Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772617
Yucheng Zhang, R. Dougal
With the capacity expansion of power systems, fault currents may exceed the interrupting capacity ratings of circuit breakers (CBs). Inductive fault current limiters (FCLs) are able to effectively limit fault currents and maintain circuit breakers on duty. For power systems of different ratings, it is important to decide whether the parameters of an inductive FCL satisfy the requirement of limiting fault currents under a user-defined value. By analyzing the transient performance of fault current limitation processes, the critical activation time of inductive FCLs has been formulated. The critical activation time relates to the system voltage ratings, the inductances of FCLs and the upbound of fault currents choosen by users or CB's ratings. Fault currents can be limited under any user-defined value when the activation time is shorter than the critical one. The equation reveals that an inductive FCL which works in medium-voltage systems may not be able to limit fault current under a certain value in high-voltage systems. An inductive FCL should be checked according to this equation before it is applied to a paticular power system. These conclusions are verified by simulation results.
{"title":"Determining critical activation time of inductive fault current limiters in electric power systems","authors":"Yucheng Zhang, R. Dougal","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772617","url":null,"abstract":"With the capacity expansion of power systems, fault currents may exceed the interrupting capacity ratings of circuit breakers (CBs). Inductive fault current limiters (FCLs) are able to effectively limit fault currents and maintain circuit breakers on duty. For power systems of different ratings, it is important to decide whether the parameters of an inductive FCL satisfy the requirement of limiting fault currents under a user-defined value. By analyzing the transient performance of fault current limitation processes, the critical activation time of inductive FCLs has been formulated. The critical activation time relates to the system voltage ratings, the inductances of FCLs and the upbound of fault currents choosen by users or CB's ratings. Fault currents can be limited under any user-defined value when the activation time is shorter than the critical one. The equation reveals that an inductive FCL which works in medium-voltage systems may not be able to limit fault current under a certain value in high-voltage systems. An inductive FCL should be checked according to this equation before it is applied to a paticular power system. These conclusions are verified by simulation results.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131643179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772610
R. Bo, F. Li
Conventional optimization technique suggests that marginal unit generation sensitivity (MUGS) may be calculated based on perturbation at optimality. The calculated MUGS however only applies to the perturbed operating point. Often times it is not advisable to apply this local information to predict generations at another loading level with considerable load change, and therefore another calculation has to be performed to obtain the generation and its sensitivity at that loading level. It is of high interest to obtain a global pattern of the sensitivity in a wider range of loading levels, which bears great potential in applications such as congestion prediction and LMP calculation. Existing work have shown MUGS can be well approximated by a linear function of load. In this paper, explicit formulations are derived for some special cases and show that MUGS is precisely a linear function or constant in those cases. The usefulness of MUGS is demonstrated with two applications, congestion prediction and LMP (sensitivity) calculation. Based on MUGS, optimal load shift factor (OLSF) is proposed to facilitate predicting future binding constraints such as transmission congestions. As a function of MUGS, LMP and its sensitivity can be easily obtained.
{"title":"Marginal unit generation sensitivity and its applications in transmission congestion prediction and LMP calculation","authors":"R. Bo, F. Li","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772610","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional optimization technique suggests that marginal unit generation sensitivity (MUGS) may be calculated based on perturbation at optimality. The calculated MUGS however only applies to the perturbed operating point. Often times it is not advisable to apply this local information to predict generations at another loading level with considerable load change, and therefore another calculation has to be performed to obtain the generation and its sensitivity at that loading level. It is of high interest to obtain a global pattern of the sensitivity in a wider range of loading levels, which bears great potential in applications such as congestion prediction and LMP calculation. Existing work have shown MUGS can be well approximated by a linear function of load. In this paper, explicit formulations are derived for some special cases and show that MUGS is precisely a linear function or constant in those cases. The usefulness of MUGS is demonstrated with two applications, congestion prediction and LMP (sensitivity) calculation. Based on MUGS, optimal load shift factor (OLSF) is proposed to facilitate predicting future binding constraints such as transmission congestions. As a function of MUGS, LMP and its sensitivity can be easily obtained.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126988597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772623
M. Elshaer, A. Mohamed, O. Mohammed
In this paper, some of the aspects related to the design and implementation of grid connected DC microgrids are investigated. A prototype system has been designed and implemented to address these aspects. The described system is dependent mainly on sustainable energy sources. Hence, a special care has been given to dealing with these kinds of sources while designing different components of the system. Certain features had to be maintained in the system in order to assure efficient integration of different sources, efficient and reliable load-feeding capability and full controllability of voltage and power flow among various buses in the system. Moreover, a fully controlled rectifier has been designed to tie the DC grid with the AC one. A vector decoupling controlled sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique has been used to allow the designed rectifier to maintain a constant output voltage while being able to control the active and reactive power drawn from the grid independently. Both simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed system.
{"title":"Grid connected DC distribution system for efficient integration of sustainable energy sources","authors":"M. Elshaer, A. Mohamed, O. Mohammed","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772623","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, some of the aspects related to the design and implementation of grid connected DC microgrids are investigated. A prototype system has been designed and implemented to address these aspects. The described system is dependent mainly on sustainable energy sources. Hence, a special care has been given to dealing with these kinds of sources while designing different components of the system. Certain features had to be maintained in the system in order to assure efficient integration of different sources, efficient and reliable load-feeding capability and full controllability of voltage and power flow among various buses in the system. Moreover, a fully controlled rectifier has been designed to tie the DC grid with the AC one. A vector decoupling controlled sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique has been used to allow the designed rectifier to maintain a constant output voltage while being able to control the active and reactive power drawn from the grid independently. Both simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed system.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134024751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772506
K. Demaree
This talk will address some of the specific areas of addition or change and their state of integration into the CIM standards. We will provide commentary upon and a road map into various activities, models, model management practices, and trends that have recently emerged. Highlights include: System planning models, Dynamic simulation models, Distribution models, Unbalanced models, Network analysis solutions, DC transmission models, Transformer models, Operational limits models, Control area specifications, Naming and Identity, SCADA measurement models, Cuts and jumpers models, Metering models, Wind models, The role of UML supporting interfaces, profiles, profile groups, CIM UMLversioning, CIM instance data segregation, CIM UML and its relation to time, modifications, instance data changes, Policies such as SI units, UML naming conventions, patterns, "Informative" models and relationship to testing and validation, Relation to other standards such as IEC61850, MultiSpeak, Priority topics for latest CIM standards, Trends into the future
{"title":"“Recent feature additions and changes in CIM” — Kendall Demaree, Alstom Grid","authors":"K. Demaree","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772506","url":null,"abstract":"This talk will address some of the specific areas of addition or change and their state of integration into the CIM standards. We will provide commentary upon and a road map into various activities, models, model management practices, and trends that have recently emerged. Highlights include: System planning models, Dynamic simulation models, Distribution models, Unbalanced models, Network analysis solutions, DC transmission models, Transformer models, Operational limits models, Control area specifications, Naming and Identity, SCADA measurement models, Cuts and jumpers models, Metering models, Wind models, The role of UML supporting interfaces, profiles, profile groups, CIM UMLversioning, CIM instance data segregation, CIM UML and its relation to time, modifications, instance data changes, Policies such as SI units, UML naming conventions, patterns, \"Informative\" models and relationship to testing and validation, Relation to other standards such as IEC61850, MultiSpeak, Priority topics for latest CIM standards, Trends into the future","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132112612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772603
Afsoon Nejati, A. Nobakhti, H. Karimi
This paper presents a control strategy for the autonomous (islanded) operation of a distributed generation (DG) unit. The DG unit supplies a balanced load through a voitage-sourced converter (VSC). To maintain the autonomous operation in the islanded mode, the DG unit should provide its dedicated load with a sinusoidal voltage with a constant magnitude and a constant frequency. The dynamic model of the islanded DG system is represented by a set of nonlinear equations. Since the objective is to regulate voltage and frequency of the islanded DG about their rated values, the nonlinear model is linearized about the operating point. The obtained linearized model represents a multivariable LTI system with the converter voltages as the inputs, and the load voltage magnitude and frequency as the outputs. Based on the Nyquist array method, a controller is designed to achieve the objectives for the islanded system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, a set of nonlinear simulation case studies are carried out in the MATLAB/SimPowerSystems toolbox. In particular, the performance of the proposed controller with respect to the reference signal tracking and the load resistance perturbations is verified. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy offers a good robust tracking/performance properties.
