Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1646811
W. Evans, A. Nevill, S. McLaren, M. Ditroilo
Abstract Intermittent exercise might be an efficient means of exercise for improving bone strength and quality. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of intermittent running on bone turnover markers using altered exercise-to-rest intervals. Twelve males completed one control (no exercise), and three, 45-min intermittent protocols (5, 20, and 80 s intervals) matched for distance and speed. Fasted venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 1, 2 and 24 h post-exercise. Carboxyterminal crosslinked telopeptide (CTX-I) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were used as markers of bone resorption and formation. After adjustment for baseline, CTX-I concentration at 1 h was higher (very likely to most likely small) for 5 s (30.2%; ±90% confidence limits: 10%), 20 s (2.9.0%; ±10%) and 80 s (32.0%; ±10%) compared to control. The very likely small effect remained for 5 s at 2 h (30.2%; ±15%). The effect for 20 and 80 s was possibly trivial and possibly small/possibly trivial (∼14.5%; ±∼15%). Differences in P1NP concentrations were likely to very likely trivial (∼7.4%; ±∼7.6%). Circulating CTX-I concentration is affected acutely by intermittent running with short-interval (5 s) intermittent loading resulting in a prolonged attenuation in circadian rhythm of CTX-I up to 2 h that was not demonstrated as clearly by longer intervals despite matched internal and external training load.
间歇性运动可能是提高骨强度和骨质量的有效手段。我们研究的目的是通过改变运动-休息间隔来检查间歇性跑步对骨转换标志物的影响。12名男性完成了一个对照组(不运动)和三个45分钟的间歇方案(间隔5、20和80秒)，分别为距离和速度。在运动后基线、1、2和24小时采集空腹静脉血。羧基末端交联末端肽(CTX-I)和前胶原1型氨基末端前肽(P1NP)作为骨吸收和形成的标志物。调整基线后，1 h时CTX-I浓度升高(极有可能很小)5 s (30.2%;±90%置信限:10%)，20秒(2.9.0%;±10%)和80 s (32.0%);±10%)。很可能很小的影响在2小时内持续了5秒(30.2%;±15%)。20和80 s的影响可能微不足道，可能很小/可能微不足道(~ 14.5%;±∼15%)。P1NP浓度的差异很可能非常微小(~ 7.4%;±∼7.6%)。循环CTX-I浓度受到间歇跑步和短间隔(5秒)间歇负荷的严重影响，导致CTX-I昼夜节律的衰减延长至2小时，尽管内部和外部训练负荷相匹配，但较长的间隔并没有清楚地证明这一点。
{"title":"The effect of intermittent running on biomarkers of bone turnover","authors":"W. Evans, A. Nevill, S. McLaren, M. Ditroilo","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1646811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1646811","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intermittent exercise might be an efficient means of exercise for improving bone strength and quality. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of intermittent running on bone turnover markers using altered exercise-to-rest intervals. Twelve males completed one control (no exercise), and three, 45-min intermittent protocols (5, 20, and 80 s intervals) matched for distance and speed. Fasted venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 1, 2 and 24 h post-exercise. Carboxyterminal crosslinked telopeptide (CTX-I) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were used as markers of bone resorption and formation. After adjustment for baseline, CTX-I concentration at 1 h was higher (very likely to most likely small) for 5 s (30.2%; ±90% confidence limits: 10%), 20 s (2.9.0%; ±10%) and 80 s (32.0%; ±10%) compared to control. The very likely small effect remained for 5 s at 2 h (30.2%; ±15%). The effect for 20 and 80 s was possibly trivial and possibly small/possibly trivial (∼14.5%; ±∼15%). Differences in P1NP concentrations were likely to very likely trivial (∼7.4%; ±∼7.6%). Circulating CTX-I concentration is affected acutely by intermittent running with short-interval (5 s) intermittent loading resulting in a prolonged attenuation in circadian rhythm of CTX-I up to 2 h that was not demonstrated as clearly by longer intervals despite matched internal and external training load.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"505 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83305820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1645212
G. Vernillo, Matheus Aguiar, A. Savoldelli, Aaron Martínez, M. Giandolini, N. Horvais, W. B. Edwards, G. Millet
Abstract Research has suggested that a high variability in foot strike pattern during downhill running is associated with lower neuromuscular fatigue of the plantar flexors (PF). Given the popularity of trail running, we designed an intervention study to investigate whether a strategy with regular changes in foot strike pattern during downhill running could reduce the extent of fatigue on neuromuscular, energetics and biomechanical parameters as well as increase an uphill time-to-exhaustion trial (TTE) performance. Fourteen experienced trail runners completed two interventional conditions (separated by 15 days) in a pseudo-randomised and counter-balanced order that consisted of 2.5-h of treadmill graded running with (switch condition) or without (control condition) a change between fore- and rear-foot strike pattern every 30 s during the downhill sections. Pre and Post, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess PF central and peripheral fatigue. Energy cost of running was assessed using an indirect calorimetry system and biomechanical gait parameters were acquired with an instrumented treadmill. TTE was performed after both the graded running conditions. There were not significant condition × time interactions (p ≥ .085) for any of the variables considered, and TTE was not different between the two conditions (p = .755). A deliberate strategy to alternate between foot strike patterns did not reduce the extent of fatigue during prolonged graded running. We suggest that it is not the ability to switch between foot strike patterns that minimises fatigue; rather the ability to adapt foot strike pattern to the terrain and therefore a better running technique.
