European Scientific Journal, ESJ最新文献

{"title":"A Systemic Functional Analysis of Wole Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman","authors":"Issa Djimet, Kouago Abdoulaye, Guideng Kertemar Aubin","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is about the systemic functional analysis of Wole Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman, on the basis of the postulate that African classical literary works connote some significant functions. The methodology used in this analysis is the mixed method approach, which is a combination of both quantitative and qualitative linguistic data. Two extracts are therefore selected from the play on a qualitative basis, taking into account the relevance of the exchange in terms of information and the characters involved in the exchange. These are split into numbered and analyzable units referred to as clauses in which the various mood components are meticulously and quantitatively identified. The results reveal that the extracts are essentially concerned with propositions, that is, the exchange of information about the rite. Some services are realized through proposals. Modal variables are profusely used in the extracts under consideration, highlighting interlocutors’  various attitudes and judgments regarding the traditional ritual of the king’s horseman death. The analysis of the exchange has uncovered the pecking order defined by the colonial administrators whose behaviors are profoundly marked by prejudices regarding the rite. Thus, Soyinka’s play functions as a tool for information and education about the African worldview.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation de l’Alimentation Séquentielle à Base d’une Ration Contenant des Feuilles de Manioc Post -Récolte (Manihot esculenta) sur les Performances Zootechniques des Poulets de Chair Standard en Finition","authors":"J. R. Guembo, P. Adzona, V. v., P. E. Pepah, J. B. Bati, B.H. Mantsanga, A. J. Saboukoulou, H. Banga-Mboko","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p218","url":null,"abstract":"Après la récolte des tubercules, les feuilles de manioc sont  abandonnées  dans les champs. Elles sont une source en protéines brutes  en alimentation séquentielle chez la volaille. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer les performances des poulets de chair nourris avec un aliment à base de ces feuilles dans un mode de distribution séquentiel. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un échantillon de 60 poulets de la souche COBB 500 âgés de 26 jours  a été  réparti  en deux lots (témoin et traité). Les oiseaux du lot témoin ont été nourris avec un aliment contenant 5 % de farine de manioc servi dans une seule mangeoire alors que ceux du lot traité ont reçu  dans une première mangeoire les ingrédients riches en énergie  et dans une seconde mangeoire des éléments riches en protéines brutes et en minéraux. Les deux mangeoires ont été placées dans le poulailler à un intervalle de 4 heures. Le traitement  n’a induit aucune mortalité  et n’ a pas affecté le poids vif final. Cependant, l’alimentation séquentielle a amélioré significativement (p ˂ 0,05)  la consommation d’eau en S6 (680ml/sujet vs780ml), et   la consommation  des feuilles  de manioc en fin d’expérimentation (9,4g/sujet vs 11,20g)  L’alimentation séquentielle a également  amélioré  le GMQ final (38g/jour vs 61g) et  l’indice de consommation final (4,8 vs 3,11). L’économie des matières azotées en phase de finition a permis un gain de 112,13 F CFA/sujet chez les traités. L’incorporation des feuilles de manioc en mode séquentiel apporte une plus-value en aviculture tropicale. \u0000  \u0000After harvesting the tubers, the waste cassava leave are left over the fields. They may constitute a source of crude proteins in sequential feeding for poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the performances of broiler fed with diet- based cassava leaf,   by using a sequential distribution. A sample of 60 chickens of COBB 500 strain, 26 days old was divided into two groups (control and treatment). The birds of  control group  were fed with diet containing  5% of flour of  cassava leaf distributed in a single throughout  whereas those of the treatment  group received in a first feeder  ingredients  more rich in Kcal  and   in  a second feeder  more rich in crude proteins and minerals. The two feeders were placed in the hen house with a 4 hours interval. The treatment did not induce any mortality and does not have affected the final live weight. However, the sequential feeding improved (p ˂ 0. 05) water consumption at week 6 (680ml/broiler vs 780ml), and the leaf consumption at the end of the experimentation (9.4g/broiler vs 11,20g). The sequential feeding also improved the final DGW (38g/day vs 61g) and the final index of consumption (4.8 vs 3.11). The best use of crude proteins in sequential feeding allowed a profit of 112.13 F CFA/broiler. The incorporation of waste leaf cassava in poultry diets in a sequential feeding is useful in poultry production in tropical farming.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obstacles to Development of Entrepreneurship in Pakistan","authors":"Noor Alam, Jovan Shopovski, Aicha El Alaoui","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p52","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to examine the obstacles to entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The study has adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach through descriptive approach. It conducted in-depth interviews and group discussions with mid and senior-level managements of SMEs and non-SMEs, as well as think tanks and students from relevant disciplines. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were followed by using Likert Scales for robustness in findings. A questionnaire was sent through e-mail to 150 Small or Medium Size Enterprises, SMEs, and 204 non-SMEs. 83 responses from SMEs and 135 responses from non-SMEs were obtained. The results show that the obstacles to entrepreneurship in Pakistan are multiple. Political instability, a deficient legal system, red tape-filled bureaucracy, and access to funding were registered as the main obstacles to entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The study recommends that the government adopt long-term objectives and strategies for SMEs and take a proactive stance.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potent Roles of Humor in EFL Classes in Higher Education: An Exploratory Study of Lebanese Perspectives","authors":"Nadine Sami Joudi, Nawal Nabih Ayoub","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p146","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on scrutinizing the attitudes and opinions of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors and learners on the use of humor in higher education in Lebanon as a pedagogical tool in classroom contexts. It is used in building a harmonious relationship between instructors and students, lowering affective barriers to learning, keeping students attentive to class activities, developing creativity and increasing instructional effectiveness as well as students’ learning. It also aims to describe the instructors’ experiences in employing it in their classrooms and to determine the students’ perspectives on its potent roles in learning. In this exploratory study, a mixed-method design and a convenient sampling of participants were utilized. A total of 13 EFL instructors, working at 1 public and 4 private universities in Lebanon, and 86 EFL students participated in the study.  To describe and quantify their perceptions of the potent roles of employing humor in EFL classes, two online surveys of two sets of questions each, including closed-ended and open-ended, and four focus group discussions were administered. The overall qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data indicated that Lebanese EFL instructors and students have positive attitudes towards integrating humor as a pedagogical tool and as a fundamental part of the teaching strategies in EFL higher education classes. This is because it creates an open communication climate, captures students’ interest in the subject matter, boosts attention, reduces anxiety, makes the instructor more approachable, and yields better instructor evaluation. The findings of this study also revealed the need to train teachers to use humor artfully.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"21 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140411814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Organizational Justice on Managers’ Decision-Making: A Critical Literature Review","authors":"Khalil Anwar Hussein","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n4p21","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on studying organizational justice on managers’ decision making. The process of decision making plays a substantial role in the life of each organization because the results affect all employees at all levels. Making decisions is considered the most significant and intricate managerial task. In addition, it might become more problematic when executives work with people across cultures since individuals from varied cultural backgrounds view issues differently. Decisions that are formed by senior managers are mostly imperative and impactful to the way an organization works. However, senior managers' decisions may have negative effects. In addition, organizational fairness is complex and refers to the fair and right treatment of persons within an organization. As a result, people would like fairness as it recompenses them for their input. Poor organizational justice is a considerable reason for negative responses from staff because they have a strong sense of inequality. Often, ethical dilemmas result from intricate circumstances and discrepancies in values within organizations. Hence, this theoretical paper is designed to investigate the salient literature to develop a holistic overview portraying the individual level of perceived organizational justice. It also indicates its prominent consequences based on a critical review of previous related studies.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Déterminants de la Diversité Alimentaire des Ménages des Provinces de Muyinga et de Karusi au Burundi","authors":"Mugisha Alain Désiré, Nguendo Yongsi H. Blaise","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p26","url":null,"abstract":"Contexte : Tout comme la plupart des pays africains, la situation du Burundi en matière de l’alimentation n’est pas assez satisfaisante. Le taux de pauvreté monétaire touche plus de la moitié de la population, 51,4% selon les résultats de l’Enquête Intégrée sur les Conditions de vie des ménages de 2020. En d’autres termes, un peu plus de la moitié de la population résidant au Burundi ne parvient pas à satisfaire quotidiennement leurs besoins de base alimentaires et non-alimentaires. Objectifs : L’objectif principal est d’identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire à Karusi et à Muyinga. Au-delà de cet objectif, il sera aussi question de mesurer les niveaux de diversité alimentaire dans les deux provinces et d’Identifier les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire des ménages. Méthodes : Cette étude repose sur une recherches documentaires centrées sur les articles scientifiques et de publications sur la diversité alimentaire, calcul des indicateurs de sécurité alimentaire à partir des approches méthodologiques proposées par l’Organisation Mondiale de l’agriculture et le Programme Alimentaire Mondial et les analyses descriptives bi variées et la régression logistique binaire pour rechercher les déterminants de la diversité alimentaire. Résultats : La faible diversité alimentaire est plus observée dans la province Karusi. L’analyse bivariée prouve qu’à l’exception de la variable Sexe du chef du ménage, dans la province Muyinga, toutes les autres variables sont significativement associées à la diversité alimentaire des ménages. Au niveau multi variée, il ressort des résultats que la taille du ménage, le revenu lié à l’agriculture et le niveau de vie du ménage déterminent la diversité alimente alimentaire des ménages dans les deux provinces. Le district de résidence, le niveau d’instruction et l’âge du Chef de Ménage sont des déterminants spécifiques de à la diversité alimentaire des ménages de la province de Karusi. Conclusion : Les résultats montrent que la diversité alimentaire acceptable est faible à Karusi qu’à Muyinga.  Trois déterminants de la diversité alimentaire sont communs pour les deux provinces et trois déterminants sont spécifiques à la province Karusi. \u0000  \u0000Context: Like most African countries, Burundi's food situation is not satisfactory enough. The monetary poverty rate affects more than half the population, 51.4% according to the results of the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey of 2020. In other words, just over half the population residing in Burundi is unable to meet their basic food and non-food needs daily. Objectives: The main objective is to identify the determinants of food diversity in Karusi and Muyinga. Beyond this objective, it will also measure levels of dietary diversity in the two provinces and identify the determinants of household dietary diversity. Methods: This study is based on a literature search focusing on scientific articles and publications on dietary diversity, calculation of food sec","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"2020 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholécystectomie par Célioscopie de Lithiases Biliaires Symptomatiques chez une Jeune Femme de 34 Ans et Revue de la Littérature (Un Cas Clinique)","authors":"Oumarou Youssouf, Mamadou Sarifou Diallo, Riadh Mustapha, Chokri Mazlout, M. Hjaiej, Daniel Sylvere Ouimon, Clotaire Donatien Raphaï","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p235","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction : La lithiase biliaire est une pathologie d’une grande fréquence ; elle est le plus souvent asymptomatique, mais peut se compliquer en impactant négativement la qualité de vie. L’ablation de la vésicule sous endoscopie est prometteuse. Nous rapportons un cas clinique pour discuter des modalités thérapeutiques à travers une revue de la littérature. Nous rapportons, l’observation d’une femme de 34 ans avec antécédent obese  Elle nous a consulté en juin 2020 pour des vomissements post prandiaux chroniques avec altération de l’état générale. Les examens paraclinques réalisés n’ont pas révélé une cause évidente. Evacuée à la polyclinique Hammamet à Tunis le diagnostic d’une lithiase vésiculaire a été posé et une ablation sous célioscopie était réalisée avec extraction de 13 gros calculs d’aspect cholestéroliques dont le diamètre moyen de 3 cm, et la pièce opératoire a trouvé un aspect histologique d’une cholécystite chronique diverticulaire en poussée aiguë modérée. La patiente est totalement guérie de sa maladie. \u0000  \u0000Cholelithiasis is a very common pathology; it is most often asymptomatic, but can become complicated by negatively impacting quality of life. Removal of the gallbladder under endoscopy is promising. We report a clinical case to discuss therapeutic modalities through a review of the literature. We report the observation of a 34-year-old woman with a history of obesity. She consulted us in June 2020 for chronic postprandial vomiting with deterioration in general condition. Paraclinical examinations carried out did not reveal an obvious cause. Evacuated to the Hammamet polyclinic in Tunis, the diagnosis of gallbladder lithiasis was made and an ablation under laparoscopy was carried out with extraction of 13 large cholesterol-looking stones with an average diameter of 3 cm, and the operating specimen found an appearance histology of chronic diverticular cholecystitis in moderate acute attack. The patient is completely cured of her illness. Conclusion: The interest of the work lies in the atypical case of symptomatic cholelithiasis which our technical platform did not allow to easily treat in our country.