Pub Date : 2022-08-23eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac034
Amy M Boddy, Shawn Rupp, Zhe Yu, Heidi Hanson, Athena Aktipis, Ken Smith
Background and objectives: Individuals who experience early life adversity are at an increased risk for chronic disease later in life. Less is known about how early life factors are associated with cancer susceptibility. Here, we use a life history framework to test whether early life adversity increases the risk of breast cancer. We predict that early life adversity can shift investment in somatic maintenance and accelerate the timing of reproduction, which may mediate or interact with the risk of breast cancer.
Methodology: We use population-wide data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB) and Utah Cancer Registry, leading to 24 957 cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer spanning 20 years (1990-2010) and 124 785 age-matched controls. We generated a cumulative early life adversity summation score to evaluate the interaction (moderation) and mediation between early life adversity, reproductive history and their association with breast cancer risk.
Results: Our analyses led to three key findings: (i) more early life adversity, when considered as a main effect, accelerates the time to first birth and death, (ii) early age at first birth and high parity decreases the risk of breast cancer and (iii) we find no association between early adversity and breast cancer risk either as a main effect or in its interaction with reproductive history.
Conclusion and implications: Early adversity elevates the risk of overall mortality through mechanisms other than breast cancer risk. This suggests early life factors can generate different effects on health. Future work should incorporate more complex view of life history patterns, including multiple life stages, when making predictions about cancer susceptibility.
{"title":"Early life adversity, reproductive history and breast cancer risk.","authors":"Amy M Boddy, Shawn Rupp, Zhe Yu, Heidi Hanson, Athena Aktipis, Ken Smith","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac034","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoac034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Individuals who experience early life adversity are at an increased risk for chronic disease later in life. Less is known about how early life factors are associated with cancer susceptibility. Here, we use a life history framework to test whether early life adversity increases the risk of breast cancer. We predict that early life adversity can shift investment in somatic maintenance and accelerate the timing of reproduction, which may mediate or interact with the risk of breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We use population-wide data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB) and Utah Cancer Registry, leading to 24 957 cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer spanning 20 years (1990-2010) and 124 785 age-matched controls. We generated a cumulative early life adversity summation score to evaluate the interaction (moderation) and mediation between early life adversity, reproductive history and their association with breast cancer risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analyses led to three key findings: (i) more early life adversity, when considered as a main effect, accelerates the time to first birth and death, (ii) early age at first birth and high parity decreases the risk of breast cancer and (iii) we find no association between early adversity and breast cancer risk either as a main effect or in its interaction with reproductive history.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and implications: </strong>Early adversity elevates the risk of overall mortality through mechanisms other than breast cancer risk. This suggests early life factors can generate different effects on health. Future work should incorporate more complex view of life history patterns, including multiple life stages, when making predictions about cancer susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9953211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac033
Mecca E Burris, Esperanza Caceres, Emily M Chester, Kathryn A Hicks, Thomas W McDade, Lynn Sikkink, Hilde Spielvogel, Jonathan Thornburg, Virginia J Vitzthum
Background/objectives: We evaluated potential socioeconomic contributors to variation in Andean adolescents' growth between households within a peri-urban community undergoing rapid demographic and economic change, between different community types (rural, peri-urban, urban) and over time. Because growth monitoring is widely used for assessing community needs and progress, we compared the prevalences of stunting, underweight, and overweight estimated by three different growth references.
Methods: Anthropometrics of 101 El Alto, Bolivia, adolescents (Alteños), 11.0-14.9 years old in 2003, were compared between households (economic status assessed by parental occupations); to one urban and two rural samples collected in 1983/1998/1977, respectively; and to the WHO growth reference, a representative sample of Bolivian children (MESA), and a region-wide sample of high-altitude Peruvian children (Puno).
Results: Female Alteños' growth was positively associated with household and maternal income indices. Alteños' height averaged ∼0.8SD/∼0.6SD/∼2SDs greater than adolescents' height in urban and rural communities measured in 1983/1998/1977, respectively. Overweight prevalence was comparable to the WHO, and lower than MESA and Puno, references. Stunting was 8.5/2.5/0.5 times WHO/MESA/Puno samples, respectively.
Conclusions/implications: Both peri-urban conditions and temporal trends contributed to gains in Alteños' growth. Rural out-migration can alleviate migrants' poverty, partly because of more diverse economic options in urbanized communities, especially for women. Nonetheless, Alteños averaged below WHO and MESA height and weight medians. Evolved biological adaptations to environmental challenges, and the consequent variability in growth trajectories, favor using multiple growth references. Growth monitoring should be informed by community- and household-level studies to detect and understand local factors causing or alleviating health disparities.
{"title":"Socioeconomic impacts on Andean adolescents' growth: Variation between households, between communities and over time.","authors":"Mecca E Burris, Esperanza Caceres, Emily M Chester, Kathryn A Hicks, Thomas W McDade, Lynn Sikkink, Hilde Spielvogel, Jonathan Thornburg, Virginia J Vitzthum","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>We evaluated potential socioeconomic contributors to variation in Andean adolescents' growth between households within a peri-urban community undergoing rapid demographic and economic change, between different community types (rural, peri-urban, urban) and over time. Because growth monitoring is widely used for assessing community needs and progress, we compared the prevalences of stunting, underweight, and overweight estimated by three different growth references.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Anthropometrics of 101 El Alto, Bolivia, adolescents (Alteños), 11.0-14.9 years old in 2003, were compared between households (economic status assessed by parental occupations); to one urban and two rural samples collected in 1983/1998/1977, respectively; and to the WHO growth reference, a representative sample of Bolivian children (MESA), and a region-wide sample of high-altitude Peruvian children (Puno).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Female Alteños' growth was positively associated with household and maternal income indices. Alteños' height averaged ∼0.8SD/∼0.6SD/∼2SDs greater than adolescents' height in urban and rural communities measured in 1983/1998/1977, respectively. Overweight prevalence was comparable to the WHO, and lower than MESA and Puno, references. Stunting was 8.5/2.5/0.5 times WHO/MESA/Puno samples, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions/implications: </strong>Both peri-urban conditions and temporal trends contributed to gains in Alteños' growth. Rural out-migration can alleviate migrants' poverty, partly because of more diverse economic options in urbanized communities, especially for women. Nonetheless, Alteños averaged below WHO and MESA height and weight medians. Evolved biological adaptations to environmental challenges, and the consequent variability in growth trajectories, favor using multiple growth references. Growth monitoring should be informed by community- and household-level studies to detect and understand local factors causing or alleviating health disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9454678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33460122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac031
Grace Keegan, Manus M Patten
We hypothesize that some placental hormones-specifically those that arise by tandem duplication of genes for maternal hormones-may behave as gestational drivers, selfish genetic elements that encourage the spontaneous abortion of offspring that fail to inherit them. Such drivers are quite simple to evolve, requiring just three things: a decrease in expression or activity of some essential maternal hormone during pregnancy; a compensatory increase in expression or activity of the homologous hormone by the placenta; and genetic linkage between the two effects. Gestational drive may therefore be a common selection pressure experienced by any of the various hormones of mammalian pregnancy that have arisen by tandem gene duplication. We examine the evolution of chorionic gonadotropin in the human lineage in light of this hypothesis. Finally, we postulate that some of the difficulties of human pregnancy may be a consequence of the action of selfish genes.
{"title":"Selfish evolution of placental hormones.","authors":"Grace Keegan, Manus M Patten","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We hypothesize that some placental hormones-specifically those that arise by tandem duplication of genes for maternal hormones-may behave as gestational drivers, selfish genetic elements that encourage the spontaneous abortion of offspring that fail to inherit them. Such drivers are quite simple to evolve, requiring just three things: a decrease in expression or activity of some essential maternal hormone during pregnancy; a compensatory increase in expression or activity of the homologous hormone by the placenta; and genetic linkage between the two effects. Gestational drive may therefore be a common selection pressure experienced by any of the various hormones of mammalian pregnancy that have arisen by tandem gene duplication. We examine the evolution of chorionic gonadotropin in the human lineage in light of this hypothesis. Finally, we postulate that some of the difficulties of human pregnancy may be a consequence of the action of selfish genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9426663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40341508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac030
Cara Ocobock, Alexandra Niclou
As global obesity rates continue to rise, it is important to understand the origin, role and range of human variation of body mass index (BMI) in assessing health and healthcare. A growing body of evidence suggests that BMI is a poor indicator of health across populations, and that there may be a metabolically healthy obese phenotype. Here, we review the reasons why BMI is an inadequate tool for assessing cardiometabolic health. We then suggest that cold climate adaptations may also render BMI an uninformative metric. Underlying evolutionary and environmental drivers may allow for heat conserving larger body sizes without necessarily increasing metabolic health risks. However, there may also be a potential mismatch between modern obesogenic environments and adaptations to cold climates, highlighting the need to further investigate the potential for metabolically healthy obese phenotypes among circumpolar and other populations as well as the broader meaning for metabolic health.
