-based method was used to present four typical fencing movement techniques (i.e. “stimulus”) after which the participants had to perform an offensive (high or low attack) or defensive (high or low defence) action (i.e. “response”). The simple-RT (specific stimulus known in advance), 2Choice-RT (only defensive or offensive stimuli), and 4Choice-RT (all possible stimuli) were evaluated. The increase in the number of stimulus-responses alternatives was associated with higher RT (4Choice-RT > 2Choice-RT > Simple-RT; p < 0.05). Beginners always presented higher RT compared to fencers (range: 25.5–34.8%; p < 0.05) and also showed a steeper slope of the relationship between RT and the number of stimulus-responses alternatives (range: 35.2–55.2%; p < 0.05). These results suggest that the capability to quickly respond to specific fencing stimuli increases with training experience, being the differences accentuated with increasing number of stimulus-responses alternatives.
{"title":"Comparison of reaction time between beginners and experienced fencers during quasi-realistic fencing situations","authors":"M. Milić, A. Nedeljković, I. Čuk, Mišo Mudrić, A. García-Ramos","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1671498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1671498","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed (I) to investigate the impact of the number of stimulus-responses alternatives on reaction time (RT) under quasi-realistic fencing situations, and (II) to elucidate whether the regression slope based on the RT and the number of stimulus-responses alternatives could distinguish between beginners and experienced fencers. Ten beginners (7 men) and 10 experienced (6 men) fencers participated in the study. A video-based method was used to present four typical fencing movement techniques (i.e. “stimulus”) after which the participants had to perform an offensive (high or low attack) or defensive (high or low defence) action (i.e. “response”). The simple-RT (specific stimulus known in advance), 2Choice-RT (only defensive or offensive stimuli), and 4Choice-RT (all possible stimuli) were evaluated. The increase in the number of stimulus-responses alternatives was associated with higher RT (4Choice-RT > 2Choice-RT > Simple-RT; p < 0.05). Beginners always presented higher RT compared to fencers (range: 25.5–34.8%; p < 0.05) and also showed a steeper slope of the relationship between RT and the number of stimulus-responses alternatives (range: 35.2–55.2%; p < 0.05). These results suggest that the capability to quickly respond to specific fencing stimuli increases with training experience, being the differences accentuated with increasing number of stimulus-responses alternatives.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"896 - 905"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80443662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1688396
Patrick Swain, J. Biggins, Dan Gordon
Abstract Even pacing within the marathon has been associated with faster marathon performance times, however, little literature has investigated the association between pacing ability during a marathon and a recreational marathoner’s training characteristics and previous experiences. N = 139 participants completed an online questionnaire concerning training history in relation to a 2017 marathon and previous long-distance running experiences. Online databases were used to collect split times of the participants after successfully completing a 2017 marathon, identifying the percentage slowdown in pace between the first half and second half of the marathon, used for correlational analyses. The strongest correlates for pacing ability were marathon finishing time and previous distance race personal best finishing times (i.e. marathon, half-marathon, 10 and 5 km). There were many weaker, however significant correlates for training history characteristics and previous long-distance running experience. The current findings demonstrate that greater accrued long-distance running experiences and higher weekly training volumes are strongly associated with smaller declines in pace during the second half of the marathon in comparison to the first half and less variability in pace during the marathon.