{"title":"Regular changes in foot strike pattern during prolonged downhill running do not influence neuromuscular, energetics, or biomechanical parameters","authors":"G. Vernillo, Matheus Aguiar, A. Savoldelli, Aaron Martínez, M. Giandolini, N. Horvais, W. B. Edwards, G. Millet","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1645212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1645212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research has suggested that a high variability in foot strike pattern during downhill running is associated with lower neuromuscular fatigue of the plantar flexors (PF). Given the popularity of trail running, we designed an intervention study to investigate whether a strategy with regular changes in foot strike pattern during downhill running could reduce the extent of fatigue on neuromuscular, energetics and biomechanical parameters as well as increase an uphill time-to-exhaustion trial (TTE) performance. Fourteen experienced trail runners completed two interventional conditions (separated by 15 days) in a pseudo-randomised and counter-balanced order that consisted of 2.5-h of treadmill graded running with (switch condition) or without (control condition) a change between fore- and rear-foot strike pattern every 30 s during the downhill sections. Pre and Post, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess PF central and peripheral fatigue. Energy cost of running was assessed using an indirect calorimetry system and biomechanical gait parameters were acquired with an instrumented treadmill. TTE was performed after both the graded running conditions. There were not significant condition × time interactions (p ≥ .085) for any of the variables considered, and TTE was not different between the two conditions (p = .755). A deliberate strategy to alternate between foot strike patterns did not reduce the extent of fatigue during prolonged graded running. We suggest that it is not the ability to switch between foot strike patterns that minimises fatigue; rather the ability to adapt foot strike pattern to the terrain and therefore a better running technique.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"43 1","pages":"495 - 504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81812212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1655100
Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith, E. Piatrikova, J. Betts, Sean Williams, J. Gonzalez
Abstract Exploring individual responses to exercise training is a growing area of interest. Understanding reasons behind true observed inter-individual responses may help personalise exercise training to maximise the benefits received. While numerous factors have been explored, an often underappreciated consideration in the sport and exercise science field is the influence intra-individual variation, both in a single measurement and in response to an intervention, may have on training outcomes. Several study designs and statistical approaches are available to incorporate intra-individual variation into interventions and accordingly provide information on whether ‘true’ inter-individual responses are present or if they are an artefact of intra-individual variation. However, such approaches are sparingly applied. Moreover, intra-individual variation may also be important when true inter-individual response differences are present. In this perspective piece, the concept of intra-individual variation is described before briefly summarising study designs and statistical practices to account for intra-individual variation. We then outline two examples of physiological practices (stratified randomisation and prescribing exercise programmes upon training parameters) to demonstrate why sport and exercise scientists should acknowledge intra-individual variation prior to the implementation of an intervention, which potentially offers an additional explanation behind observed true inter-individual responses to training. Repeated testing pre-implementation of exercise training would conceptually provide more confident estimates of training parameters, which if utilised in a study design will help attenuate biases that may dictate inter-individual differences. Moreover, the incorporation of intra-individual differences will facilitate insights into alternative factors that may predict and/or explain true observed individual responses to an exercise training programme.
