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Assessment of the surface forest fuel load in the Ukrainian Polissia 乌克兰波利西亚地表森林燃料负荷评估
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00265-z
S. Sydorenko, V. Gumeniuk, F. De Miguel-Díez, O. Soshenskiy, I. Budzinskyi, V. Koren
There is a clearly increasing trend of wildfires that become catastrophic in some countries such as the United States, Australia, Russia, Portugal, Greece, and Spain. Fuel is one of the key components that influences fire behavior and its effects. Assessing the fuel load and distribution of its components in the landscape provides effective fire management treatments in terms of fire prevention campaigns on a scientific basis. This study aims to evaluate the litter, duff, and herb fuels in highly flammable coniferous forest types in Ukrainian Polissia. To estimate relationships between forestry variables that reflect the characteristics of the pine stand (DBH, height of the stand, age, relative density, stock of the plantation etc.) and the load of litter, duff, and herb fuels (CWD, FWD, litter, live grass, etc.), correlation analysis was used. To analyze difference between groups of sampling plots that have different forests, we use generalized linear mixed models including random effects of sampling plot type. Cluster analysis was performed using k-means partitioning method and Calinski-Harabasz criterion. To assess the significance of individual variables on which the variation of forest fuel depends, the random forest algorithm was used; for variable selection, we used two parameters: the percent increase in mean squared error and the Gini impurity index. The research revealed that in the pine forest stands, the stock of litter and duff varies from 15.5 (15 years) to 140 ton/ha (139 years). When modeling, the humidity level of the forest site (soil) significantly affects the dynamics of forest fuel accumulation. In fresh types of forest-growing conditions, the forest litter stock increases to the age of 80–90 years; then, it strongly decreases, while in wet forest types, continuous forest fuel stock accumulation is established during the entire growth period. Moreover, the results showed that the forest fuel load was influenced by the soil fertility. The stock of live and dead herbaceous fuel in fresh and wet conditions is not statistically different, and soil moisture has not had a significant impact. Fine woody debris stocks were more dependent on stand productivity and practically does not depend on the soil fertility index, site moisture content, and its age and ranged from 0.4 to 1.9 t/ha (1 h), from 0.1 to 2.2 t/ha (10 h), and from 0 to 1.6 t/ha (100 h). The obtained results enabled to develop mathematical models for estimating litter and duff stocks in the Polissia forest stands based on stand characteristic and the soil humidity level. Moreover, the results will serve as basis to develop local forest fuel models as well as to determine potential fire hazards and a fire behavior modeling process in coniferous forests of that region. These models constitute the basis for the national set of fuel model development for each nature zone of Ukraine.