{"title":"Commentary-fat but fit…and cold? Potential evolutionary and environmental drivers of metabolically healthy obesity.","authors":"Cara Ocobock, Alexandra Niclou","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoac030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global obesity rates continue to rise, it is important to understand the origin, role and range of human variation of body mass index (BMI) in assessing health and healthcare. A growing body of evidence suggests that BMI is a poor indicator of health across populations, and that there may be a metabolically healthy obese phenotype. Here, we review the reasons why BMI is an inadequate tool for assessing cardiometabolic health. We then suggest that cold climate adaptations may also render BMI an uninformative metric. Underlying evolutionary and environmental drivers may allow for heat conserving larger body sizes without necessarily increasing metabolic health risks. However, there may also be a potential mismatch between modern obesogenic environments and adaptations to cold climates, highlighting the need to further investigate the potential for metabolically healthy obese phenotypes among circumpolar and other populations as well as the broader meaning for metabolic health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9447378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33450151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-05eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac024
Matilda Handsley-Davis, Kostas Kapellas, Lisa M Jamieson, Joanne Hedges, Emily Skelly, John Kaidonis, Poppy Anastassiadis, Laura S Weyrich
Background and objectives: Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders (hereafter respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians) experience a high burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Increased NCD risk is linked to oral diseases mediated by the oral microbiota, a microbial community influenced by both vertical transmission and lifestyle factors. As an initial step towards understanding the oral microbiota as a factor in Indigenous health, we present the first investigation of oral microbiota in Indigenous Australian adults.
Methodology: Dental calculus samples from Indigenous Australians with periodontal disease (PD; n = 13) and non-Indigenous individuals both with (n = 19) and without PD (n = 20) were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity, differentially abundant microbial taxa and taxa unique to different participant groups were analysed using QIIME2.
Results: Samples from Indigenous Australians were more phylogenetically diverse (Kruskal-Wallis H = 19.86, P = 8.3 × 10-6), differed significantly in composition from non-Indigenous samples (PERMANOVA pseudo-F = 10.42, P = 0.001) and contained a relatively high proportion of unique taxa not previously reported in the human oral microbiota (e.g. Endomicrobia). These patterns were robust to stratification by PD status. Oral microbiota diversity and composition also differed between Indigenous individuals living in different geographic regions.
Conclusions and implications: Indigenous Australians may harbour unique oral microbiota shaped by their long relationships with Country (ancestral homelands). Our findings have implications for understanding the origins of oral and systemic NCDs and for the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in microbiota research, highlighting the microbiota as a novel field of enquiry to improve Indigenous health.
背景和目标:澳大利亚土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民(以下尊称为澳大利亚土著)承受着慢性非传染性疾病的沉重负担。非传染性疾病风险增加与口腔微生物群介导的口腔疾病有关,口腔微生物群受垂直传播和生活方式因素的影响。作为了解口腔微生物群作为土著健康因素的第一步,我们提出了澳大利亚土著成年人口腔微生物群的首次调查。方法:牙石样本来自澳大利亚土著牙周病(PD;采用16S核糖体RNA基因扩增子测序对13例PD患者和20例PD患者进行了特征分析。利用QIIME2分析了α和β多样性、差异丰富的微生物类群和不同参与组特有的类群。结果:来自澳大利亚土著的样本具有更大的系统发育多样性(Kruskal-Wallis H = 19.86, P = 8.3 × 10-6),在组成上与非土著样本有显著差异(PERMANOVA伪f = 10.42, P = 0.001),并且含有相对较高比例的以前未在人类口腔微生物群中报道的独特分类群(例如Endomicrobia)。这些模式对于PD状态的分层是稳健的。生活在不同地理区域的土著人的口腔微生物群多样性和组成也存在差异。结论和意义:澳大利亚土著居民可能拥有独特的口腔微生物群,这是由于他们与国家(祖先家园)的长期关系形成的。我们的研究结果对理解口服和系统性非传染性疾病的起源以及将土著人民纳入微生物群研究具有重要意义,突出了微生物群作为改善土著健康的新研究领域。