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140411192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children in Street Situations, Their Determinants, Survival and Strategies. Case of the City of Bujumbura","authors":"Gahungu Ladislas, Simbananiye Leandre, Glowacz Fabienne","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n5p144","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to establish the link between the determinants of street life and the violence experienced by children and their survival in the city of Bujumbura. To gather the experiences of our interviewees, we used a life history with semi-structured interviews, and direct and indirect observation. To identify emerging themes, we carried out a thematic analysis of the interview content. Analysis of the empirical corpus of 43 street children reveals nine determinants at the root of the street child phenomenon, grouped into two categories, namely environmental and personal and interpersonal determinants centered on parent-child relationships. There are also determinants linked to educational styles that interact with the child's behavior. The stepmother is often perceived by children and their in-laws as a \"ferocious animal’’, even in the absence of a negative upbringing. When family life fails, the street becomes an alternative. Exposed to all forms of violence, child victims become violent, and the cycle of violence is fueled. Stories of life on the streets show that every child has his/ her problems. Previous results show that the determinants of street life are multifactorial and have causal links that are part of a cyclical context of violence. Our results go further, proving that in addition to environmental determinants, there are also personal and interpersonal ones. Combating this phenomenon requires preventive action at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels: preventing the development of the problem, intervening early and, finally, treating the consequences and reintegrating the children.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140413145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vermicomposting of Sludge from the Camp SIC Cité-Verte Wastewater Treatment Plant (Yaounde-Cameroon)","authors":"Ngahane Emilienne Laure, Tambe Roosevelt Mbappe, Tchiofo Lontsi Rodine, Sagne Moumbe Joel","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p200","url":null,"abstract":"In Yaounde, as in most sub-Sahara African cities, wastewater management is a major concern. Through its national sanitation strategy, Cameroonian government takes many initiatives to improve the urban sanitation situation by constructing social housing, where wastewater treatment plants are integrated. However, their purification performance is often low and the by-products represent great risk factors. This paper focuses on preserving the health of the population, reducing environmental pollution, and improving soil fertility by vermicomposting sludge from the Yaounde Camp SIC Cité-Verte wastewater treatment plant. The methodological approach consisted of the characterisation of sludge, followed by the vermicomposting test. At the end of the 35-day process, the produced vermicompost was characterized, and its agronomic efficiency was tested on waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) cultivation. The Yaounde Camp SIC Cité-Verte wastewater treatment plant consistently produces an average of 239 Kg of sludge per day. The sludge is primarily composed of high carbonaceous material (53%) and contains essential nutrients for plant growth (NPK: 13%), along with pathogenic microorganisms and heavy metals in low concentrations. The characterisation of the vermicomposts obtained after 35 days showed a conservation of nutrients (NPK) concentration and a decrease in carbonaceous matter and heavy metals. Moreover, there was a complete absence of fecal pathogens in the vermicompost of the two setups. The agronomic efficiency of the vermicomposts on waterleaf was shown by a high germination rate (100 % for vermicomposts), a high number of leaves (28 ± 15), a deep green coloration of plants, a great plant length (17.3 ± 4.6 cm), and a large stem diameter (2.1 ± 0.4 cm). The NPK content (˃7%) indicates that the vermicompost produced can be used as an agricultural organic fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"2015 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Hygiene and Technical Properties of Ceramic Tiles through Moroccan Phosphate Additives","authors":"F. Boutaleb, N. Boutaleb, Bouchaib Bahlaouan, Meryem Hadidi, Ghita Radi Benjelloun, Fatima Azzahra Louanjli, Fatima Ezzahra Doublali, S. El Antri","doi":"10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n6p104","url":null,"abstract":"This study offers a simple solution to manufacture ceramic tiles with good technical and hygienic properties. This solution consists of integrating the phosphate product from Morocco in the industrial formulation of ceramic tiles, to produce materials in compliance with the criterion of the ISO standard. For phosphate products, three grades were studied: HG-high grade, MG-medium grade, and LG-low grade. The results show that for materials containing these additives, there is both an effect of the concentration and type of additive on technical and hygienic properties. The mechanical property is improved when the incorporated component was richer in P2O5. Only the use of HG-high grade and MG-medium grade as an additive at least 15% makes it possible to satisfy the mechanical requirement. The anti-biofilm effect of natural phosphate (PN) as an additive to manufacture ceramic tiles is confirmed, it may prevent bio adhesion and biofilm formation at almost 75% for the HG-high grade and MG-medium grade. This solution could interest professionals and all users who care about the state of hygiene of their ceramic materials sensible to the formation of biofilm, like orthopaedic implants, swimming pool tile…etc.","PeriodicalId":12225,"journal":{"name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}