在一些国家,如美国、澳大利亚、俄罗斯、葡萄牙、希腊和西班牙,野火明显呈上升趋势,并演变成灾难性火灾。燃料是影响火灾行为及其后果的关键因素之一。评估地貌中的燃料负荷及其成分的分布可以在科学的基础上为防火运动提供有效的火灾管理方法。本研究旨在评估乌克兰波利西亚高易燃针叶林类型中的枯落物、沉积物和草本燃料。为了估计反映松林特征的林业变量(DBH、林分高度、树龄、相对密度、人工林存量等)与枯落物、沉积物和草本燃料负荷(CWD、FWD、枯落物、活草等)之间的关系,采用了相关分析法。为了分析不同森林采样地块组之间的差异,我们使用了包含采样地块类型随机效应的广义线性混合模型。聚类分析采用 k-means 分区法和 Calinski-Harabasz 准则。为了评估森林燃料变化所依赖的单个变量的重要性,我们使用了随机森林算法;在变量选择方面,我们使用了两个参数:均方误差增加百分比和基尼不纯指数。研究表明,在松林林分中,枯落物和沉积物的蓄积量从 15.5 吨/公顷(15 年)到 140 吨/公顷(139 年)不等。在建模时,林地(土壤)的湿度水平对森林燃料积累的动态有很大影响。在新鲜类型的森林生长条件下,森林枯落物蓄积量会增加到 80-90 年,然后会强烈减少,而在湿润类型的森林中,森林燃料蓄积量在整个生长期都会持续积累。此外,研究结果表明,森林燃料负荷受土壤肥力的影响。在新鲜和潮湿条件下,活的和死的草本燃料储量在统计上没有差异,土壤湿度也没有显著影响。细木屑储量更多地取决于林分生产力,实际上并不取决于土壤肥力指数、场地含水量和林龄,范围分别为 0.4 至 1.9 吨/公顷(1 小时)、0.1 至 2.2 吨/公顷(10 小时)和 0 至 1.6 吨/公顷(100 小时)。研究结果有助于建立数学模型,根据林分特征和土壤湿度估算 Polissia 林分的枯落物和沉积物储量。此外,这些结果还将作为开发当地森林燃料模型以及确定该地区针叶林潜在火灾危险和火灾行为建模过程的基础。这些模型是为乌克兰各自然区开发全国燃料模型的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Wildfires alter stream ecosystem functioning through effects on leaf litter 野火通过对落叶的影响改变溪流生态系统的功能
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00268-w
Javier Pérez, Cecilia Brand, Alberto Alonso, Alaia Sarasa, Diana Rojo, Francisco Correa-Araneda, Luz Boyero
Wildfires have strong impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, whose frequency, severity, and intensity are increasing with climate change. Moreover, the expansion of exotic monoculture plantations, such as those of eucalypts, increases this risk. When wildfires do not cause the disappearance of riparian vegetation, they still imply the fall of leaf litter exposed to the fire (i.e., crown scorch), which consequences for ecosystems are unknown. To explore how these leaf litter inputs may affect stream ecosystem functioning, we conducted a microcosm experiment where we quantified the decomposition of leaf litter from three tree species (alder, oak, and eucalypt) under two conditions (control litter simulating natural entries and litter subjected to 150 °C for 3 h mimicking exposure to fire). We also examined the interaction between this factor and a temperature rise (which is often associated to the loss of riparian vegetation caused by the wildfire) by manipulating water temperature (10, 12.5, and 15 °C). Finally, we explored the effects of these variables on the growth of a common detritivore, the caddisfly Sericostoma pyrenaicum. Control alder presented the highest decomposition rates, which were notably reduced due to fire exposure. On the contrary, eucalypt litter decomposition was even slower than that of oak and hardly showed any effect derived from fire exposure. The different leaf litter types determined detritivore growth, to a greater extent than variation related to warming, which generally had negligible effects. Our study shows the negative effects of wildfires on stream ecosystem functioning even when they only involve brief exposure of leaf litter to the fire. Effects are greater on the most palatable native species, which represents the highest quality input in streams of the study area. Our results highlight the importance of protecting riparian forests, especially those composed of native species, against wildfires.