{"title":"Multivariable control strategy for autonomous operation of a converter-based distributed generation system","authors":"Afsoon Nejati, A. Nobakhti, H. Karimi","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772603","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a control strategy for the autonomous (islanded) operation of a distributed generation (DG) unit. The DG unit supplies a balanced load through a voitage-sourced converter (VSC). To maintain the autonomous operation in the islanded mode, the DG unit should provide its dedicated load with a sinusoidal voltage with a constant magnitude and a constant frequency. The dynamic model of the islanded DG system is represented by a set of nonlinear equations. Since the objective is to regulate voltage and frequency of the islanded DG about their rated values, the nonlinear model is linearized about the operating point. The obtained linearized model represents a multivariable LTI system with the converter voltages as the inputs, and the load voltage magnitude and frequency as the outputs. Based on the Nyquist array method, a controller is designed to achieve the objectives for the islanded system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, a set of nonlinear simulation case studies are carried out in the MATLAB/SimPowerSystems toolbox. In particular, the performance of the proposed controller with respect to the reference signal tracking and the load resistance perturbations is verified. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy offers a good robust tracking/performance properties.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133776840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772442
Niranjan Kumar, Y. Reddy, D. Das, N. Padhy
The changing structure of the electricity supply industry is bringing transmission charging into a new focus. Transmission charging evaluation is a complex task and becomes important after introducing the competition into the power market. The existing transmission charging practices in India is based on regional postage stamp basis. The development of power market in India is in its initial stage, so flow based method for transmission charging might be suitable for Indian context.
{"title":"Existing transmission charging practices in India: Discouraging for power market","authors":"Niranjan Kumar, Y. Reddy, D. Das, N. Padhy","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772442","url":null,"abstract":"The changing structure of the electricity supply industry is bringing transmission charging into a new focus. Transmission charging evaluation is a complex task and becomes important after introducing the competition into the power market. The existing transmission charging practices in India is based on regional postage stamp basis. The development of power market in India is in its initial stage, so flow based method for transmission charging might be suitable for Indian context.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122161368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772575
R. Neal, R. Bravo
Southern California Edison is developing a Smart Grid Demonstration project in Irvine California under ARRA funding from the DOE. The project, named the Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD) is an integrated deployment of smart grid elements from transmission to the home. Subprojects of the ISGD include 1) Zero Net Energy Homes (ZNE), 2) a Solar Shade EV charging station, 3) Distribution Circuit Constraint Management using Energy Storage, 4) Advanced Volt/VAr Control, 5) Self Healing Circuits, 6) Deep Grid Situational Awareness, 7) Secure Energy Networking, and 8) Workforce of the Future. The demonstration site substation will also host a High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer being separately developed by a team headed by Waukesha Electric Systems. This paper describes the Advanced Volt VAr Control (AVVC) element.
{"title":"Advanced Volt/VAr control element of Southern California Edison's Irvine smart grid demonstration","authors":"R. Neal, R. Bravo","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772575","url":null,"abstract":"Southern California Edison is developing a Smart Grid Demonstration project in Irvine California under ARRA funding from the DOE. The project, named the Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration (ISGD) is an integrated deployment of smart grid elements from transmission to the home. Subprojects of the ISGD include 1) Zero Net Energy Homes (ZNE), 2) a Solar Shade EV charging station, 3) Distribution Circuit Constraint Management using Energy Storage, 4) Advanced Volt/VAr Control, 5) Self Healing Circuits, 6) Deep Grid Situational Awareness, 7) Secure Energy Networking, and 8) Workforce of the Future. The demonstration site substation will also host a High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer being separately developed by a team headed by Waukesha Electric Systems. This paper describes the Advanced Volt VAr Control (AVVC) element.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131751460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772458
Ming Chen
This paper presents the contingency re-definition and its application to power system security analysis. Contingency Analysis (CA) has been an important tool in power system planning and security analysis for many years. Based on real-time network connectivity, the re-definition function takes into account the actual response of protection subsystem on the power system equipment. It identifies the breakers required for isolating the contingency equipment. This provides additional accuracy of post contingency results and provides important data to ensure the remedial action schemes are emulated correctly. Each contingency is simulated in contingency analysis by opening these breakers to evaluate their impact to the system. The ability to recognize and respect the status of manually operated switches is important to ensure the simulation mimics protection schemes. Any non-contingency equipment forced out as a result of these breaker openings, also called sympathetic outages, will be added to the contingency equipment list. All outage equipment and breakers will be listed on the contingency definition display for each contingency case. This function has been integrated in the real-time CA, off-line CA, and into dispatcher training simulator.
{"title":"Contingency re-definition and its application to power system security analysis","authors":"Ming Chen","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772458","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the contingency re-definition and its application to power system security analysis. Contingency Analysis (CA) has been an important tool in power system planning and security analysis for many years. Based on real-time network connectivity, the re-definition function takes into account the actual response of protection subsystem on the power system equipment. It identifies the breakers required for isolating the contingency equipment. This provides additional accuracy of post contingency results and provides important data to ensure the remedial action schemes are emulated correctly. Each contingency is simulated in contingency analysis by opening these breakers to evaluate their impact to the system. The ability to recognize and respect the status of manually operated switches is important to ensure the simulation mimics protection schemes. Any non-contingency equipment forced out as a result of these breaker openings, also called sympathetic outages, will be added to the contingency equipment list. All outage equipment and breakers will be listed on the contingency definition display for each contingency case. This function has been integrated in the real-time CA, off-line CA, and into dispatcher training simulator.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"62 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134483825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772573
Jianwu Zeng, W. Qiao
This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM)-based statistical model for wind power forecasting (WPF). Instead of predicting wind power directly, the proposed model first predicts the wind speed, which is then used to predict the wind power by using the power-wind speed characteristics of the wind turbine generators. Simulation studies are carried out to validate the proposed model for very short-term and short-term WPF by using the data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Results show that the proposed model is accurate for very short-term and short-term WPF and outperforms the persistence model as well as the radial basis function neural network-based model.
{"title":"Support vector machine-based short-term wind power forecasting","authors":"Jianwu Zeng, W. Qiao","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772573","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM)-based statistical model for wind power forecasting (WPF). Instead of predicting wind power directly, the proposed model first predicts the wind speed, which is then used to predict the wind power by using the power-wind speed characteristics of the wind turbine generators. Simulation studies are carried out to validate the proposed model for very short-term and short-term WPF by using the data obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Results show that the proposed model is accurate for very short-term and short-term WPF and outperforms the persistence model as well as the radial basis function neural network-based model.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116506665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772494
N. Lu, M. Weimar, Y. Makarov, C. Loutan
Sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries can provide energy storage, real-time dispatch, regulation, frequency response, and other essential services to the power grids. This study presents the technical characteristics, modeling approach, methodologies, and results for providing regulation services in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) market. Two different scenarios were studied and compared: a scenario without intermittent renewable-energy resource penetration (base case) and a scenario with significant renewable-energy resource penetration (including wind) reaching 20% of CAISO's energy supply. In addition, breakeven cost analyses were developed for four cases. Based on the results of the technical and cost analyses, the opportunities for the NaS battery providing the regulation services are discussed, design improvements for the battery's physical characteristics are recommended, and modifications of the regulation signals sent to NaS batteries are proposed.
{"title":"An evaluation of the NaS battery storage potential for providing regulation service in California","authors":"N. Lu, M. Weimar, Y. Makarov, C. Loutan","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772494","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries can provide energy storage, real-time dispatch, regulation, frequency response, and other essential services to the power grids. This study presents the technical characteristics, modeling approach, methodologies, and results for providing regulation services in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) market. Two different scenarios were studied and compared: a scenario without intermittent renewable-energy resource penetration (base case) and a scenario with significant renewable-energy resource penetration (including wind) reaching 20% of CAISO's energy supply. In addition, breakeven cost analyses were developed for four cases. Based on the results of the technical and cost analyses, the opportunities for the NaS battery providing the regulation services are discussed, design improvements for the battery's physical characteristics are recommended, and modifications of the regulation signals sent to NaS batteries are proposed.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121614433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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