{"title":"Heritage-specific oral microbiota in Indigenous Australian dental calculus.","authors":"Matilda Handsley-Davis, Kostas Kapellas, Lisa M Jamieson, Joanne Hedges, Emily Skelly, John Kaidonis, Poppy Anastassiadis, Laura S Weyrich","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders (hereafter respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians) experience a high burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Increased NCD risk is linked to oral diseases mediated by the oral microbiota, a microbial community influenced by both vertical transmission and lifestyle factors. As an initial step towards understanding the oral microbiota as a factor in Indigenous health, we present the first investigation of oral microbiota in Indigenous Australian adults.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Dental calculus samples from Indigenous Australians with periodontal disease (PD; <i>n</i> = 13) and non-Indigenous individuals both with (<i>n</i> = 19) and without PD (<i>n</i> = 20) were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity, differentially abundant microbial taxa and taxa unique to different participant groups were analysed using QIIME2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Samples from Indigenous Australians were more phylogenetically diverse (Kruskal-Wallis <i>H</i> = 19.86, <i>P</i> = 8.3 × 10<sup>-6</sup>), differed significantly in composition from non-Indigenous samples (PERMANOVA pseudo-<i>F</i> = 10.42, <i>P</i> = 0.001) and contained a relatively high proportion of unique taxa not previously reported in the human oral microbiota (e.g. Endomicrobia). These patterns were robust to stratification by PD status. Oral microbiota diversity and composition also differed between Indigenous individuals living in different geographic regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Indigenous Australians may harbour unique oral microbiota shaped by their long relationships with Country (ancestral homelands). Our findings have implications for understanding the origins of oral and systemic NCDs and for the inclusion of Indigenous peoples in microbiota research, highlighting the microbiota as a novel field of enquiry to improve Indigenous health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33442130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-04eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac029
Akanksha A Marphatia, Naomi S Saville, Dharma S Manandhar, Mario Cortina-Borja, Alice M Reid, Jonathan C K Wells
Background and objectives: Evolutionary research on the sex ratio at birth (SRB) has focused on explaining variability within and between populations, and whether parental fitness is maximized by producing daughters or sons. We tested predictors of SRB in a low-income setting, to understand whether girls differ from boys in their likelihood of being born into families with the capacity to invest in them, which has implications for their future health and fitness.
Methodology: We used data from a cluster randomized control trial from lowland rural Nepal (16 115 mother-child dyads). We applied principal component analysis to extract two composite indices reflecting maternal socio-economic and reproductive (parity, age) capital. We fitted mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios of having a girl in association with these individual factors and indices.
Results: The SRB was 112. Compared to the global reference SRB (105), there were seven missing girls per 100 boys. Uneducated, early-marrying, poorer and shorter mothers were more likely to give birth to girls. Analysing composite maternal indices, lower socio-economic and reproductive capital were independently associated with a greater likelihood of having a girl.
Conclusions and implications: In this population, girls start life facing composite disadvantages, being more likely than boys to be born to mothers with lower socio-economic status and reproductive capital. Both physiological and behavioural mechanisms may contribute to these epidemiological associations. Differential early exposure by sex to maternal factors may underpin intergenerational cycles of gender inequality, mediated by developmental trajectory, education and socio-economic status.