野火对陆地和水生生态系统有很大影响,随着气候变化,野火的频率、严重程度和强度都在增加。此外,桉树等外来单一种植园的扩张也增加了这一风险。当野火没有导致河岸植被消失时,它们仍意味着暴露在火中的落叶(即树冠焦枯)的掉落,而这对生态系统的影响尚不清楚。为了探索这些落叶的输入会如何影响溪流生态系统的功能,我们进行了一个微观世界实验,在两种条件下(模拟自然进入的对照落叶和模拟火灾暴露的 150 °C 3 小时的落叶)量化了三种树种(赤杨、橡树和桉树)落叶的分解情况。我们还通过调节水温(10、12.5 和 15 °C)研究了这一因素与温度上升(通常与野火造成的河岸植被损失有关)之间的相互作用。最后,我们还探讨了这些变量对一种常见的食腐动物--笛簧片蝇(Sericostoma pyrenaicum)生长的影响。对照组桤木的分解率最高,但由于受到火灾影响,分解率明显降低。相反,桉树落叶的分解速度比橡树还要慢,而且几乎没有受到火灾的影响。不同的落叶类型决定了食腐动物的生长,其影响程度大于与气候变暖有关的变化,后者的影响一般可以忽略不计。我们的研究表明,野火对溪流生态系统的功能有负面影响,即使野火只涉及枯落叶的短暂暴露。对最适口的本地物种的影响更大,而这些物种代表了研究区域溪流中最高质量的投入。我们的研究结果突显了保护河岸森林,尤其是由本地物种组成的河岸森林免受野火影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Review of fuel treatment effects on fuels, fire behavior and ecological resilience in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems in the Western U.S. 审查燃料处理对美国西部鼠尾草(蒿属)生态系统的燃料、火灾行为和生态恢复能力的影响。
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00260-4
Jeanne C. Chambers, Eva K. Strand, Lisa M. Ellsworth, Claire M. Tortorelli, Alexandra K. Urza, Michele R. Crist, Richard F. Miller, Matthew C. Reeves, Karen C. Short, Claire L. Williams
Sagebrush ecosystems are experiencing increases in wildfire extent and severity. Most research on vegetation treatments that reduce fuels and fire risk has been short term (2–3 years) and focused on ecological responses. We review causes of altered fire regimes and summarize literature on the longer-term effects of treatments that modify (1) shrub fuels, (2) pinyon and juniper canopy fuels, and (3) fine herbaceous fuels. We describe treatment effects on fuels, fire behavior, ecological resilience, and resistance to invasive annual grasses. Our review revealed tradeoffs in woody fuel treatments between reducing canopy fuels vs. increasing understory herbaceous vegetation (fuels) and fire behavior. In pinyon-juniper expansion areas, all treatments decreased crown fire risk. Prescribed fire and cut and broadcast burn treatments reduced woody fuels long-term but had higher risk of invasion. Mechanical treatments left understory vegetation intact and increased native perennial plants. However, cut and leave treatments increased downed woody fuel and high-intensity wildfire risk, while cut and pile burn and mastication caused localized disturbances and annual grass invasion. Ecological outcomes depended on ecological resilience; sites with warm and dry conditions or depleted perennial native herbaceous species experienced lower recovery and resistance to invasive annual grasses. In invasive annual grass dominated areas, high-intensity targeted grazing reduced fine fuels but required retreatment or seeding; in intact ecosystems with relatively low shrub cover, dormant season targeted grazing reduced fine fuel and thus fire spread. Preemergent herbicides reduced annual grasses with differing effects in warm and dry vs. cool and moist environments. The information largely exists to make informed decisions on treatments to mitigate effects of wildfire and improve ecological resilience at local, project scales. Primary considerations are the short- vs long-term tradeoffs in fuels and fire behavior and thus fire severity and the likely ecological response.
