Valerie R. Yanofsky, Rita V Linkner, D. Pompei, G. Goldenberg
External genital warts (EGW) are currently the most common form of viral sexually transmitted disease found in the general population. EGW have been shown to occur as a direct result of infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Malignancy is typically associated with high-risk types of HPV; however, low-risk type association has been observed. Numerous therapies are presently indicated for use in the treatment of EGW, which can target lesions through multiple modalities including topically, surgically or via immune modulation. Therapies often differ dramatically with respect to cost, side-effect profiles, dosing schedules, duration of treatment and overall effectiveness. Routine HPV vaccination may play a powerful role in reducing the burden of disease by preventing viral infection and transmission. As HPV vaccination continues to gain widespread approval, it may prove instrumental in decreasing the incidence of HPV infection and eventually eradicating genital warts.
{"title":"Current update on the treatment of genital warts","authors":"Valerie R. Yanofsky, Rita V Linkner, D. Pompei, G. Goldenberg","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.24","url":null,"abstract":"External genital warts (EGW) are currently the most common form of viral sexually transmitted disease found in the general population. EGW have been shown to occur as a direct result of infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Malignancy is typically associated with high-risk types of HPV; however, low-risk type association has been observed. Numerous therapies are presently indicated for use in the treatment of EGW, which can target lesions through multiple modalities including topically, surgically or via immune modulation. Therapies often differ dramatically with respect to cost, side-effect profiles, dosing schedules, duration of treatment and overall effectiveness. Routine HPV vaccination may play a powerful role in reducing the burden of disease by preventing viral infection and transmission. As HPV vaccination continues to gain widespread approval, it may prove instrumental in decreasing the incidence of HPV infection and eventually eradicating genital warts.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79460510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges involved in risk assessment of atypical Spitz tumors","authors":"P. Gerami, R. Barnhill","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80334902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an inhibitor of inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase, serves to suppress the immune response against alloantigens by hindering purine nucleotide synthesis in immune cells. At present, MMF is US FDA approved for the prevention of allogeneic renal transplant rejection. In this report, the authors demonstrate, to their knowledge, the first case of successful treatment of neurodermatitis complicated by lichen simplex chronicus and prurigo nodularis with MMF.
{"title":"Therapeutic prospects of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of neurodermatitis","authors":"B. Reddy, Tiffany Jow, B. Hantash","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.18","url":null,"abstract":"Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an inhibitor of inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase, serves to suppress the immune response against alloantigens by hindering purine nucleotide synthesis in immune cells. At present, MMF is US FDA approved for the prevention of allogeneic renal transplant rejection. In this report, the authors demonstrate, to their knowledge, the first case of successful treatment of neurodermatitis complicated by lichen simplex chronicus and prurigo nodularis with MMF.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80428608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plaque psoriasis management: a 2013 update","authors":"B. Keegan, J. Bagel","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80794254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Gache, E. Warrick, S. Rouanet, S. Scarzello, T. Magnaldo
Perspectives of genetic treatment adapted to orphan monogenic genodermatosis have been fueled by tremendous progress in molecular genetics and gene transfer technologies. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a prototype of cancer prone syndromes; it is caused by severe alterations in nucleotide excision repair of DNA lesions introduced during exposure to sunlight. Here, the authors review the molecular basis of the disease and its impact on genotoxic insults caused by sunlight. The authors propose a compilation of preclinical results, revealing rational perspectives of cutaneous genetic correction of xeroderma pigmentosum with respect to appropriate specifications for this orphan and devastating disease.
{"title":"Recent advances in ex vivo gene therapy for xeroderma pigmentosum patients","authors":"Y. Gache, E. Warrick, S. Rouanet, S. Scarzello, T. Magnaldo","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.30","url":null,"abstract":"Perspectives of genetic treatment adapted to orphan monogenic genodermatosis have been fueled by tremendous progress in molecular genetics and gene transfer technologies. Xeroderma pigmentosum is a prototype of cancer prone syndromes; it is caused by severe alterations in nucleotide excision repair of DNA lesions introduced during exposure to sunlight. Here, the authors review the molecular basis of the disease and its impact on genotoxic insults caused by sunlight. The authors propose a compilation of preclinical results, revealing rational perspectives of cutaneous genetic correction of xeroderma pigmentosum with respect to appropriate specifications for this orphan and devastating disease.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75644180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common inflammatory skin diseases can be correctly diagnosed with clinical examination. However, unusual presentations do exist and may cause difficulties in the differentiation among different entities, and histopathology is required for an accurate diagnosis. In this regard, dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) can play an important role in increasing the specificity of the diagnosis, offering the possibility of improved management of patients. In this review, the authors have analyzed dermoscopic patterns of lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and alopecias as prototypes of inflammatory skin diseases, and correlated them with RCM microscopical features. RCM, thanks to its correspondence to histology and to the possibility of an immediate correlation to dermoscopy, provides additional information useful for increasing the sensibility and specificity of dermoscopy.