{"title":"Variability in exercise physiology: Can capturing intra-individual variation help better understand true inter-individual responses?","authors":"Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith, E. Piatrikova, J. Betts, Sean Williams, J. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1655100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1655100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Exploring individual responses to exercise training is a growing area of interest. Understanding reasons behind true observed inter-individual responses may help personalise exercise training to maximise the benefits received. While numerous factors have been explored, an often underappreciated consideration in the sport and exercise science field is the influence intra-individual variation, both in a single measurement and in response to an intervention, may have on training outcomes. Several study designs and statistical approaches are available to incorporate intra-individual variation into interventions and accordingly provide information on whether ‘true’ inter-individual responses are present or if they are an artefact of intra-individual variation. However, such approaches are sparingly applied. Moreover, intra-individual variation may also be important when true inter-individual response differences are present. In this perspective piece, the concept of intra-individual variation is described before briefly summarising study designs and statistical practices to account for intra-individual variation. We then outline two examples of physiological practices (stratified randomisation and prescribing exercise programmes upon training parameters) to demonstrate why sport and exercise scientists should acknowledge intra-individual variation prior to the implementation of an intervention, which potentially offers an additional explanation behind observed true inter-individual responses to training. Repeated testing pre-implementation of exercise training would conceptually provide more confident estimates of training parameters, which if utilised in a study design will help attenuate biases that may dictate inter-individual differences. Moreover, the incorporation of intra-individual differences will facilitate insights into alternative factors that may predict and/or explain true observed individual responses to an exercise training programme.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"452 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88872594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1652350
Victoria G. Bode, R. Croce, T. Quinn, D. LaRoche
ABSTRACT The purpose was to test whether lower-extremity vertical stiffness and gait mechanics explain differences in energy cost of walking (Cw) between individuals with normal weight (NW) and obesity (OB). Ten OB (33.1 ± 2.0 kg m−2) and 10 NW (24.2 ± 1.3 kg m−2) walked for six minutes on an instrumented treadmill at 1.25 m s−1 while Cw, lower-extremity kinematics, and vertical stiffness (K vert) were measured. NW completed another trial with a loaded vest (NWL) to simulate the BMI of the obese group. Cw was 24% greater in OB (277.5 ± 45.3 J m−1) and 23% greater in NWL (272.7 ± 35.7 J m−1) than NW (211.0 ± 27.0 J m−1, P < 0.005). Mass-specific Cw (Cwkg) wasn’t different between conditions (P = 0.085). Lower-extremity K vert was 40% higher in OB (32.7 ± 5.2 kN m−1) than NW (23.3 ± 4.7 kN m−1, P < 0.001), but neither was different from NWL (27.5 ± 3.4 kN m−1, P > 0.05). Mass-specific K vert (P = 0.081) was similar across conditions. K vert was related to Cw (r = 0.55, P = 0.001). Cwkg wasn’t different between NW or OB, but there was a negative correlation between BMI and Cwkg driven by lower Cwkg in NWL. Cw and K vert covaried in proportion to body mass, but mass-specific K vert was unrelated to Cwkg. Mass-specific K vert was lower in NWL than OB due to NWL’s greater angle of attack, center of mass displacement, and joint range of motion.
目的是检验下肢垂直刚度和步态力学是否能解释正常体重(NW)和肥胖(OB)个体行走能量消耗(Cw)的差异。10名OB(33.1±2.0 kg m - 2)和10名NW(24.2±1.3 kg m - 2)在仪器化跑步机上以1.25 m s - 1的速度行走6分钟，同时测量Cw、下肢运动学和垂直刚度(K vert)。NW用负重背心(NWL)完成了另一项试验，以模拟肥胖组的BMI。OB组Cw值(277.5±45.3 J m−1)比NW组(211.0±27.0 J m−1)高24%，NWL组Cw值(272.7±35.7 J m−1)比NW组(211.0±27.0 J m−1)高23%，P < 0.05。不同条件下的质量特异性K vert (P = 0.081)相似。K vert与Cw相关(r = 0.55, P = 0.001)。体重与体重差异无统计学意义，但体重指数与体重呈负相关，主要原因是体重较低。Cw和K vert与体重成比例共变，但质量特异性K vert与Cwkg无关。由于NWL的攻角、质心位移和关节活动范围更大，NWL的质量比K vert比OB低。
{"title":"Influence of excess weight on lower-extremity vertical stiffness and metabolic cost of walking","authors":"Victoria G. Bode, R. Croce, T. Quinn, D. LaRoche","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1652350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1652350","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose was to test whether lower-extremity vertical stiffness and gait mechanics explain differences in energy cost of walking (Cw) between individuals with normal weight (NW) and obesity (OB). Ten OB (33.1 ± 2.0 kg m−2) and 10 NW (24.2 ± 1.3 kg m−2) walked for six minutes on an instrumented treadmill at 1.25 m s−1 while Cw, lower-extremity kinematics, and vertical stiffness (K vert) were measured. NW completed another trial with a loaded vest (NWL) to simulate the BMI of the obese group. Cw was 24% greater in OB (277.5 ± 45.3 J m−1) and 23% greater in NWL (272.7 ± 35.7 J m−1) than NW (211.0 ± 27.0 J m−1, P < 0.005). Mass-specific Cw (Cwkg) wasn’t different between conditions (P = 0.085). Lower-extremity K vert was 40% higher in OB (32.7 ± 5.2 kN m−1) than NW (23.3 ± 4.7 kN m−1, P < 0.001), but neither was different from NWL (27.5 ± 3.4 kN m−1, P > 0.05). Mass-specific K vert (P = 0.081) was similar across conditions. K vert was related to Cw (r = 0.55, P = 0.001). Cwkg wasn’t different between NW or OB, but there was a negative correlation between BMI and Cwkg driven by lower Cwkg in NWL. Cw and K vert covaried in proportion to body mass, but mass-specific K vert was unrelated to Cwkg. Mass-specific K vert was lower in NWL than OB due to NWL’s greater angle of attack, center of mass displacement, and joint range of motion.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"205 1","pages":"477 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72954449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1645887
K. Mooses, M. Kull
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the contributing role of organised sport participation to daily physical activity (PA) and to describe the PA during training. Children aged 7–12 wore the accelerometer for 1 week. Children with activity data for a minimum of 5 days were included in the analysis (n = 492). Evenson cut-points were used to extract PA data for whole day and training sessions. Compliance with PA recommendations was assessed with two methods – weekly average and daily data. More than half (52.5%) of the children participated in an organised sport at least once a week. Participation in organised sport three or more times a week increased the odds of meeting PA recommendations (average method: OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.98–8.19, p < 0.001, days method: OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.35–5.88, p = 0.006). On average, children acquired 23.3 ± 15.3 min of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) during trainings, while boys accrued more MVPA minutes compared to girls (β = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.4–8.0) and the training time MVPA decreased with age (β = −1.0, 95% CI: −1.9 to −0.1), respectively. Each additional MVPA minute during training increased daily MVPA by 1.3 min (95% CI: 1.1–1.5). On days with training children accumulated 24.9 (95% CI: 21.8–28.0) more MVPA minutes compared to days without training. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of organised sport in supporting the PA levels of children. However, participation in the organised sport only is not sufficient to meet PA recommendations, and therefore, PA should be supported throughout the day.
{"title":"The participation in organised sport doubles the odds of meeting physical activity recommendations in 7–12-year-old children","authors":"K. Mooses, M. Kull","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1645887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1645887","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the contributing role of organised sport participation to daily physical activity (PA) and to describe the PA during training. Children aged 7–12 wore the accelerometer for 1 week. Children with activity data for a minimum of 5 days were included in the analysis (n = 492). Evenson cut-points were used to extract PA data for whole day and training sessions. Compliance with PA recommendations was assessed with two methods – weekly average and daily data. More than half (52.5%) of the children participated in an organised sport at least once a week. Participation in organised sport three or more times a week increased the odds of meeting PA recommendations (average method: OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.98–8.19, p < 0.001, days method: OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.35–5.88, p = 0.006). On average, children acquired 23.3 ± 15.3 min of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) during trainings, while boys accrued more MVPA minutes compared to girls (β = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.4–8.0) and the training time MVPA decreased with age (β = −1.0, 95% CI: −1.9 to −0.1), respectively. Each additional MVPA minute during training increased daily MVPA by 1.3 min (95% CI: 1.1–1.5). On days with training children accumulated 24.9 (95% CI: 21.8–28.0) more MVPA minutes compared to days without training. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of organised sport in supporting the PA levels of children. However, participation in the organised sport only is not sufficient to meet PA recommendations, and therefore, PA should be supported throughout the day.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"563 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82608745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1650120
I. Rentería, P. C. García-Suárez, David O Martínez-Corona, J. Moncada-Jiménez, E. Plaisance, A. Jiménez-Maldonado
Abstract Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases neuronal viability and cognitive function, peripheral lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle repair. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum BDNF concentrations in healthy young women. Methods: Seventeen women (age:22 ± 1 years); body mass index (BMI:24.2 ± 2.2 kg/m²), body fat percentage (% fat:25.8 ± 4.7) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 8) or HIIT group (n = 9). All participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) on an electronically-braked cycle ergometer to determine maximal aerobic power (MAP, Watts). HIIT was performed three days per week for four weeks. Each HIIT session consisted of three to five cycling bouts of 30 s each at 80% MAP, followed by four-minutes of recovery at 40% MAP. Forty-eight hours after the last bout of exercise, both groups performed a follow-up GXT. Non-fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after each GXT. Mixed factorial (2 groups x 4 measures, and 2 groups x 2 measures) ANOVA was used to assess BDNF concentrations, performance and anthropometric variables. Results: Serum BDNF concentrations in the HIIT group (21.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL) increased compared to control (19.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL) (∼12%, P < 0.05) following HIIT. In contrast, circulating BDNF concentrations were reduced following the GXT (P < 0.05). The MAP and % Fat did not change with HIIT. Conclusions: Twelve sessions of HIIT increases circulating BDNF concentrations in healthy young women despite no change in physical performance or % fat.
{"title":"Short-term high-Intensity interval training increases systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy women","authors":"I. Rentería, P. C. García-Suárez, David O Martínez-Corona, J. Moncada-Jiménez, E. Plaisance, A. Jiménez-Maldonado","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1650120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1650120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases neuronal viability and cognitive function, peripheral lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle repair. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum BDNF concentrations in healthy young women. Methods: Seventeen women (age:22 ± 1 years); body mass index (BMI:24.2 ± 2.2 kg/m²), body fat percentage (% fat:25.8 ± 4.7) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 8) or HIIT group (n = 9). All participants performed a graded exercise test (GXT) on an electronically-braked cycle ergometer to determine maximal aerobic power (MAP, Watts). HIIT was performed three days per week for four weeks. Each HIIT session consisted of three to five cycling bouts of 30 s each at 80% MAP, followed by four-minutes of recovery at 40% MAP. Forty-eight hours after the last bout of exercise, both groups performed a follow-up GXT. Non-fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after each GXT. Mixed factorial (2 groups x 4 measures, and 2 groups x 2 measures) ANOVA was used to assess BDNF concentrations, performance and anthropometric variables. Results: Serum BDNF concentrations in the HIIT group (21.9 ± 1.3 ng/mL) increased compared to control (19.2 ± 2.8 ng/mL) (∼12%, P < 0.05) following HIIT. In contrast, circulating BDNF concentrations were reduced following the GXT (P < 0.05). The MAP and % Fat did not change with HIIT. Conclusions: Twelve sessions of HIIT increases circulating BDNF concentrations in healthy young women despite no change in physical performance or % fat.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"77 1","pages":"516 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82359782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-07DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1647289
J. Salmela, J. Lahti, E. Mauramo, O. Pietiläinen, O. Rahkonen, N. Kanerva
Abstract Several unhealthy lifestyles are associated with increased sickness absence (SA). This study examined the associations of changes in diet and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with employer’s direct cost of subsequent short-term (<10 working days) SA. The survey data from phases 1 (2000−2002) and 2 (2007) of the Helsinki Health Study (HHS), a longitudinal cohort study of initially 40−60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland, were linked with SA register data. Final data consisted of 4157 employees. Dietary habits were inquired with a short food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of fruits (F) and vegetables (V) was used to indicate healthiness of diet. LTPA was measured with a series of questions on the intensity and the amount of LTPA. Data on short-term SA and salaries (2008−2012) were received from the employers’ registers. A two-part model was used to analyse the associations. Those who improved their F&V consumption from non-daily to daily and persevered physically active got 620 € (95% CI −1194, −47) lower cost than those remaining non-daily F&V consumers and physically inactive. When examining LTPA only, those who persevered physically active or improved from moderately active to active got 19% less cost for the employer than those remaining inactive. Dietary changes were not independently associated with the cost. Improving employees’ diet and LTPA may reduce employer’s direct cost of SA. Although the associations of diet with SA cost were not statistically significant, improvements in diet may contribute to the beneficial associations of LTPA and employer’s cost of SA.
