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Collaborative Innovation for Sustainable Fleet Operations: The Electric Vehicle Adoption Decision 可持续车队运营的协同创新:电动汽车采用决策
Pub Date : 2011-04-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1791623
Vanessa Chocteau, D. Drake, P. Kleindorfer, Renato J. Orsato, A. Roset
The Paul Dubrule Chaired Professor of Sustainable Development, Distinguished ResearchProfessor at INSEAD Social Innovation Centre, Boulevard de Constance, 77305 Fontainebleau,France and Anheuser-Busch Professor Emeritus of Management Science and Public Policy,The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Ph: +33 (0) 1 60 72 91 28 Email: paul.kleindorfer@insead.edu
Paul Dubrule可持续发展讲座教授,法国枫丹白露大道77305号欧洲工商管理学院社会创新中心杰出研究教授,宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院安海斯-布希管理科学与公共政策荣誉教授Ph: +33(0) 1 60 72 91 28电子邮件:paul.kleindorfer@insead.edu
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引用次数: 15
Impact of Performance-Based Contracting on Product Reliability: An Empirical Analysis 绩效契约对产品可靠性影响的实证分析
Pub Date : 2011-04-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1807049
Jose A. Guajardo, Morris A. Cohen, Sang‐Hyun Kim, Serguei Netessine
Using a proprietary data set provided by a major manufacturer of aircraft engines, we empirically investigate how product reliability is impacted by the use of two different types of after-sales maintenance support contracts: time and material contracts (T&MC) and performance-based contracts (PBC). We offer a number of competing arguments based on the theory of incentives that establish why product reliability may increase or decrease under PBC. We build a two-stage econometric model that explicitly accounts for the endogeneity of contract choices, and find evidence of a positive and significant effect of PBC on product reliability. The estimation of our model indicates that product reliability is higher by 25%--40% under PBC compared to under T&MC, once the endogeneity of contract choice is taken into account. Our results are consistent with two mechanisms for reliability improvement under PBC: more frequent scheduled maintenance and better care performed in each maintenance event. This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
使用一家大型飞机发动机制造商提供的专有数据集,我们实证研究了使用两种不同类型的售后维护支持合同:时间和材料合同(T&MC)和基于性能的合同(PBC)如何影响产品可靠性。我们提供了一些基于激励理论的竞争性论点,这些理论建立了为什么产品可靠性可能在PBC下增加或减少。我们建立了一个两阶段的计量经济模型,明确地说明了合同选择的内质性,并找到了PBC对产品可靠性的积极和显著影响的证据。我们的模型估计表明,一旦考虑到合同选择的内生性,PBC下的产品可靠性比T&MC下的产品可靠性高25%- 40%。我们的研究结果与PBC下可靠性改善的两种机制是一致的:更频繁的定期维护和每次维护事件中更好的护理。这篇论文被运营管理的Martin Lariviere接受。
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引用次数: 228
Demographics: The Ratio of Revolution 人口统计学:革命的比率
Pub Date : 2011-03-31 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1799868
David R. Munro, Claudia Zeisberger
The demographic metrics and inflationary circumstances that framed the January 2011 revolution in Egypt’s Tahrir Square were almost identical to those prevailing in Japan during their violent 1968 student-led revolts, in the United States when millions demonstrated against the Vietnam War in the late 1960s to early 1970s and in China when hundreds of thousands converged on Tiananmen Square in 1989. Disenchantment by growing numbers of unemployed youth develops into anti-government revolutionary potential when rapidly rising inflation enters the picture. This paper identifies time periods when two demographic metrics suggest a nation is ripe for revolution.
2011年1月埃及解放广场(Tahrir Square)革命的人口统计指标和通胀环境,几乎与日本1968年学生领导的暴力反抗活动、上世纪60年代末至70年代初美国数百万人反对越南战争的示威活动,以及1989年中国数十万人聚集在天安门广场的示威活动如出一辙。越来越多的失业青年的觉醒,在迅速上升的通货膨胀出现时,发展成为反政府革命的潜力。本文确定了两项人口统计指标表明一个国家革命时机成熟的时期。
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引用次数: 2
Do Maximizers Predict Better than Satisficers? 最大化者比满足者预测得更好吗?
Pub Date : 2011-02-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1754927
Kriti Jain, J. N. Bearden, A. Filipowicz
We examined the relationship between maximizing (i.e. seeking the best) versus satisficing (i.e.seeking the good enough) tendencies and forecasting ability in a real-world prediction task: forecasting the outcomes of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In Studies 1 and 2, participants gave probabilistic forecasts for the outcomes of the tournament, and also completed a measure of maximizing tendencies. We found that although maximizers expected themselves to outperform others much more than satisficers, they actually forecasted more poorly. Hence, on net, they were more overconfident. The differences in forecasting abilities seem to be driven by the maximizers’ tendency to give more variable probability estimates. In Study 3, participants played a betting task where they could select between safe and uncertain gambles linked to World Cup outcomes. Again, maximizers did more poorly and earned less, because of a higher variance in their responses. This research contributes to the growing literature on maximizing tendencies by expanding the range of objective outcomes over which maximizing has an influence, and further showing that there may be substantial upside to being a satisficer.
我们在现实世界的预测任务中研究了最大化(即寻求最好的)与满足(即寻求足够好的)倾向和预测能力之间的关系:预测2010年FIFA世界杯的结果。在研究1和研究2中,参与者给出了比赛结果的概率预测,并完成了最大化趋势的测量。我们发现,尽管最大化者期望自己比满足者表现得更好,但实际上他们的预期更差。因此,在网上,他们更过于自信。预测能力的差异似乎是由最大化者倾向于给出更多可变概率估计所驱动的。在研究3中,参与者进行了一项赌博任务,他们可以在与世界杯结果有关的安全赌博和不确定赌博之间进行选择。同样,最大化者表现得更差,赚得更少,因为他们的反应差异更大。这项研究通过扩大最大化所影响的客观结果的范围,为越来越多的关于最大化倾向的文献做出了贡献,并进一步表明,成为一个满足者可能有很大的好处。
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引用次数: 17
Individual Producer Responsibility: A Review of Practical Approaches to Implementing Individual Producer Responsibility for the WEEE Directive 个人生产者责任:对WEEE指令实施个人生产者责任的实际方法的回顾
Pub Date : 2010-10-27 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1698695
A. Atasu, R. Lifset, J. Linnell, Jonathan Perry, Viktor Sundberg, C. Mayers, M. Dempsey, L. V. Van Wassenhove, Chris van Rossem, J. Gregory, Anders Sverkman, M. Therkelsen, H. Kalimo
This report documents the interim findings of the INSEAD IPR Network in relation to investigating practical solutions enabling implementation of Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR) for the WEEE Directive. The INSEAD IPR Network is a partnership of producers, academics and technical specialists from across the world working to identify, explore and develop practical solutions to IPR. The network is a project co-ordinated by the International graduate business school, INSEAD. Members and authors of this report are listed in Appendix 1. Article 8.2 of the European WEEE (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive establishes individual producer responsibility for the recycling of products put on the market after 13 August 2005. Making each producer responsible for financing the end-of-life costs of their own products is intended to enable end-of-life costs to be fed back to each individual producer. By modifications to the product design, the producer can directly influence the end of life cost. Without Individual Producer Responsibility these incentives for design improvements are lost. This report demonstrates that there are already a range of approaches to Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) that have been implemented across the world; many of which attempt to account to a greater or lesser degree for the products and brands of each producer. Oekopol (2007) already noted the development of such approaches, in contrast to the more prevalent collective market-share based implementations (Collective Producer Responsibility – or CPR). In their recent report to the European Commission, Oekopol stated: ‘The alternatives are, in light of on-going efforts of producers, highly feasible.’
本报告记录了欧洲工商管理学院知识产权网络在调查实现WEEE指令个人生产者责任(IPR)的实际解决方案方面的中期调查结果。欧洲工商管理学院知识产权网络是一个由来自世界各地的生产者、学者和技术专家组成的伙伴关系,致力于确定、探索和开发知识产权的实际解决方案。该网络是由国际研究生商学院欧洲工商管理学院(INSEAD)协调的一个项目。本报告的成员和作者列于附录1。欧洲WEEE(来自电气和电子设备的废物)指令第8.2条规定了2005年8月13日之后投放市场的产品的回收责任。让每个生产商负责为自己产品的报废成本融资,目的是使报废成本能够反馈给每个生产商。通过对产品设计的修改,生产者可以直接影响产品的报废成本。如果没有个人生产者责任,这些设计改进的动机就会消失。该报告表明,世界各地已经实施了一系列关于废弃电子电气设备(WEEE)的生产者延伸责任(EPR)的方法;其中许多试图或多或少地解释每个生产商的产品和品牌。Oekopol(2007)已经注意到这种方法的发展,与更普遍的基于集体市场份额的实施(集体生产者责任-或CPR)形成对比。Oekopol在最近提交给欧盟委员会的报告中表示:“考虑到生产商的持续努力,替代方案是非常可行的。”
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引用次数: 42
An Operational Mechanism Design for Fleet Management Coordination in Humanitarian Operations 人道主义行动中舰队管理协调的运行机制设计
Pub Date : 2010-10-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1698186
Alfonso Pedraza Martinez, Sameer Hasija, L. V. Van Wassenhove
We study incentive alignment to coordinate operations in humanitarian settings. Our research focuses on transportation, the second largest overhead cost to humanitarian organizations after personnel. Motivated by field research, we study the fleet size problem from a managerial perspective. In terms of transportation, the objective of humanitarian Programs is to have a vehicle available whenever it's needed; the bigger the fleet, the higher the availability (the lower the cost of delay). On the other hand, the bigger the fleet, the higher the fleet cost. Fleet cost is the responsibility of the National Logistics. The different focus of the Programs and the National Logistics creates misaligned incentives that may lead to sub-optimal performance of a decentralized system. At the top of the system, the Headquarter must design incentive mechanisms to balance the operating cost of the fleet with the equity cost represented by cost of delay. The incentive alignment issue is complex in a humanitarian setting as traditional instruments based on financial rewards and penalties are not considered as viable options. The problem is complicated further by information asymmetry in the system due to the disperse geographical location of Programs, National Logistics and Headquarter. We propose a novel mechanism design for the incentive alignment problem where the Programs have private information regarding their true transportation needs. This study contributes to the humanitarian logistics literature and to the incentives in operations management literature.