{"title":"Dermoscopy and confocal microscopy correlates in inflammatory skin conditions","authors":"M. Agozzino, A. Guichard, M. Ardigó","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.27","url":null,"abstract":"Common inflammatory skin diseases can be correctly diagnosed with clinical examination. However, unusual presentations do exist and may cause difficulties in the differentiation among different entities, and histopathology is required for an accurate diagnosis. In this regard, dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) can play an important role in increasing the specificity of the diagnosis, offering the possibility of improved management of patients. In this review, the authors have analyzed dermoscopic patterns of lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and alopecias as prototypes of inflammatory skin diseases, and correlated them with RCM microscopical features. RCM, thanks to its correspondence to histology and to the possibility of an immediate correlation to dermoscopy, provides additional information useful for increasing the sensibility and specificity of dermoscopy.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85401212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. This definition underlines a subjective character of itching and therefore any objective measurement of its intensity constitutes a significant clinical difficulty. Various instruments and methods have been used over time to provide a more reliable and accurate evaluation of pruritus, however, none of them have become a gold standard, unanimously accepted by all experts. The authors have reviewed current literature data on the assessment of pruritus indicating existing shortcomings and underlying the need for future studies.
{"title":"Pruritus intensity assessment: challenge for clinicians","authors":"A. Reich, J. Szepietowski","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.25","url":null,"abstract":"Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes a desire to scratch. This definition underlines a subjective character of itching and therefore any objective measurement of its intensity constitutes a significant clinical difficulty. Various instruments and methods have been used over time to provide a more reliable and accurate evaluation of pruritus, however, none of them have become a gold standard, unanimously accepted by all experts. The authors have reviewed current literature data on the assessment of pruritus indicating existing shortcomings and underlying the need for future studies.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84789212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a prototypic heritable disorder of ectopic mineralization, manifesting with characteristic skin findings, ocular involvement and cardiovascular problems, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestations are of late onset, yet progressive, resulting in loss of visual acuity and occasionally leading to blindness. Cardiovascular problems include hypertension, intermittent claudication, occasional hemorrhagic bleeding and early myocardial infarcts. The classic form of the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion due to loss-of-function mutations in the ABCC6 gene. PXE-like cutaneous changes can also be observed in other ectopic mineralization disorders due to mutations in the GGCX or ENPP1 gene. In addition, a number of unrelated acquired and heritable conditions can mimic the cutaneous findings of PXE. Thus, accurate diagnosis, aided by skin histopathology and mutation analysis, is required for proper classification with prognostic implica...
{"title":"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: the paradigm of ectopic mineralization disorders – diagnosis and treatment","authors":"J. Uitto, Qiaoli Li, Qiujie Jiang","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.6","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a prototypic heritable disorder of ectopic mineralization, manifesting with characteristic skin findings, ocular involvement and cardiovascular problems, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestations are of late onset, yet progressive, resulting in loss of visual acuity and occasionally leading to blindness. Cardiovascular problems include hypertension, intermittent claudication, occasional hemorrhagic bleeding and early myocardial infarcts. The classic form of the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion due to loss-of-function mutations in the ABCC6 gene. PXE-like cutaneous changes can also be observed in other ectopic mineralization disorders due to mutations in the GGCX or ENPP1 gene. In addition, a number of unrelated acquired and heritable conditions can mimic the cutaneous findings of PXE. Thus, accurate diagnosis, aided by skin histopathology and mutation analysis, is required for proper classification with prognostic implica...","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84777264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Ferris, Erine A. Kupetsky, M. Carbone, Haining Yang
{"title":"Could testing for BAP1 germline mutations be a useful tool for early melanoma diagnosis","authors":"L. Ferris, Erine A. Kupetsky, M. Carbone, Haining Yang","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85955674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has risen dramatically in Caucasian populations worldwide. The potential reasons for this increase in melanoma incidence are many, but the concomitant explosion in indoor tanning since the early 1980s has drawn particular scrutiny from scientists, professional societies and legislators. Ample evidence now demonstrates that indoor tanning significantly increases an individual’s risk of developing both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Other explanations for the increasing rate of melanoma diagnosis, including increased awareness and screening, diagnostic drift, medical phototherapy use and changes in patterns of exposure to natural sunlight, are important contributing factors, but are unlikely to explain the entirety of the trend. In particular, evidence suggests that indoor tanning may have driven a spike in melanoma incidence in women and young people, among whom tanning bed use and estimated risk ratios are higher than in the general population.
{"title":"Has too much blame been placed on tanning beds for the rise in melanoma diagnosis","authors":"Andrew R Rivera, Jiali Han, A. Qureshi","doi":"10.1586/EDM.13.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1586/EDM.13.10","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has risen dramatically in Caucasian populations worldwide. The potential reasons for this increase in melanoma incidence are many, but the concomitant explosion in indoor tanning since the early 1980s has drawn particular scrutiny from scientists, professional societies and legislators. Ample evidence now demonstrates that indoor tanning significantly increases an individual’s risk of developing both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Other explanations for the increasing rate of melanoma diagnosis, including increased awareness and screening, diagnostic drift, medical phototherapy use and changes in patterns of exposure to natural sunlight, are important contributing factors, but are unlikely to explain the entirety of the trend. In particular, evidence suggests that indoor tanning may have driven a spike in melanoma incidence in women and young people, among whom tanning bed use and estimated risk ratios are higher than in the general population.","PeriodicalId":12255,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Dermatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77830566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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