{"title":"Associations of changes in diet and leisure-time physical activity with employer’s direct cost of short-term sickness absence","authors":"J. Salmela, J. Lahti, E. Mauramo, O. Pietiläinen, O. Rahkonen, N. Kanerva","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1647289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1647289","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several unhealthy lifestyles are associated with increased sickness absence (SA). This study examined the associations of changes in diet and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with employer’s direct cost of subsequent short-term (<10 working days) SA. The survey data from phases 1 (2000−2002) and 2 (2007) of the Helsinki Health Study (HHS), a longitudinal cohort study of initially 40−60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland, were linked with SA register data. Final data consisted of 4157 employees. Dietary habits were inquired with a short food frequency questionnaire. Consumption of fruits (F) and vegetables (V) was used to indicate healthiness of diet. LTPA was measured with a series of questions on the intensity and the amount of LTPA. Data on short-term SA and salaries (2008−2012) were received from the employers’ registers. A two-part model was used to analyse the associations. Those who improved their F&V consumption from non-daily to daily and persevered physically active got 620 € (95% CI −1194, −47) lower cost than those remaining non-daily F&V consumers and physically inactive. When examining LTPA only, those who persevered physically active or improved from moderately active to active got 19% less cost for the employer than those remaining inactive. Dietary changes were not independently associated with the cost. Improving employees’ diet and LTPA may reduce employer’s direct cost of SA. Although the associations of diet with SA cost were not statistically significant, improvements in diet may contribute to the beneficial associations of LTPA and employer’s cost of SA.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"240 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85599228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1701716
A. Marques, M. Peralta, É. Gouveia, J. Martins, H. Sarmento, D. Gómez-Baya
Abstract Objective: There are few studies evaluating the relationship between depression symptoms (DS) and physical activity (PA) considering peoples’ sociodemographic characteristics. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between DS and PA, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics of European adults. Methods: Participants were 29,285 adults (13,943 men, 47.6%; 15,342 women, 52.4%), aged 50.9 ± 17.4 (50.6 ± 17.3 men, 51.1 ± 17.5 women) from the European Social Survey round 7. DS was assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D8). Leisure-time PA (LTPA) was self-reported. The analysed sociodemographic characteristics were sex, age, living place, household members, marital status, income, and educational level. The relationship between DS and PA, stratified by sociodemographic variables, was examined by linear regression models. Results: Engaging in LTPA was negatively and linearly related to DS, independently of being men or women, being younger, middle or older adult, living in an urban or rural area, having children or not, being single or married, being wealthy or poor, employment status, and to having a lower or a higher education level. Age was the variable with both the least and the greatest effect of LTPA on DS. The least effect of LTPA on DS was observed in younger adults (β = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.11, −0.05) and the greatest effect in retired people (β = −0.33, 95% CI: −0.36, −0.29). Conclusion: Independently of sociodemographic characteristics, LTPA is associated with DS and can benefit everyone. Public health policies for promoting mental health should include PA promotion as an important strategy for the prevention or treatment of DS.
{"title":"Leisure-time physical activity is negatively associated with depression symptoms independently of the socioeconomic status","authors":"A. Marques, M. Peralta, É. Gouveia, J. Martins, H. Sarmento, D. Gómez-Baya","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1701716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1701716","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: There are few studies evaluating the relationship between depression symptoms (DS) and physical activity (PA) considering peoples’ sociodemographic characteristics. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between DS and PA, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics of European adults. Methods: Participants were 29,285 adults (13,943 men, 47.6%; 15,342 women, 52.4%), aged 50.9 ± 17.4 (50.6 ± 17.3 men, 51.1 ± 17.5 women) from the European Social Survey round 7. DS was assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D8). Leisure-time PA (LTPA) was self-reported. The analysed sociodemographic characteristics were sex, age, living place, household members, marital status, income, and educational level. The relationship between DS and PA, stratified by sociodemographic variables, was examined by linear regression models. Results: Engaging in LTPA was negatively and linearly related to DS, independently of being men or women, being younger, middle or older adult, living in an urban or rural area, having children or not, being single or married, being wealthy or poor, employment status, and to having a lower or a higher education level. Age was the variable with both the least and the greatest effect of LTPA on DS. The least effect of LTPA on DS was observed in younger adults (β = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.11, −0.05) and the greatest effect in retired people (β = −0.33, 95% CI: −0.36, −0.29). Conclusion: Independently of sociodemographic characteristics, LTPA is associated with DS and can benefit everyone. Public health policies for promoting mental health should include PA promotion as an important strategy for the prevention or treatment of DS.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"1268 - 1276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88260378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1695952
R. Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, C. Mendes-Junior, D. J. Dorta
Abstract Being an elite athlete is an extremely coveted position, which can lead an individual to use doping. As knowledge is extended, doping techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, and the newest method of doping is gene doping. This article aims to present an updated bibliographic survey that addresses gene doping between 1983 and 2018. Anti-doping agencies have not yet approved any detection technique for this type of doping. The possibility of eradicating such doping is almost zero mainly because gene therapy advances rapidly. In this scenario, the future of gene doping must be discussed and decided before irreversible limits are exceeded.
{"title":"Gene doping: Present and future","authors":"R. Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, C. Mendes-Junior, D. J. Dorta","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1695952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1695952","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Being an elite athlete is an extremely coveted position, which can lead an individual to use doping. As knowledge is extended, doping techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, and the newest method of doping is gene doping. This article aims to present an updated bibliographic survey that addresses gene doping between 1983 and 2018. Anti-doping agencies have not yet approved any detection technique for this type of doping. The possibility of eradicating such doping is almost zero mainly because gene therapy advances rapidly. In this scenario, the future of gene doping must be discussed and decided before irreversible limits are exceeded.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"1093 - 1101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91233580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1698660
D. Madigan, Sarah H. Mallinson-Howard, Michael C. Grugan, A. Hill
Abstract Perfectionism may promote engagement in illegal and unacceptable behaviours such as doping. To examine this idea, in the present study, we had two aims. First, we re-examined the relationship between perfectionism and attitudes towards doping and, in doing so, conducted a continuously cumulating meta-analysis. Second, we extended our understanding of this relationship by providing the first test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in context of doping. A sample of 181 university athletes (mean age 18.5 years) completed measures of perfectionism (evaluative concerns perfectionism [ECP] and personal standards perfectionism [PSP]) and attitudes toward doping. A continuously cumulating meta-analysis based on five studies (including the present study; N = 952) indicated that ECP showed a significant small-to-medium positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .21), whereas PSP showed a nonsignificant small positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .07). In addition, moderated regression analysis provided support for two hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model. Specifically, pure ECP (high ECP, low PSP) was associated with more favourable attitudes towards doping than mixed perfectionism (high ECP, high PSP) and non-perfectionism (low ECP, low PSP). The present findings suggest that ECP is a significant positive predictor of attitudes towards doping and that athletes who exhibit a combination of high ECP and low PSP are the most likely to be at risk of doping. Consequently, a focus on reducing ECP may be a valuable addition to anti-doping education programmes.
{"title":"Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in athletes: A continuously cumulating meta-analysis and test of the 2 × 2 model","authors":"D. Madigan, Sarah H. Mallinson-Howard, Michael C. Grugan, A. Hill","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2019.1698660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1698660","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Perfectionism may promote engagement in illegal and unacceptable behaviours such as doping. To examine this idea, in the present study, we had two aims. First, we re-examined the relationship between perfectionism and attitudes towards doping and, in doing so, conducted a continuously cumulating meta-analysis. Second, we extended our understanding of this relationship by providing the first test of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in context of doping. A sample of 181 university athletes (mean age 18.5 years) completed measures of perfectionism (evaluative concerns perfectionism [ECP] and personal standards perfectionism [PSP]) and attitudes toward doping. A continuously cumulating meta-analysis based on five studies (including the present study; N = 952) indicated that ECP showed a significant small-to-medium positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .21), whereas PSP showed a nonsignificant small positive relationship with attitudes towards doping (r + = .07). In addition, moderated regression analysis provided support for two hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model. Specifically, pure ECP (high ECP, low PSP) was associated with more favourable attitudes towards doping than mixed perfectionism (high ECP, high PSP) and non-perfectionism (low ECP, low PSP). The present findings suggest that ECP is a significant positive predictor of attitudes towards doping and that athletes who exhibit a combination of high ECP and low PSP are the most likely to be at risk of doping. Consequently, a focus on reducing ECP may be a valuable addition to anti-doping education programmes.","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"1245 - 1254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91208675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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