{"title":"Marathon pacing ability: Training characteristics and previous experience","authors":"Patrick Swain, J. Biggins, Dan Gordon","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1688396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1688396","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Even pacing within the marathon has been associated with faster marathon performance times, however, little literature has investigated the association between pacing ability during a marathon and a recreational marathoner’s training characteristics and previous experiences. N = 139 participants completed an online questionnaire concerning training history in relation to a 2017 marathon and previous long-distance running experiences. Online databases were used to collect split times of the participants after successfully completing a 2017 marathon, identifying the percentage slowdown in pace between the first half and second half of the marathon, used for correlational analyses. The strongest correlates for pacing ability were marathon finishing time and previous distance race personal best finishing times (i.e. marathon, half-marathon, 10 and 5 km). There were many weaker, however significant correlates for training history characteristics and previous long-distance running experience. The current findings demonstrate that greater accrued long-distance running experiences and higher weekly training volumes are strongly associated with smaller declines in pace during the second half of the marathon in comparison to the first half and less variability in pace during the marathon.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"880 - 886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79215280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1645886
D. Janicijevic, O. Knežević, D. Mirkov, Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Milos R. Petrovic, P. Samozino, A. García-Ramos
Abstract This study aimed to compare the reliability and magnitude of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship parameters between the squat jumps performed from the 90° (SJ90) and self-preferred knee angle (SJpref). A secondary aim was to explore the effect of the analysis procedure (force platform [FP] and Samozino's [SAM] method) and the number of loads tested (three- and two-point methods) on the F-V relationships. Twelve men were tested in two sessions during the SJ90 and SJpref. Two identical blocks of jumps were performed in each session against three external loads. The F-V relationship parameters (maximum force, maximum velocity, F-V slope and maximum power) were determined at each block through the FP and SAM procedures using the data collected under three (three-point method) or only the two most distant loads (two-point method). The average coefficient of variation (CV) of the four F-V parameters revealed a higher reliability for the SJ90 compared to the SJpref (5.86% vs. 7.55%; CVratio = 1.29) with more pronounced differences using the FP (CVratio = 1.43) than the SAM procedure (CVratio = 1.14), and higher reliability for the SAM compared to the FP (6.14% vs. 7.27%; CVratio = 1.18). The SJpref and SAM procedures provided comparable or higher magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters than the SJ90 and FP, respectively. The three- and two-point methods revealed a comparable reliability and trivial differences in the magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters. The routine testing procedure of the F-V relationship could be simplified using the SJpref, the SAM procedure and the two-point method.
摘要本研究旨在比较90°深蹲跳(SJ90)和自我偏好的膝关节角度(SJpref)之间的力-速度(F-V)关系参数的可靠性和大小。第二个目的是探讨分析程序(力平台[FP]和Samozino [SAM]方法)和测试载荷数量(三点和两点方法)对F-V关系的影响。12名男性在SJ90和SJpref期间接受了两次测试。在每个会话中对三个外部负载执行两个相同的跳跃块。利用三种(三点法)或仅两种最远荷载(两点法)下收集的数据，通过FP和SAM程序确定每个区块的F-V关系参数(最大力、最大速度、F-V斜率和最大功率)。4个F-V参数的平均变异系数(CV)显示SJ90的信度高于SJpref (5.86% vs. 7.55%;CVratio = 1.29)，使用FP (CVratio = 1.43)比使用SAM (CVratio = 1.14)的差异更明显，并且与FP相比，SAM的可靠性更高(6.14% vs. 7.27%;CVratio = 1.18)。与SJ90和FP相比，SJpref和SAM程序分别提供了相当或更高的F-V关系参数。三点和两点方法显示出可比较的可靠性和F-V关系参数大小的微小差异。采用SJpref法、SAM法和两点法可以简化F-V关系的常规检验程序。
{"title":"Assessment of the force-velocity relationship during vertical jumps: influence of the starting position, analysis procedures and number of loads","authors":"D. Janicijevic, O. Knežević, D. Mirkov, Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Milos R. Petrovic, P. Samozino, A. García-Ramos","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1645886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1645886","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to compare the reliability and magnitude of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship parameters between the squat jumps performed from the 90° (SJ90) and self-preferred knee angle (SJpref). A secondary aim was to explore the effect of the analysis procedure (force platform [FP] and Samozino's [SAM] method) and the number of loads tested (three- and two-point methods) on the F-V relationships. Twelve men were tested in two sessions during the SJ90 and SJpref. Two identical blocks of jumps were performed in each session against three external loads. The F-V relationship parameters (maximum force, maximum velocity, F-V slope and maximum power) were determined at each block through the FP and SAM procedures using the data collected under three (three-point method) or only the two most distant loads (two-point method). The average coefficient of variation (CV) of the four F-V parameters revealed a higher reliability for the SJ90 compared to the SJpref (5.86% vs. 7.55%; CVratio = 1.29) with more pronounced differences using the FP (CVratio = 1.43) than the SAM procedure (CVratio = 1.14), and higher reliability for the SAM compared to the FP (6.14% vs. 7.27%; CVratio = 1.18). The SJpref and SAM procedures provided comparable or higher magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters than the SJ90 and FP, respectively. The three- and two-point methods revealed a comparable reliability and trivial differences in the magnitude of the F-V relationship parameters. The routine testing procedure of the F-V relationship could be simplified using the SJpref, the SAM procedure and the two-point method.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"614 - 623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76573332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1655099