{"title":"Girls start life on an uneven playing field: Evidence from lowland rural Nepal.","authors":"Akanksha A Marphatia, Naomi S Saville, Dharma S Manandhar, Mario Cortina-Borja, Alice M Reid, Jonathan C K Wells","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Evolutionary research on the sex ratio at birth (SRB) has focused on explaining variability within and between populations, and whether parental fitness is maximized by producing daughters or sons. We tested predictors of SRB in a low-income setting, to understand whether girls differ from boys in their likelihood of being born into families with the capacity to invest in them, which has implications for their future health and fitness.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We used data from a cluster randomized control trial from lowland rural Nepal (16 115 mother-child dyads). We applied principal component analysis to extract two composite indices reflecting maternal socio-economic and reproductive (parity, age) capital. We fitted mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios of having a girl in association with these individual factors and indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SRB was 112. Compared to the global reference SRB (105), there were seven missing girls per 100 boys. Uneducated, early-marrying, poorer and shorter mothers were more likely to give birth to girls. Analysing composite maternal indices, lower socio-economic and reproductive capital were independently associated with a greater likelihood of having a girl.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>In this population, girls start life facing composite disadvantages, being more likely than boys to be born to mothers with lower socio-economic status and reproductive capital. Both physiological and behavioural mechanisms may contribute to these epidemiological associations. Differential early exposure by sex to maternal factors may underpin intergenerational cycles of gender inequality, mediated by developmental trajectory, education and socio-economic status.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9384836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40628666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-03eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac028
Nicole Guiso, Benoit Soubeyrand, Denis Macina
Some vaccines, such as diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines (aPVs), may favor the emergence of less pathogenic strains of the respective bacteria they target. This review discusses the impact of the wide use of aPV on Bordetella pertussis phenotype evolutions and their beneficial consequences in the light of the diphtheria toxoid immunization program experience and structuring evidence review in a causal analysis following Bradford Hill's causality criteria. All aPVs contain the pertussis toxin (PT), the main virulence factor of B.pertussis, alone or with one adhesin (filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)), two adhesins (FHA and pertactin (PRN)) or four adhesins (FHA, PRN and two fimbriae (Fim 2/3)). In countries where the coverage of aPVs containing PRN is high, PRN negative B.pertussis isolates are increasing in prevalence, but isolates nonproducing the other antigens are rarely reported. We hypothesize that the selective pressure at play with PRN should exist against all aVP antigens, although detection biases may hinder its detection for other antigens, especially PT. PT being responsible for clinically frank cases of the disease, the opportunity to collect PT negative isolates is far lower than to collect PRN negative isolates which have a limited clinical impact. The replacement of the current B.pertussis by far less pathogenic isolates no longer producing the factors contained in aPVs should be expected as a consequence of the wide aPV use.
{"title":"Can vaccines control bacterial virulence and pathogenicity? <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>: the advantage of fitness over virulence.","authors":"Nicole Guiso, Benoit Soubeyrand, Denis Macina","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoac028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some vaccines, such as diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines (aPVs), may favor the emergence of less pathogenic strains of the respective bacteria they target. This review discusses the impact of the wide use of aPV on <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> phenotype evolutions and their beneficial consequences in the light of the diphtheria toxoid immunization program experience and structuring evidence review in a causal analysis following Bradford Hill's causality criteria. All aPVs contain the pertussis toxin (PT), the main virulence factor of <i>B.pertussis</i>, alone or with one adhesin (filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA)), two adhesins (FHA and pertactin (PRN)) or four adhesins (FHA, PRN and two fimbriae (Fim 2/3)). In countries where the coverage of aPVs containing PRN is high, PRN negative <i>B.pertussis</i> isolates are increasing in prevalence, but isolates nonproducing the other antigens are rarely reported. We hypothesize that the selective pressure at play with PRN should exist against all aVP antigens, although detection biases may hinder its detection for other antigens, especially PT. PT being responsible for clinically frank cases of the disease, the opportunity to collect PT negative isolates is far lower than to collect PRN negative isolates which have a limited clinical impact. The replacement of the current <i>B.pertussis</i> by far less pathogenic isolates no longer producing the factors contained in aPVs should be expected as a consequence of the wide aPV use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33442129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-26eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac027
Lora L Iannotti, Emmanuel A Gyimah, Miranda Reid, Melissa Chapnick, Mary Kate Cartmill, Chessa K Lutter, Charles Hilton, Theresa E Gildner, Elizabeth A Quinn
Dietary patterns spanning millennia could inform contemporary public health nutrition. Children are largely absent from evidence describing diets throughout human evolution, despite prevalent malnutrition today signaling a potential genome-environment divergence. This systematic review aimed to identify dietary patterns of children ages 6 months to 10 years consumed before the widespread adoption of agriculture. Metrics of mention frequency (counts of food types reported) and food groups (globally standardized categories) were applied to: compare diets across subsistence modes [gatherer-hunter-fisher (GHF), early agriculture (EA) groups]; examine diet quality and diversity; and characterize differences by life course phase and environmental context defined using Köppen-Geiger climate zones. The review yielded child diet information from 95 cultural groups (52 from GHF; 43 from EA/mixed subsistence groups). Animal foods (terrestrial and aquatic) were the most frequently mentioned food groups in dietary patterns across subsistence modes, though at higher frequencies in GHF than in EA. A broad range of fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers were more common in GHF, while children from EA groups consumed more cereals than GHF, associated with poor health consequences as reported in some studies. Forty-eight studies compared diets across life course phases: 28 showed differences and 20 demonstrated similarities in child versus adult diets. Climate zone was a driver of food patterns provisioned from local ecosystems. Evidence from Homo sapiens evolution points to the need for nutrient-dense foods with high quality proteins and greater variety within and across food groups. Public health solutions could integrate these findings into food-based dietary guidelines for children.
{"title":"Child dietary patterns in <i>Homo sapiens</i> evolution: A systematic review.","authors":"Lora L Iannotti, Emmanuel A Gyimah, Miranda Reid, Melissa Chapnick, Mary Kate Cartmill, Chessa K Lutter, Charles Hilton, Theresa E Gildner, Elizabeth A Quinn","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoac027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary patterns spanning millennia could inform contemporary public health nutrition. Children are largely absent from evidence describing diets throughout human evolution, despite prevalent malnutrition today signaling a potential genome-environment divergence. This systematic review aimed to identify dietary patterns of children ages 6 months to 10 years consumed before the widespread adoption of agriculture. Metrics of mention frequency (counts of food types reported) and food groups (globally standardized categories) were applied to: compare diets across subsistence modes [gatherer-hunter-fisher (GHF), early agriculture (EA) groups]; examine diet quality and diversity; and characterize differences by life course phase and environmental context defined using Köppen-Geiger climate zones. The review yielded child diet information from 95 cultural groups (52 from GHF; 43 from EA/mixed subsistence groups). Animal foods (terrestrial and aquatic) were the most frequently mentioned food groups in dietary patterns across subsistence modes, though at higher frequencies in GHF than in EA. A broad range of fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers were more common in GHF, while children from EA groups consumed more cereals than GHF, associated with poor health consequences as reported in some studies. Forty-eight studies compared diets across life course phases: 28 showed differences and 20 demonstrated similarities in child versus adult diets. Climate zone was a driver of food patterns provisioned from local ecosystems. Evidence from <i>Homo sapiens</i> evolution points to the need for nutrient-dense foods with high quality proteins and greater variety within and across food groups. Public health solutions could integrate these findings into food-based dietary guidelines for children.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9415195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40332027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac025
Jonathan C K Wells, Akanksha A Marphatia, Dharma S Manandhar, Mario Cortina-Borja, Alice M Reid, Naomi S Saville
Background and objectives: Women's nutritional status is important for their health and reproductive fitness. In a population where early marriage is common, we investigated how women's nutritional status is associated with their age at marriage (marking a geographical transfer between households), and at first pregnancy.
Methodology: We used data from a cluster-randomized control trial from lowland Nepal (n = 4071). Outcomes including body mass index (BMI) were measured in early pregnancy and trial endpoint, after delivery. We fitted mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models to estimate associations of age at marriage and age at pregnancy with outcomes, and with odds of chronic energy deficiency (CED, BMI <18.5 kg/m2), at both timepoints.
Results: BMI in early pregnancy averaged 20.9 kg/m2, with CED prevalence of 12.5%. In 750 women measured twice, BMI declined 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 1.3) kg/m2 between early pregnancy and endpoint, when CED prevalence was 35.5%. Early pregnancy was associated in dose-response manner with poorer nutritional status. Early marriage was independently associated with poorer nutritional status among those pregnant ≤15 years, but with better nutritional status among those pregnant ≥19 years.
Conclusions and implications: The primary determinant of nutritional status was age at pregnancy, but this association also varied by marriage age. Our results suggest that natal households may marry their daughters earlier if food insecure, but that their nutritional status can improve in the marital household if pregnancy is delayed. Marriage age therefore determines which household funds adolescent weight gain, with implications for Darwinian fitness of the members of both households.
{"title":"Associations of age at marriage and first pregnancy with maternal nutritional status in Nepal.","authors":"Jonathan C K Wells, Akanksha A Marphatia, Dharma S Manandhar, Mario Cortina-Borja, Alice M Reid, Naomi S Saville","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac025","DOIUrl":"10.1093/emph/eoac025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Women's nutritional status is important for their health and reproductive fitness. In a population where early marriage is common, we investigated how women's nutritional status is associated with their age at marriage (marking a geographical transfer between households), and at first pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We used data from a cluster-randomized control trial from lowland Nepal (<i>n</i> = 4071). Outcomes including body mass index (BMI) were measured in early pregnancy and trial endpoint, after delivery. We fitted mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models to estimate associations of age at marriage and age at pregnancy with outcomes, and with odds of chronic energy deficiency (CED, BMI <18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), at both timepoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BMI in early pregnancy averaged 20.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, with CED prevalence of 12.5%. In 750 women measured twice, BMI declined 1.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 1.3) kg/m<sup>2</sup> between early pregnancy and endpoint, when CED prevalence was 35.5%. Early pregnancy was associated in dose-response manner with poorer nutritional status. Early marriage was independently associated with poorer nutritional status among those pregnant ≤15 years, but with better nutritional status among those pregnant ≥19 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>The primary determinant of nutritional status was age at pregnancy, but this association also varied by marriage age. Our results suggest that natal households may marry their daughters earlier if food insecure, but that their nutritional status can improve in the marital household if pregnancy is delayed. Marriage age therefore determines which household funds adolescent weight gain, with implications for Darwinian fitness of the members of both households.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9346504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40588313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac026
Rachel L Miller, Angela McLaughlin, Richard H Liang, John Harding, Jason Wong, Anh Q Le, Chanson J Brumme, Julio S G Montaner, Jeffrey B Joy
Background and objectives: Public health officials faced with a large number of transmission clusters require a rapid, scalable and unbiased way to prioritize distribution of limited resources to maximize benefits. We hypothesize that transmission cluster prioritization based on phylogenetically derived lineage-level diversification rates will perform as well as or better than commonly used growth-based prioritization measures, without need for historical data or subjective interpretation.
Methodology: 9822 HIV pol sequences collected during routine drug resistance genotyping were used alongside simulated sequence data to infer sets of phylogenetic transmission clusters via patristic distance threshold. Prioritized clusters inferred from empirical data were compared to those prioritized by the current public health protocols. Prioritization of simulated clusters was evaluated based on correlation of a given prioritization measure with future cluster growth, as well as the number of direct downstream transmissions from cluster members.
Results: Empirical data suggest diversification rate-based measures perform comparably to growth-based measures in recreating public heath prioritization choices. However, unbiased simulated data reveals phylogenetic diversification rate-based measures perform better in predicting future cluster growth relative to growth-based measures, particularly long-term growth. Diversification rate-based measures also display advantages over growth-based measures in highlighting groups with greater future transmission events compared to random groups of the same size. Furthermore, diversification rate measures were notably more robust to effects of decreased sampling proportion.
Conclusions and implications: Our findings indicate diversification rate-based measures frequently outperform growth-based measures in predicting future cluster growth and offer several additional advantages beneficial to optimizing the public health prioritization process.
{"title":"Phylogenetic prioritization of HIV-1 transmission clusters with viral lineage-level diversification rates.","authors":"Rachel L Miller, Angela McLaughlin, Richard H Liang, John Harding, Jason Wong, Anh Q Le, Chanson J Brumme, Julio S G Montaner, Jeffrey B Joy","doi":"10.1093/emph/eoac026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Public health officials faced with a large number of transmission clusters require a rapid, scalable and unbiased way to prioritize distribution of limited resources to maximize benefits. We hypothesize that transmission cluster prioritization based on phylogenetically derived lineage-level diversification rates will perform as well as or better than commonly used growth-based prioritization measures, without need for historical data or subjective interpretation.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>9822 HIV pol sequences collected during routine drug resistance genotyping were used alongside simulated sequence data to infer sets of phylogenetic transmission clusters via patristic distance threshold. Prioritized clusters inferred from empirical data were compared to those prioritized by the current public health protocols. Prioritization of simulated clusters was evaluated based on correlation of a given prioritization measure with future cluster growth, as well as the number of direct downstream transmissions from cluster members.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Empirical data suggest diversification rate-based measures perform comparably to growth-based measures in recreating public heath prioritization choices. However, unbiased simulated data reveals phylogenetic diversification rate-based measures perform better in predicting future cluster growth relative to growth-based measures, particularly long-term growth. Diversification rate-based measures also display advantages over growth-based measures in highlighting groups with greater future transmission events compared to random groups of the same size. Furthermore, diversification rate measures were notably more robust to effects of decreased sampling proportion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Our findings indicate diversification rate-based measures frequently outperform growth-based measures in predicting future cluster growth and offer several additional advantages beneficial to optimizing the public health prioritization process.</p>","PeriodicalId":12156,"journal":{"name":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9311310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40554594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}