我们研究在人道主义环境下协调行动的激励机制。我们的研究重点是运输,这是人道主义组织仅次于人员的第二大间接成本。在实地调研的激励下,我们从管理的角度研究了机队规模问题。在交通方面,人道主义项目的目标是在需要的时候有一辆车可用;机队越大,可用性越高(延迟成本越低)。另一方面,舰队规模越大,舰队成本越高。车队费用由国家物流负责。计划和国家物流的不同重点造成了不一致的激励,可能导致分散系统的次优性能。在系统的顶层,总部必须设计激励机制来平衡车队的运营成本和以延迟成本为代表的权益成本。在人道主义环境中,激励协调问题是复杂的,因为基于财务奖惩的传统工具不被认为是可行的选择。由于项目、国家物流和总部的地理位置分散,系统中的信息不对称使问题进一步复杂化。我们提出了一种新的机制设计,用于激励对齐问题,其中计划具有关于其真实运输需求的私人信息。本研究对人道主义物流文献及营运管理激励文献有贡献。
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引用次数: 30
Developing Leaders and Leadership Development 发展领导者和领导力发展
Pub Date : 2010-09-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1684001
M. Kets de Vries, Konstantin Korotov
In this introduction to a book on leadership development, we argue that leaders in the 21st century need to recognize that building their organization’s leadership capabilities is going to be a major differentiator for future success. We emphasize that organizations that do not have properly structured leadership development processes in place will be at a disadvantage. Organizations that take leadership development seriously outperform the competition. Furthermore, we also put forth that as the world is changing, leadership is no longer defined by what a single leader does (the “Great Man” trait theories) but by the ability to collaborate, motivate and to manage networks. In this day and age of highly diverse teams, matrix structures, and global organizations, the talent in network building is key to creating collaborative teams and a boundaryless organization. We suggest that due to the changing nature of organizations — a more distributed view of leadership will be needed thus shifting the focus from the traditional single leader to an intricate and complex web of leaders who possess a range of abilities and experiences necessary to ensure that the leadership function is carried out to the benefit of the wider organisation. From what we have learned from our own experience, we argue that the best approach to developing leaders is through various forms of self-assessment, action learning, and apprenticeship activities. Furthermore, with the emergence of the knowledge economy, we explore the fact that companies are now playing an increasingly active role in the continued education of their own workforce — one example being the creation of corporate universities. In this context, we also discuss the leadership development ‘toolbox’ that is needed to make leadership development activities a success. Some of the more commonly used tools in this toolbox include classroom lectures, leadership exercises, an outdoor adventure training, case analyses, simulations, and 360-degree evaluations (which is basically a technique involving the evaluation of leader by his/her boss, peers, subordinates and the leader himself/herself).
在这本关于领导力发展的书的引言中,我们认为,21世纪的领导者需要认识到,建立组织的领导能力将是未来成功的主要区别因素。我们强调,没有适当结构的领导力发展流程的组织将处于不利地位。重视领导力发展的组织会在竞争中胜出。此外,我们还提出,随着世界的变化,领导力不再由单个领导者所做的事情(“伟人”特质理论)来定义,而是由合作、激励和管理网络的能力来定义。在这个高度多元化的团队、矩阵结构和全球组织的时代,网络建设方面的人才是创建协作团队和无边界组织的关键。我们建议,由于组织性质的变化,将需要一种更分散的领导力观点,从而将重点从传统的单一领导者转移到一个错综复杂的领导者网络,这些领导者拥有一系列必要的能力和经验,以确保领导职能的实施,使更广泛的组织受益。根据我们自己的经验,我们认为培养领导者的最佳方法是通过各种形式的自我评估、行动学习和学徒活动。此外,随着知识经济的出现,我们探讨了这样一个事实,即企业现在在其员工的继续教育中发挥着越来越积极的作用——企业大学的创建就是一个例子。在此背景下,我们还讨论了领导力发展“工具箱”,这是使领导力发展活动取得成功所需要的。在这个工具箱中,一些更常用的工具包括课堂讲座、领导力练习、户外冒险训练、案例分析、模拟和360度评估(这基本上是一种涉及老板、同事、下属和领导者本人对领导者进行评估的技术)。
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引用次数: 25
Always Cola, Rarely Essential Medicines: Comparing Medicine and Consumer Product Supply Chains in the Developing World 总是可乐,很少有基本药物:比较发展中国家的药品和消费品供应链
Pub Date : 2010-08-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1656386
Prashant Yadav, Orla Stapleton, L. V. Van Wassenhove
The World Health Organization estimates that almost a third of the world’s population still lacks access to essential medicines. The distribution network for medicines is ineffective and inefficient in many developing countries. Discussions often centre on why the medicines supply chain cannot replicate the supply chain for consumer products and beverages. There is little understanding of the similarities and differences between the two supply chains. This article compares these two supply chains in developing countries from a structural and incentive perspective. It illustrates the complexity of medicine supply chains, and highlights the important differences between these and consumer beverage (soft drink) supply chains.
世界卫生组织估计,世界上近三分之一的人口仍然无法获得基本药物。在许多发展中国家,药品分销网络无效且效率低下。讨论往往集中在药品供应链为什么不能复制消费品和饮料供应链上。人们对这两条供应链之间的相同点和不同点知之甚少。本文从结构和激励的角度对发展中国家的这两种供应链进行了比较。它说明了药品供应链的复杂性,并强调了这些供应链与消费者饮料(软饮料)供应链之间的重要区别。
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引用次数: 21
When Family Businesses are Best 当家族企业最好的时候
Pub Date : 2010-06-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1622605
Randel S. Carlock
Families are about caring and businesses are about money - not a likely formula for a successful partnership. Unfortunately those are the facts and family enterprises around the world have found that planning for these two often-conflicting systems is critical to family harmony and business success. The theme of this article is that business families need a planning approach that provides rigor and consistency to drive their thinking, strategies and actions for the family and business systems. We advocate a parallel process-driven approach because the systems need to be aligned. In addition, focusing on process (how they do it) rather than content (what they do) better reflects the needs of different cultures, family experiences and economic systems. When a family works together to craft their own strategies based on their situation and family goals it creates commitment and a unity of purpose.
家庭关心的是关爱,企业关心的是金钱——不太可能形成成功的伙伴关系。不幸的是,这些都是事实,世界各地的家族企业发现,为这两个经常相互冲突的系统进行规划对家庭和谐和企业成功至关重要。本文的主题是,企业家族需要一种规划方法,这种方法提供了严谨性和一致性,以驱动他们对家族和企业系统的思考、战略和行动。我们提倡并行流程驱动的方法,因为系统需要对齐。此外,注重过程(他们如何做)而不是内容(他们做了什么)更好地反映了不同文化、家庭经历和经济制度的需求。当一个家庭根据自己的情况和家庭目标共同制定自己的策略时,就会产生承诺和统一的目标。
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引用次数: 28
The Challenges of Matching Private Sector Donations to the Humanitarian Needs and the Role of Brokers 将私营部门捐款与人道主义需求相匹配的挑战和经纪人的作用
Pub Date : 2010-06-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1427171
R. Tomasini, Orla Stapleton, L. V. Van Wassenhove
Based on prior research, we identify the advantages and disadvantages of different types of corporate donations to humanitarian response efforts. In this paper, we focus on the cash donation process of corporate donors to humanitarian organizations in the aftermath of a disaster. We find that in this context of high uncertainty and information asymmetry, the appeals and donations process presents significant challenges to both the donor and the recipient organizations. We discuss the role of broker organizations in addressing these challenges and expediting the donation process. We also suggest areas for further research on this topic.
基于先前的研究,我们确定了不同类型的企业捐赠对人道主义救援工作的利弊。在本文中,我们关注的是企业捐助者在灾难发生后向人道主义组织捐赠现金的过程。我们发现,在这种高度不确定性和信息不对称的背景下,呼吁和捐赠过程对捐赠组织和受赠组织都提出了重大挑战。我们讨论了经纪人组织在应对这些挑战和加快捐赠过程中的作用。我们还就这一主题提出了进一步研究的领域。
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引用次数: 8
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INSEAD Working Paper Series
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