锯齿灌丛生态系统正经历着野火范围和严重程度的扩大。大多数有关减少燃料和火灾风险的植被处理的研究都是短期的(2-3 年),重点关注生态反应。我们回顾了火灾机制改变的原因,并总结了有关改变(1)灌木燃料、(2)松柏树冠燃料和(3)细草本燃料的长期影响的文献。我们描述了处理方法对燃料、火灾行为、生态恢复力和抵御入侵一年生草类的影响。我们的研究揭示了木质燃料处理在减少树冠燃料与增加林下草本植被(燃料)和火灾行为之间的权衡。在松柏扩展区,所有处理方法都能降低树冠火灾风险。预设火种和切播燃烧处理可长期减少木质燃料,但入侵风险较高。机械处理使林下植被保持完整,并增加了本地多年生植物。然而,切播处理增加了木质燃料和高强度野火风险,而切堆焚烧和碾压处理则造成局部干扰和一年生草入侵。生态结果取决于生态恢复能力;在温暖干燥的条件下或多年生本地草本植物物种枯竭的地点,一年生草入侵的恢复能力和抵抗力较低。在一年生草入侵为主的地区,高强度的定向放牧减少了细小燃料,但需要重新处理或播种;在灌木覆盖率相对较低的完整生态系统中,休眠期定向放牧减少了细小燃料,从而减少了火灾蔓延。萌芽前除草剂可减少一年生草,但在温暖干燥与凉爽潮湿的环境中效果不同。现有的大部分信息可用于在地方和项目范围内就减轻野火影响和提高生态恢复能力的处理方法做出明智的决策。主要考虑因素是燃料和火灾行为的短期与长期权衡,以及火灾严重程度和可能的生态响应。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Global impacts of fire regimes on wildland bird diversity 更正:火灾机制对野地鸟类多样性的全球影响
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00269-9
Fátima Arrogante‑Funes, Inmaculada Aguado, Emilio Chuvieco
<p><b>Correction: Fire Ecol 20, 25 (2024)</b></p><p><b>https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x</b></p><br/><p>After publication of the original article (Arrogante-Funes et al. 2024), it came to the authors’ attention that there was some missing information in the Acknowledgements and Funding information sections, which have been highlighted below in bold:</p><p><b>Acknowledgements</b></p><p>This research was conducted within the framework of Spanish National Project RTI2018 097538 B I00. In addition, Fátima Arrogante Funes was supported by a predoctoral scholarship (FPI) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PRE2019 089208). <b>The authors would like to thank the European project FirEurisk for its support, funded by the European Union. Grant agreement ID: 101003890</b>.</p><p><b>Funding</b></p><p>The Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades has supported this research (grant no. RTI2018 097538 B I00) (grant no. PRE2019 089208). <b>This research was supported by the FirEUrisk project, funded by the European Union (Grant agreement ID: 101003890).</b></p><p>The original article has been updated</p><ul data-track-component="outbound reference"><li><p>Arrogante-Funes, F., I. Aguado, and E. Chuvieco. 2024. Global impacts of fire regimes on wildland bird diversity. <i>Fire Ecol</i> 20: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x.</p><p>Article Google Scholar </p></li></ul><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" role="img" width="16"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"></use></svg></p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, Universidad de Alcala, Colegios 2, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Spain</p><p>Fátima Arrogante‑Funes, Inmaculada Aguado & Emilio Chuvieco</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Fátima Arrogante‑Funes</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Inmaculada Aguado</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Emilio Chuvieco</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Fátima Arrogante‑Funes.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless
更正:Fire Ecol 20, 25 (2024)https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-xAfter 原文(Arrogante-Funes et al. 2024)发表后,作者注意到 "致谢 "和 "资助信息 "部分遗漏了一些信息,现以粗体标出如下:致谢本研究在西班牙国家项目 RTI2018 097538 B I00 的框架内进行。此外,法蒂玛-阿罗甘特-富内斯(Fátima Arrogante Funes)还获得了西班牙科学、创新和大学部(PRE2019 089208)博士前期奖学金(FPI)的资助。作者感谢欧盟资助的欧洲项目 FirEurisk 的支持。资助协议编号:101003890:101003890.FundingThe Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades has supported this research (grant no. RTI2018 097538 B I00) (grant no. PRE2019 089208).本研究得到了欧盟资助的 FirEUrisk 项目的支持(资助协议编号:101003890)。原文已更新Arrogante-Funes, F., I. Aguado, and E. Chuvieco.2024.火灾机制对野生鸟类多样性的全球影响。Fire Ecol 20: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x.文章谷歌学者下载参考文献作者和工作单位环境遥感研究小组,地质、地理和环境系,阿尔卡拉大学,Colegios 2, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, SpainFátima Arrogante-Funes, Inmaculada Aguado &;Emilio Chuvieco作者Fátima Arrogante-Funes查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Inmaculada Aguado查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Emilio Chuvieco查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者通讯作者Fátima Arrogante-Funes。开放存取 本文采用知识共享署名 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可,该协议允许以任何媒介或格式使用、共享、改编、分发和复制本文,但必须注明原作者和出处,提供知识共享许可协议的链接,并说明是否进行了修改。本文中的图片或其他第三方材料均包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中,除非在材料的署名栏中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中,且您打算使用的材料不符合法律规定或超出许可使用范围,您需要直接从版权所有者处获得许可。要查看该许可的副本,请访问 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Reprints and permissionsCite this articleArrogante-Funes, F., Aguado, I. & Chuvieco, E. Correction:Fire Ecol 20, 31 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00269-9Download citationPublished: 21 March 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00269-9Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
{"title":"Correction: Global impacts of fire regimes on wildland bird diversity","authors":"Fátima Arrogante‑Funes, Inmaculada Aguado, Emilio Chuvieco","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00269-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00269-9","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;\u0000&lt;b&gt;Correction: Fire Ecol 20, 25 (2024)&lt;/b&gt;\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0000&lt;b&gt;https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x&lt;/b&gt;\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;p&gt;After publication of the original article (Arrogante-Funes et al. 2024), it came to the authors’ attention that there was some missing information in the Acknowledgements and Funding information sections, which have been highlighted below in bold:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0000&lt;b&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/b&gt;\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This research was conducted within the framework of Spanish National Project RTI2018 097538 B I00. In addition, Fátima Arrogante Funes was supported by a predoctoral scholarship (FPI) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PRE2019 089208). &lt;b&gt;The authors would like to thank the European project FirEurisk for its support, funded by the European Union. Grant agreement ID: 101003890&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0000&lt;b&gt;Funding&lt;/b&gt;\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades has supported this research (grant no. RTI2018 097538 B I00) (grant no. PRE2019 089208). &lt;b&gt;This research was supported by the FirEUrisk project, funded by the European Union (Grant agreement ID: 101003890).&lt;/b&gt;\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The original article has been updated\u0000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul data-track-component=\"outbound reference\"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arrogante-Funes, F., I. Aguado, and E. Chuvieco. 2024. Global impacts of fire regimes on wildland bird diversity. &lt;i&gt;Fire Ecol&lt;/i&gt; 20: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Article Google Scholar &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;Download references&lt;svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"&gt;&lt;use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"&gt;&lt;/use&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Authors and Affiliations&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, Universidad de Alcala, Colegios 2, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Spain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fátima Arrogante‑Funes, Inmaculada Aguado &amp; Emilio Chuvieco&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span&gt;Authors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fátima Arrogante‑Funes&lt;/span&gt;View author publications&lt;p&gt;You can also search for this author in &lt;span&gt;PubMed&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Inmaculada Aguado&lt;/span&gt;View author publications&lt;p&gt;You can also search for this author in &lt;span&gt;PubMed&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Emilio Chuvieco&lt;/span&gt;View author publications&lt;p&gt;You can also search for this author in &lt;span&gt;PubMed&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Google Scholar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Corresponding author&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correspondence to Fátima Arrogante‑Funes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Open Access&lt;/b&gt; This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless ","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forest landowner values and perspectives of prescribed fire in the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic region of the United States 美国东北部/大西洋中部地区林地所有者对处方火的价值观和看法
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00258-y
Arun Regmi, Jesse K. Kreye, Melissa M. Kreye
Fire is an important ecological process that shapes structures and compositions in many ecosystems worldwide. Changes in climate, land use, and long-term fire exclusion have altered historic fire regimes often leading to more intense and severe wildfires and loss of biodiversity. There is an increasing interest by resource managers to reintroduce fire in historically fire-dependent ecosystems while enhancing the provision of ecosystem services. Restoring fire, however, is complicated by a diverse mix of public and private land ownerships in regions like the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic US, where private lands make up the majority (~ 70%) but prescribed burning is less common. To help inform policies that promote prescribed burning on private lands, we conducted a regional survey of forest landowners regarding their perspectives and willingness to pay (WTP) for prescribed fire as a management tool. We also used spatial hotspot analysis to detect regional variations in landowner opinions. Respondents had limited knowledge and experience with burning overall, but many also perceived fire as a low-risk tool and were trusting of burning professionals. Most landowners (64%) expressed interest in a variety of prescribed fire programs to help achieve management outcomes. Preferred outcomes include protecting forest health, controlling invasive species, and wildlife habitat. Also significant in explaining landowner choices were economic (e.g., cost of burning), governance (e.g., state coordination, cost-share assistance, and access to consultants), and demographic factors. According to two models, the mean WTP for the prescribed fire was $10 ha−1 and $40 ha−1 ($4 ac−1 and $16 ac−1) but could be as high as $220 ha−1 ($89 ac−1) for specific outcomes and programs. Spatial analysis revealed a north–south gradient in landowner opinions across the region, with opinions about burning more positive in the south. Pennsylvania landowners were unique within our study in that they placed the highest economic value on prescribed fire, despite having limited knowledge and experience. There is significant support by landowners to use prescribed fire to achieve management objectives on private lands in the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic region. Pennsylvania landowners, in particular, were strongly motivated to use prescribed fire; however, knowledge and experience are severely limited. Education, technical support, financial assistance, and access to professionals will be important for helping landowners use prescribed fire to achieve management objectives.
火灾是一个重要的生态过程,它塑造了全球许多生态系统的结构和组成。气候、土地利用和长期禁火的变化改变了历史上的火灾机制,往往导致更猛烈、更严重的野火和生物多样性的丧失。资源管理者越来越希望在历史上依赖火的生态系统中重新引入火,同时加强生态系统服务的提供。然而,在美国东北部/大西洋中部等地区,公有土地和私有土地所有权的多样化组合使恢复火灾变得复杂,在这些地区,私有土地占大多数(约 70%),但规定燃烧却不常见。为了帮助制定促进在私人土地上进行规定火烧的政策,我们对林地所有者进行了一项区域调查,了解他们对规定火烧这种管理工具的看法和支付意愿(WTP)。我们还使用了空间热点分析来检测土地所有者意见的地区差异。总体而言,受访者对火烧的了解和经验有限,但许多人也认为火烧是一种低风险工具,并信任火烧专业人员。大多数土地所有者(64%)表示对各种规定火种计划感兴趣,以帮助实现管理成果。首选成果包括保护森林健康、控制入侵物种和野生动物栖息地。在解释土地所有者的选择时,经济因素(如燃烧成本)、管理因素(如国家协调、成本分担援助和获得顾问服务的机会)和人口因素也很重要。根据两个模型,处方火的平均 WTP 为 10 美元公顷-1 和 40 美元公顷-1(4 美元英亩-1 和 16 美元英亩-1),但对于特定的结果和项目,可能高达 220 美元公顷-1(89 美元英亩-1)。空间分析表明,整个地区的土地所有者的意见呈南北梯度分布,南部的土地所有者对燃烧的意见更为积极。宾夕法尼亚州的土地所有者在我们的研究中是独一无二的,尽管他们的知识和经验有限,但他们对规定火种的经济价值评价最高。土地所有者非常支持在东北/中大西洋地区的私有土地上使用明火来实现管理目标。尤其是宾夕法尼亚州的土地所有者,他们使用明火的积极性很高,但知识和经验却非常有限。教育、技术支持、资金援助以及与专业人士的联系对于帮助土地所有者使用明火实现管理目标非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Fire regimes and management options in mixed grassland-fynbos vegetation, South Africa 南非草原-森林混合植被的火灾机制和管理方案
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00262-2
Izak P. J. Smit, Johan A. Baard, Brian W. van Wilgen
Fire regimes in South African fynbos shrublands have been quantified in the western (winter rainfall) and central (aseasonal rainfall) parts. They have not been quantified at their eastern extremity (summer rainfall), where fynbos transitions to grassland and is embedded in other fire-resistant vegetation types. We assessed fire regimes at the eastern extremity of the fynbos biome and discussed the ecological and management implications of our findings. Using remote sensing, we assessed fires over 21 years in a 350,000-ha study area at the eastern edge of the fynbos biome. Only 9% of the study area burned, almost exclusively in mixed grassland-fynbos vegetation. The largest proportion (44% of the total area burnt) burnt in late winter and early spring, but fires occurred throughout the year. Fires only occurred in 39% of the mixed grassland-fynbos vegetation. Of the mixed grassland-fynbos vegetation that did burn, 44%, 11%, 26%, and 19% experienced one, two, three, and four fires, respectively. Areas with multiple fires had return intervals ranging from 3 to 15 years, with 76% of the area with multiple fires burning every 4 to 6 years. Most large fires were preceded by two relatively dry months, when fuels were drier and more flammable. The mixed grassland-fynbos vegetation at the eastern extremity of the fynbos biome is surrounded by fire-resistant vegetation and exhibits a varied fire regime, with different parts experiencing frequent, infrequent, or no fire over 21 years. Fires were largely aseasonal, occurring throughout the year, although data over more years may reveal that a greater proportion of fires will occur in winter, when grasses are cured and rainfall is low, as well as after relatively long (> 2 months) periods of below-average rainfall. As most fires would burn out safely against fire-resistant vegetation, we conclude that lightning-ignited fires should be allowed to spread unhindered to approximate a natural and heterogeneous fire regime, provided that no neighboring properties or infrastructure are threatened. The response of the biota to fires is not well understood for this transition area, and further research is needed.
已经对南非芬布灌木林地西部(冬季降雨)和中部(季节性降雨)的火灾机制进行了量化。但对其东端(夏季降雨)的火灾情况还没有进行量化,因为那里的芬布斯林会过渡到草地,并与其他耐火植被类型相融合。我们评估了芬博斯生物群落东端的火灾机制,并讨论了我们的发现对生态和管理的影响。利用遥感技术,我们评估了芬博斯生物群落东部边缘 350,000 公顷研究区域 21 年来的火灾情况。只有 9% 的研究区域发生过火灾,几乎全部发生在草地-凤尾草混合植被中。冬末春初燃烧的面积最大(占燃烧总面积的 44%),但全年都有火灾发生。火灾只发生在 39% 的草原-雌雄混交植被中。在发生火灾的混合草地-鹅掌楸植被中,分别有 44%、11%、26% 和 19% 经历了一次、两次、三次和四次火灾。发生过多次火灾的地区的火灾发生间隔为 3 到 15 年不等,其中 76% 发生过多次火灾的地区每隔 4 到 6 年就会发生一次火灾。大多数大火都发生在两个相对干燥的月份之前,此时燃料更干燥、更易燃。位于芬博斯生物群落最东端的草地-芬博斯混合植被被耐火植被所包围,其火灾情况各不相同,在 21 年中,不同的地区经常发生火灾、不经常发生火灾或没有发生火灾。火灾基本上是季节性的,一年四季都会发生,不过更多年的数据可能会显示,火灾发生在冬季的比例会更大,因为此时草已经枯萎,降雨量较低,而且降雨量低于平均水平的时间相对较长(超过 2 个月)。由于大多数火灾都会在耐火植被的保护下安全烧尽,因此我们得出结论,在不威胁邻近财产或基础设施的情况下,应允许雷电引发的火灾不受阻碍地蔓延,以接近自然和异质的火灾机制。在这一过渡区域,生物群对火灾的反应尚不十分清楚,需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Branching out: species-specific canopy architecture limits live crown fuel consumption in Intermountain West USA conifers 分枝:物种特有的树冠结构限制了美国西部山区针叶树的活冠燃料消耗
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00261-3
Elliott T. Conrad, W. Matt Jolly, