Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772505
K. Le
Demand-side management (DSM), coupled with smart-grid technologies, will be a big initiative for electric utilities and ISOs for the next 3–5 years. To meet FERC order 719, a number of ISOs are modifying their market rules to better utilize demand resources (DR). This panel session explores the key technical, economic, and IT challenges that will need to be solved to fully deploy DR at the wholesale and retail levels: • What are the costs and benefits for implementing DR programs? • Can demand-side management be economically justified for residential, commercial, and industrial customers? • Can DR resources be used to provide operating reserves to back up wind resources? • Can utilities manage their own DSM programs? Or do we need 3rd-party DR providers to develop this new DR market? • How are DR offers cleared in the market? • How do we convert ISO awards into curtailment instructions for DR customers? • Can we use near real-time meter data to track DR performance? • What is the best method to use to perform baseline calculations for DR customers? • How do we perform settlement for DR resources?
{"title":"Experience with implementing demand response in ISO markets","authors":"K. Le","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772505","url":null,"abstract":"Demand-side management (DSM), coupled with smart-grid technologies, will be a big initiative for electric utilities and ISOs for the next 3–5 years. To meet FERC order 719, a number of ISOs are modifying their market rules to better utilize demand resources (DR). This panel session explores the key technical, economic, and IT challenges that will need to be solved to fully deploy DR at the wholesale and retail levels: • What are the costs and benefits for implementing DR programs? • Can demand-side management be economically justified for residential, commercial, and industrial customers? • Can DR resources be used to provide operating reserves to back up wind resources? • Can utilities manage their own DSM programs? Or do we need 3rd-party DR providers to develop this new DR market? • How are DR offers cleared in the market? • How do we convert ISO awards into curtailment instructions for DR customers? • Can we use near real-time meter data to track DR performance? • What is the best method to use to perform baseline calculations for DR customers? • How do we perform settlement for DR resources?","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122273292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772459
B. Novák, L. Koller
To fulfill installation requirements, sometimes, two or more cables have to be connected in parallel in a three-phase power distribution system. The division of the current among the adjacent cables is governed by several factors, such as position, phase order, and the grounding method of the metal screen. Dissimilar current distributions result in dissimilar power and magnetic-field distributions. Consequently, a modified phase order can alter the total losses and the magnetic induction above the ground. This study demonstrates this effect by finite element simulations of grouped single-core underground cables buried in flat formation, and with screens bonded and grounded at both the ends.
{"title":"Influence of phase order on losses and outer magnetic field of grouped underground cables","authors":"B. Novák, L. Koller","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772459","url":null,"abstract":"To fulfill installation requirements, sometimes, two or more cables have to be connected in parallel in a three-phase power distribution system. The division of the current among the adjacent cables is governed by several factors, such as position, phase order, and the grounding method of the metal screen. Dissimilar current distributions result in dissimilar power and magnetic-field distributions. Consequently, a modified phase order can alter the total losses and the magnetic induction above the ground. This study demonstrates this effect by finite element simulations of grouped single-core underground cables buried in flat formation, and with screens bonded and grounded at both the ends.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122304760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772545
Juan Munoz, C. Cañizares
This paper presents a comparative stability analysis of conventional synchronous generators and wind farms based on double feed induction generators (DFIG). Based on an appropriate DFIG wind generator model, PV curves, modal analysis and time domain simulations are used to study the effect on system stability of replacing conventional generation by DFIG-based wind generation on the IEEE 14-bus benchmark system, for both fixed power factor and voltage control operation. The results show that the oscillatory behavior associated with the dominant mode of the synchronous generator is improved when the DFIG-based wind turbine is connected to the system; this improvement in the damping ratios is more evident when the wind turbines are operated with terminal voltage control.
{"title":"Comparative stability analysis of DFIG-based wind farms and conventional synchronous generators","authors":"Juan Munoz, C. Cañizares","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772545","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative stability analysis of conventional synchronous generators and wind farms based on double feed induction generators (DFIG). Based on an appropriate DFIG wind generator model, PV curves, modal analysis and time domain simulations are used to study the effect on system stability of replacing conventional generation by DFIG-based wind generation on the IEEE 14-bus benchmark system, for both fixed power factor and voltage control operation. The results show that the oscillatory behavior associated with the dominant mode of the synchronous generator is improved when the DFIG-based wind turbine is connected to the system; this improvement in the damping ratios is more evident when the wind turbines are operated with terminal voltage control.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130677121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772578
P. Du, Y. Makarov, N. Zhou, P. Etingov
Each balance authority (BA) in a grid conforms to a schedule that sets forth how much capacity will be allowed to pass through the area at given times of the day. However, because wind generation is variable and non-dispatchable source of energy, it causes additional unscheduled deviation of interchange and complicates the problem of system balancing. Thus, BAs need to procure more fast regulation capacity to meet Control Performance Standards (CPS) requirements. A fast-response storage device with appropriate duration is more effective than conventional generation for regulation service. However, depending on technologies, capital costs of energy storages are very high. As such, in this paper, a novel concept of virtual energy storage is proposed to respond to a filtered area control error (ACE) signal. This will bring about benefits include less amount of regulation that can be procured (lower regulation service cost), and decreased area control errors. The simulations performed on the Northwestern power grid demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of this method.
{"title":"Application of virtual energy storage to partially mitigate unscheduled interchange caused by wind power","authors":"P. Du, Y. Makarov, N. Zhou, P. Etingov","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772578","url":null,"abstract":"Each balance authority (BA) in a grid conforms to a schedule that sets forth how much capacity will be allowed to pass through the area at given times of the day. However, because wind generation is variable and non-dispatchable source of energy, it causes additional unscheduled deviation of interchange and complicates the problem of system balancing. Thus, BAs need to procure more fast regulation capacity to meet Control Performance Standards (CPS) requirements. A fast-response storage device with appropriate duration is more effective than conventional generation for regulation service. However, depending on technologies, capital costs of energy storages are very high. As such, in this paper, a novel concept of virtual energy storage is proposed to respond to a filtered area control error (ACE) signal. This will bring about benefits include less amount of regulation that can be procured (lower regulation service cost), and decreased area control errors. The simulations performed on the Northwestern power grid demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of this method.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134609959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772568
K. Kopsidas, I. Cotton, S. Rowland
The problem of massive electricity transmission is addressed here by presenting some alternatives for optimizing the power transfer capacity of existing Overhead Line Systems (OHL). Some results from a hypothetical case study of a British lattice tower OHL system under re-conductoring and implementation of new composite cross-arm technology are presented. Analysis involves sag, ampacity, and insulation coordination, which suggest that the novel technology allows voltage upgrating. The paper concludes with a unified framework for evaluating the performance and reliability of high-voltage overhead lines under various improvement scenarios.
{"title":"Towards a holistic perspective of the existing overhead line power network to facilitate its flexible expansion","authors":"K. Kopsidas, I. Cotton, S. Rowland","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772568","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of massive electricity transmission is addressed here by presenting some alternatives for optimizing the power transfer capacity of existing Overhead Line Systems (OHL). Some results from a hypothetical case study of a British lattice tower OHL system under re-conductoring and implementation of new composite cross-arm technology are presented. Analysis involves sag, ampacity, and insulation coordination, which suggest that the novel technology allows voltage upgrating. The paper concludes with a unified framework for evaluating the performance and reliability of high-voltage overhead lines under various improvement scenarios.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130772898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772602
Mohammadhassan A. Sofla, Lingfeng Wang
This paper discusses the DC-DC power electronic interfaces of batteries used in microgrid. This study is necessary because the stability of the islanded microgrid depends on its response speed to the transients. Here the modeling and control of the DC-DC bidirectional converters of batteries in microgrids are discussed. The hybrid modeling is extended to the bidirectional converters. The paper focuses on inner and power controllers of the DC-DC bidirectional converters for interfacing batteries in microgrid. The inner control techniques are discussed and a control strategy for batteries operation in different modes is proposed.
{"title":"Control of DC-DC bidirectional converters for interfacing batteries in microgrids","authors":"Mohammadhassan A. Sofla, Lingfeng Wang","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772602","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the DC-DC power electronic interfaces of batteries used in microgrid. This study is necessary because the stability of the islanded microgrid depends on its response speed to the transients. Here the modeling and control of the DC-DC bidirectional converters of batteries in microgrids are discussed. The hybrid modeling is extended to the bidirectional converters. The paper focuses on inner and power controllers of the DC-DC bidirectional converters for interfacing batteries in microgrid. The inner control techniques are discussed and a control strategy for batteries operation in different modes is proposed.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114805011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772597
A. Gole
The panel presentation is a tutorial on the concept of reactive power and discusses its implications in power systems. The impact of reactive power on the system voltage as well as on component ratings and component size is discussed. The concept of reactive power and the so called ‘instantaneous’ reactive power are presented. Finally, the mechanisms for generating reactive power using passive and active electrical apparatus are presented. The presentation is an introduction to more advanced dynamic compensation concepts to be covered by the other presenters
{"title":"Dynamic reactive compensation: Reactive power fundamentals","authors":"A. Gole","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772597","url":null,"abstract":"The panel presentation is a tutorial on the concept of reactive power and discusses its implications in power systems. The impact of reactive power on the system voltage as well as on component ratings and component size is discussed. The concept of reactive power and the so called ‘instantaneous’ reactive power are presented. Finally, the mechanisms for generating reactive power using passive and active electrical apparatus are presented. The presentation is an introduction to more advanced dynamic compensation concepts to be covered by the other presenters","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"393 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131818460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772526
T. Ademoye, A. Feliachi
This paper utilizes decentralized synergetic control approach to control a multimachine nonlinear electric power system through the excitation subsystem. The interconnection between generators is modeled as a function of the local variables and is considered as external disturbance to each subsystem. The nonlinear decentralized controllers effectively dampen the rotor angle oscillations and regulate the terminal voltages when a fault occurs. Two test systems are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method against the conventional power system stabilizers: a nine-bus three-machine power system with inductive load, and the typical four machine two — area system. Simulation results are obtained using the Power Analysis Toolbox (PAT).
{"title":"Decentralized synergetic control of multimachine systems","authors":"T. Ademoye, A. Feliachi","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772526","url":null,"abstract":"This paper utilizes decentralized synergetic control approach to control a multimachine nonlinear electric power system through the excitation subsystem. The interconnection between generators is modeled as a function of the local variables and is considered as external disturbance to each subsystem. The nonlinear decentralized controllers effectively dampen the rotor angle oscillations and regulate the terminal voltages when a fault occurs. Two test systems are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method against the conventional power system stabilizers: a nine-bus three-machine power system with inductive load, and the typical four machine two — area system. Simulation results are obtained using the Power Analysis Toolbox (PAT).","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128435181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772510
D. T. Nguyen, M. Negnevitsky, M. de Groot
This paper introduces a new and separated market for the trading of Demand Response (DR) in a restructured power system. This market is called Demand Response eXchange or shortly DRX, in which DR is treated as a virtual resource to be exchanged between DR buyers and sellers. Buyers — including the Transmission System Operator (TSO), distributors, and retailers — need DR to improve the efficiency and reliability of their own businesses and systems. Sellers — including consumers though an aggregator — negotiate DR with those buyers. The DRX is modeled in the form of a pool-based market using microeconomic theory. In this market, a DRX Operator (DRXO) collects bids and offers from DR buyers and sellers respectively. It then clears the market by maximizing the total market benefit subject to certain operational constraints. The DRX model is also tested on a small power system in comparison to conventional DR approaches, and its advantages are reported.
{"title":"A new and separated market for demand response in restructured power systems","authors":"D. T. Nguyen, M. Negnevitsky, M. de Groot","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772510","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a new and separated market for the trading of Demand Response (DR) in a restructured power system. This market is called Demand Response eXchange or shortly DRX, in which DR is treated as a virtual resource to be exchanged between DR buyers and sellers. Buyers — including the Transmission System Operator (TSO), distributors, and retailers — need DR to improve the efficiency and reliability of their own businesses and systems. Sellers — including consumers though an aggregator — negotiate DR with those buyers. The DRX is modeled in the form of a pool-based market using microeconomic theory. In this market, a DRX Operator (DRXO) collects bids and offers from DR buyers and sellers respectively. It then clears the market by maximizing the total market benefit subject to certain operational constraints. The DRX model is also tested on a small power system in comparison to conventional DR approaches, and its advantages are reported.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133540812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-20DOI: 10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772496
B. McMillin, R. Akella, D. Ditch, G. Heydt, Z. Zhang, M. Chow
Distributed operation of microgrid architectures consists of energy management, power management, power electronics management, and fault detection and recovery. Centralized control of microgrids may be conceptually and practically infeasible due to questions of reliability and ownership. A Distributed Operating System architecture is proposed to manage power and computational resources within a smart microgrid, using the FREEDM system architecture as a model.
{"title":"Architecture of a smart microgrid distributed operating system","authors":"B. McMillin, R. Akella, D. Ditch, G. Heydt, Z. Zhang, M. Chow","doi":"10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2011.5772496","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed operation of microgrid architectures consists of energy management, power management, power electronics management, and fault detection and recovery. Centralized control of microgrids may be conceptually and practically infeasible due to questions of reliability and ownership. A Distributed Operating System architecture is proposed to manage power and computational resources within a smart microgrid, using the FREEDM system architecture as a model.","PeriodicalId":120665,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126049316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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