Slim Zarzissi, F. Zghal, M. Bouzid, T. Hureau, S. Sahli, Habib Ben Hassen, H. Rebai
Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of a critical threshold beyond which peripheral fatigue would not further decrease during knee extensor (KE) exercise in older men, and the consequences of this mechanism on the force-duration relationship. Twelve old men (59 ± 2 years) randomly performed two different sessions, in which they performed 60 maximum voluntary contractions (MVC; 3s contraction, 2s relaxation). One trial was performed in the unfatigued state (CTRL) and one other following fatiguing neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the KE (FNMES). Peripheral and central fatigue were quantified via pre/post-exercise decreases in quadriceps twitch-force (Δ Ptw) and voluntary activation (ΔVA). Critical torque (CT) was determined as the mean force of the last 12 contractions while W′ was calculated as the area above CT. Compared with CTRL, pre-fatigue (Δ Ptw = −10.3 ± 6.2%) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in W’ (−18.2 ± 1.6%) in FNMES. However, CT (∼964 N), ΔVA (∼15%) and Δ Ptw (∼25%) post-MVCs were similar between both conditions. In CTRL, W’ was correlated with Δ Ptw (r 2 = 0.78). Moreover, the difference in W’ between CTRL and FNMES was correlated with the level of pre-fatigue induced in FNMES (r 2 = 0.76). These findings document that peripheral fatigue is confined to an individual threshold during KE exercise in older men. Furthermore, correlative results suggest that mechanisms regulating peripheral fatigue to a critical threshold also restrict W’, and therefore play a role in exercise capacity in older men.
{"title":"Centrally-mediated regulation of peripheral fatigue during knee extensor exercise and consequences on the force-duration relationship in older men","authors":"Slim Zarzissi, F. Zghal, M. Bouzid, T. Hureau, S. Sahli, Habib Ben Hassen, H. Rebai","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1655099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1655099","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of a critical threshold beyond which peripheral fatigue would not further decrease during knee extensor (KE) exercise in older men, and the consequences of this mechanism on the force-duration relationship. Twelve old men (59 ± 2 years) randomly performed two different sessions, in which they performed 60 maximum voluntary contractions (MVC; 3s contraction, 2s relaxation). One trial was performed in the unfatigued state (CTRL) and one other following fatiguing neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the KE (FNMES). Peripheral and central fatigue were quantified via pre/post-exercise decreases in quadriceps twitch-force (Δ Ptw) and voluntary activation (ΔVA). Critical torque (CT) was determined as the mean force of the last 12 contractions while W′ was calculated as the area above CT. Compared with CTRL, pre-fatigue (Δ Ptw = −10.3 ± 6.2%) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in W’ (−18.2 ± 1.6%) in FNMES. However, CT (∼964 N), ΔVA (∼15%) and Δ Ptw (∼25%) post-MVCs were similar between both conditions. In CTRL, W’ was correlated with Δ Ptw (r 2 = 0.78). Moreover, the difference in W’ between CTRL and FNMES was correlated with the level of pre-fatigue induced in FNMES (r 2 = 0.76). These findings document that peripheral fatigue is confined to an individual threshold during KE exercise in older men. Furthermore, correlative results suggest that mechanisms regulating peripheral fatigue to a critical threshold also restrict W’, and therefore play a role in exercise capacity in older men.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"84 1","pages":"641 - 649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75288212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1658808
R. Sanders, C. Button, C. McCabe
Abstract Before examining the effect of changing constraints on skill adaptation, it is useful to know the tolerable variability of a movement pattern for optimal performance. Tolerable variability may vary throughout the period of task performance as some parts of the movement pattern may be more important than others. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter-trial variability of performance variables, and hand path as the task-relevant parameter, of skilled front crawl swimmers during 25 m sprints. It was hypothesised that the wrist paths would have smaller inter-trial variability during the below water phase than during the above water phase. Twelve skilled swimmers performed four 25 m front crawl sprints which were recorded by six phased locked video cameras for three-dimensional analysis. Standard deviations and time series repeatability (R 2) of the right and left wrist displacement were determined. On average, swimmers varied their sprint speed between trials by <1.5%. The spatio-temporal patterns of wrist paths varied by <3 cm in all directions (horizontal, vertical & lateral). There was no significant difference in inter-trial variability between above and below water phases. Swimmers increased wrist path consistency at the critical events of water entry in the horizontal and lateral directions and at exit for the horizontal direction. This study established levels of variability in spatio-temporal movement patterns of the paths of the wrist in sprint swimming and provided evidence that swimmers minimise variability for key events, in this case, the position of the wrists at water entry and exit.
{"title":"Variability of upper body kinematics in a highly constrained task – sprint swimming","authors":"R. Sanders, C. Button, C. McCabe","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1658808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1658808","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Before examining the effect of changing constraints on skill adaptation, it is useful to know the tolerable variability of a movement pattern for optimal performance. Tolerable variability may vary throughout the period of task performance as some parts of the movement pattern may be more important than others. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter-trial variability of performance variables, and hand path as the task-relevant parameter, of skilled front crawl swimmers during 25 m sprints. It was hypothesised that the wrist paths would have smaller inter-trial variability during the below water phase than during the above water phase. Twelve skilled swimmers performed four 25 m front crawl sprints which were recorded by six phased locked video cameras for three-dimensional analysis. Standard deviations and time series repeatability (R 2) of the right and left wrist displacement were determined. On average, swimmers varied their sprint speed between trials by <1.5%. The spatio-temporal patterns of wrist paths varied by <3 cm in all directions (horizontal, vertical & lateral). There was no significant difference in inter-trial variability between above and below water phases. Swimmers increased wrist path consistency at the critical events of water entry in the horizontal and lateral directions and at exit for the horizontal direction. This study established levels of variability in spatio-temporal movement patterns of the paths of the wrist in sprint swimming and provided evidence that swimmers minimise variability for key events, in this case, the position of the wrists at water entry and exit.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"128 1","pages":"624 - 632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88626181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1659420
Hongyou Liu, Lei Wang, Guohu Huang, Hengliang Zhang, Wanli Mao
ABSTRACT In order to better understand the intensity of match activities of full-match and substitution football players, running performance of 527 players who generated 1167 match observations in the 2018 FIFA World Cup were analysed. Differences in activity profiles between groups (1st and 2nd half full-match, early and late substitutes) were quantified by the generalised mixed linear modelling. Results showed that: (1) Full-match players presented trivial changes (ES: 0.09–0.20) in the time spent (% of total playing time) and distance (m/min) covered at high intensity but substantial descents (ES: 0.33–0.61) at moderate and low intensity from the 1st to the 2nd half. (2) Early substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.27–0.65) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity, but lower (ES: 0.27–0.46) numbers in walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players. (3) Late substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.28–1.26) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity but substantially lower (ES: 0.39–1.06) numbers in top speed (km/h), walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players and early substitutes. Results of this study could provide insights to the design of post-match conditioning sessions.
{"title":"Activity profiles of full-match and substitution players in the 2018 FIFA World Cup","authors":"Hongyou Liu, Lei Wang, Guohu Huang, Hengliang Zhang, Wanli Mao","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1659420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1659420","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In order to better understand the intensity of match activities of full-match and substitution football players, running performance of 527 players who generated 1167 match observations in the 2018 FIFA World Cup were analysed. Differences in activity profiles between groups (1st and 2nd half full-match, early and late substitutes) were quantified by the generalised mixed linear modelling. Results showed that: (1) Full-match players presented trivial changes (ES: 0.09–0.20) in the time spent (% of total playing time) and distance (m/min) covered at high intensity but substantial descents (ES: 0.33–0.61) at moderate and low intensity from the 1st to the 2nd half. (2) Early substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.27–0.65) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity, but lower (ES: 0.27–0.46) numbers in walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players. (3) Late substitutes achieved substantially higher (ES: 0.28–1.26) numbers in time spent and distance covered at high and moderate intensity but substantially lower (ES: 0.39–1.06) numbers in top speed (km/h), walking and jogging time and distance than 1st and 2nd half full-match players and early substitutes. Results of this study could provide insights to the design of post-match conditioning sessions.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"599 - 605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84624118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1646810
Arata Kimura, S. Yoshioka, Leon Omura, S. Fukashiro
Abstract This study aims to examine if upper torso rotation is caused mainly by pelvis rotation during baseball pitching from the viewpoint of energetics. Twelve right-handed males participated in this study. Five were and seven had been collegiate baseball pitchers, and all used an overarm style. They threw a baseball as fast and precisely as possible, and data from three strikes were used. A motion capture system consisting of 13 cameras and two force platforms was used to collect the data and calculate joint torques of the thoracic and the lumbar joint. The joint torque of the thoracic and the lumbar joint were calculated using a top-down and a bottom-up approach, respectively. Then, the mechanical energy generation and transfer by the torsional torques were quantified. The mechanical energy generation exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.03 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.04 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. The mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.72 ± 0.19 and 0.88 ± 0.24 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. These results indicated that torsional torques transferred a substantial amount of mechanical energy from the pelvis to the upper torso. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques was a major contributor to the upper torso rotation.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of upper torso rotation from the viewpoint of energetics during baseball pitching","authors":"Arata Kimura, S. Yoshioka, Leon Omura, S. Fukashiro","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1646810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1646810","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This study aims to examine if upper torso rotation is caused mainly by pelvis rotation during baseball pitching from the viewpoint of energetics. Twelve right-handed males participated in this study. Five were and seven had been collegiate baseball pitchers, and all used an overarm style. They threw a baseball as fast and precisely as possible, and data from three strikes were used. A motion capture system consisting of 13 cameras and two force platforms was used to collect the data and calculate joint torques of the thoracic and the lumbar joint. The joint torque of the thoracic and the lumbar joint were calculated using a top-down and a bottom-up approach, respectively. Then, the mechanical energy generation and transfer by the torsional torques were quantified. The mechanical energy generation exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.03 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.04 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. The mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques of the thoracic and lumbar joints were 0.72 ± 0.19 and 0.88 ± 0.24 J kg−1 m−1, respectively. These results indicated that torsional torques transferred a substantial amount of mechanical energy from the pelvis to the upper torso. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the mechanical energy transfer exerted by the torsional torques was a major contributor to the upper torso rotation.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"606 - 613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77543330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1657503
L. Isacco, F. Degoutte, G. Ennequin, B. Pereira, D. Thivel, E. Filaire
Abstract The effect of rapid energy restriction-induced weight loss on judo-related performance remains unclear, and there is a paucity of information regarding the influence of the fight successions during competition. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cumulative effect of judo fights on physical performance, biological and psychological profiles, of national judo competitors with vs without rapid weight loss. After one month of weight maintenance (Baseline), 20 subjects were randomly divided into two groups the week before a simulated competition: (i) a Weight Loss group (WL; weight loss ≥ 3% of body mass); (ii) a Weight Stable group (WS). The simulated competition was composed of five fights (F1 to F5) separated by 30 min rest. Anthropometric assessments were performed at baseline and on the morning of the simulated competition (T0). Psychological, biological and physical assessments (maximal handgrip strength, upper limb anaerobic capacity) were performed at T0 and after each fight. The variation of body mass between baseline and T0 was significantly different between groups (+1.2% vs −3%; p < .01). The dimensions of the Profile of Mood State questionnaire, the rate of perceived exertion, ammonia, urea and free fatty acid concentrations, maximal strength and time sustained at maximal strength showed a significant group x time interaction at F4 and F5. The study shows that cumulative fights lead to uncoupled responses in physical, psychological and biological parameters in judo competitors who underwent or not rapid weight loss. Specific recovery strategies in terms of nutrition and active recovery should be considered.
快速能量限制减肥对柔道相关成绩的影响尚不清楚，关于比赛中搏击顺序的影响的信息缺乏。因此，本研究的目的是比较柔道比赛对国家柔道选手快速减肥和非快速减肥的身体表现、生物和心理特征的累积影响。经过一个月的体重维持(基线)，20名受试者在模拟比赛前一周随机分为两组:(i)减肥组(WL);减重≥体重的3%);(ii)体重稳定组(WS)模拟比赛分为5场(F1 - F5)，中间间隔30分钟休息。在基线和模拟比赛上午(T0)进行人体测量学评估。心理、生物和物理评估(最大握力、上肢无氧能力)在T0和每次战斗后进行。两组之间基线和T0之间的体重变化差异显著(+1.2% vs - 3%;p < 0.01)。情绪状态量表维度、感知劳累率、氨、尿素和游离脂肪酸浓度、最大强度和最大强度持续时间在F4和F5处显示显著的组x时间交互作用。研究表明，在经历或没有经历快速减肥的柔道选手中，累积的战斗导致身体，心理和生物参数的不耦合反应。应考虑营养和主动恢复方面的具体恢复策略。
{"title":"Rapid weight loss influences the physical, psychological and biological responses during a simulated competition in national judo athletes","authors":"L. Isacco, F. Degoutte, G. Ennequin, B. Pereira, D. Thivel, E. Filaire","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1657503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1657503","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effect of rapid energy restriction-induced weight loss on judo-related performance remains unclear, and there is a paucity of information regarding the influence of the fight successions during competition. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cumulative effect of judo fights on physical performance, biological and psychological profiles, of national judo competitors with vs without rapid weight loss. After one month of weight maintenance (Baseline), 20 subjects were randomly divided into two groups the week before a simulated competition: (i) a Weight Loss group (WL; weight loss ≥ 3% of body mass); (ii) a Weight Stable group (WS). The simulated competition was composed of five fights (F1 to F5) separated by 30 min rest. Anthropometric assessments were performed at baseline and on the morning of the simulated competition (T0). Psychological, biological and physical assessments (maximal handgrip strength, upper limb anaerobic capacity) were performed at T0 and after each fight. The variation of body mass between baseline and T0 was significantly different between groups (+1.2% vs −3%; p < .01). The dimensions of the Profile of Mood State questionnaire, the rate of perceived exertion, ammonia, urea and free fatty acid concentrations, maximal strength and time sustained at maximal strength showed a significant group x time interaction at F4 and F5. The study shows that cumulative fights lead to uncoupled responses in physical, psychological and biological parameters in judo competitors who underwent or not rapid weight loss. Specific recovery strategies in terms of nutrition and active recovery should be considered.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"580 - 591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90367424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401
Joshua T. Slysz, Heather L Petrick, J. P. Marrow, Jamie F. Burr
Abstract Purpose: To use repeated control trials to measure within-subject variability and assess the existence of responders to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Secondly, to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. Methods: Twelve aerobically fit individuals each completed three control and three IPC 5-km cycling time trials. IPC trials included: (i) IPC 15-min preceding the trial (traditional IPC), (ii) IPC 24-h and 15-min preceding (IPC × 2), (iii) IPC 48-h, 24-h, and 15-min preceding (IPC × 3). IPC consisted of 3 × 5-min cycles of occlusion and reperfusion at the upper thighs. To assess the existence of a true response to IPC, individual performance following traditional IPC was compared to each individual’s own 5-km TT coefficient of variation. In individuals who responded to IPC, all three IPC conditions were compared to the mean of the three control trials (CONavg) to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. Results: 9 of 12 (75%) participants improved 5-km time (−1.8 ± 1.7%) following traditional IPC, however, only 7 of 12 (58%) improved greater than their own variability between repeated controls (true responders). In true responders only, we observed a significant mean improvement in 5-km TT completion following traditional IPC (478 ± 50 s), IPC × 2 (481 ± 51 s), and IPC × 3 (480.5 ± 49 s) compared to mean CONavg (488 ± 51s; p < 0.006), with no differences between various IPC trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A majority of participants responded to IPC, providing support for a meaningful IPC-mediated performance benefit. However, repeated bouts of IPC on consecutive days do not enhance the ergogenic effect of a single bout of IPC.
{"title":"An examination of individual responses to ischemic preconditioning and the effect of repeated ischemic preconditioning on cycling performance","authors":"Joshua T. Slysz, Heather L Petrick, J. P. Marrow, Jamie F. Burr","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose: To use repeated control trials to measure within-subject variability and assess the existence of responders to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Secondly, to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. Methods: Twelve aerobically fit individuals each completed three control and three IPC 5-km cycling time trials. IPC trials included: (i) IPC 15-min preceding the trial (traditional IPC), (ii) IPC 24-h and 15-min preceding (IPC × 2), (iii) IPC 48-h, 24-h, and 15-min preceding (IPC × 3). IPC consisted of 3 × 5-min cycles of occlusion and reperfusion at the upper thighs. To assess the existence of a true response to IPC, individual performance following traditional IPC was compared to each individual’s own 5-km TT coefficient of variation. In individuals who responded to IPC, all three IPC conditions were compared to the mean of the three control trials (CONavg) to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. Results: 9 of 12 (75%) participants improved 5-km time (−1.8 ± 1.7%) following traditional IPC, however, only 7 of 12 (58%) improved greater than their own variability between repeated controls (true responders). In true responders only, we observed a significant mean improvement in 5-km TT completion following traditional IPC (478 ± 50 s), IPC × 2 (481 ± 51 s), and IPC × 3 (480.5 ± 49 s) compared to mean CONavg (488 ± 51s; p < 0.006), with no differences between various IPC trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A majority of participants responded to IPC, providing support for a meaningful IPC-mediated performance benefit. However, repeated bouts of IPC on consecutive days do not enhance the ergogenic effect of a single bout of IPC.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"633 - 640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79044385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781
Petrus Gantois, M. E. Caputo Ferreira, D. Lima-Júnior, F. Nakamura, G. Batista, F. Fonseca, Leonardo de Sousa Fortes
Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of mental fatigue on passing decision-making in professional soccer athletes. A controlled and counterbalanced cross-over design was adopted consisting of three visits with a 1-week interval between sessions. Twenty professional soccer male athletes participated in three randomized conditions divided into three visits: control, 15-min Stroop task, and 30-min Stroop task. Inhibitory control was accessed by the Stroop task (accuracy and response time) before and after induced mental fatigue protocol. The athletes played a training match (90-min) following the experimental conditions. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for the passing decision-making analysis. The GPAI analysis showed impaired passing decision-making performance following the 30-min Stroop task compared with the 15-min and control condition (F (2,17) = 6.99, p = .01). Moreover, an increase in response time during the Stroop task was found following 30-min Stroop task condition (F (2,17) = 6.57, p = .03) compared to 15-min of Stroop task and control conditions. Prolonged cognitive tasks may be considered a mediating factor in passing decision-making performance in male professional soccer athletes throughout a full-length training match. Thus, athletes should avoid highly demanding-cognitive tasks before a soccer match. Future studies are required to explore more ecological cognitive tasks to induce mental fatigue (i.e. smartphones and video-games) and their effects on other performance indicators (e.g. physical, technical, tactical) in a full-length training match setting.
摘要本研究旨在分析心理疲劳对职业足球运动员传球决策的影响。采用控制和平衡交叉设计，包括三次访问，每次访问间隔1周。20名男性职业足球运动员参加了三个随机条件，分为三次访问:对照组，15分钟Stroop任务和30分钟Stroop任务。在诱导精神疲劳方案前后通过Stroop任务(准确性和反应时间)获得抑制控制。在实验条件下，运动员进行了一场90分钟的训练比赛。采用博弈绩效评估工具(GPAI)进行传球决策分析。GPAI分析显示，与15分钟和对照组相比，30分钟Stroop任务后的传球决策能力下降(F (2,17) = 6.99, p = 0.01)。此外，与15分钟的Stroop任务和对照条件相比，30分钟Stroop任务条件下的反应时间增加(F (2,17) = 6.57, p = 0.03)。长时间的认知任务可能被认为是男性职业足球运动员在全程训练比赛中传球决策表现的中介因素。因此，运动员应该在足球比赛前避免高要求的认知任务。未来的研究需要探索更多的生态认知任务，以诱导精神疲劳(即智能手机和视频游戏)及其对其他性能指标的影响(如身体，技术，战术)在全长训练比赛设置。
{"title":"Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes","authors":"Petrus Gantois, M. E. Caputo Ferreira, D. Lima-Júnior, F. Nakamura, G. Batista, F. Fonseca, Leonardo de Sousa Fortes","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of mental fatigue on passing decision-making in professional soccer athletes. A controlled and counterbalanced cross-over design was adopted consisting of three visits with a 1-week interval between sessions. Twenty professional soccer male athletes participated in three randomized conditions divided into three visits: control, 15-min Stroop task, and 30-min Stroop task. Inhibitory control was accessed by the Stroop task (accuracy and response time) before and after induced mental fatigue protocol. The athletes played a training match (90-min) following the experimental conditions. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for the passing decision-making analysis. The GPAI analysis showed impaired passing decision-making performance following the 30-min Stroop task compared with the 15-min and control condition (F (2,17) = 6.99, p = .01). Moreover, an increase in response time during the Stroop task was found following 30-min Stroop task condition (F (2,17) = 6.57, p = .03) compared to 15-min of Stroop task and control conditions. Prolonged cognitive tasks may be considered a mediating factor in passing decision-making performance in male professional soccer athletes throughout a full-length training match. Thus, athletes should avoid highly demanding-cognitive tasks before a soccer match. Future studies are required to explore more ecological cognitive tasks to induce mental fatigue (i.e. smartphones and video-games) and their effects on other performance indicators (e.g. physical, technical, tactical) in a full-length training match setting.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"141 1","pages":"534 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80705822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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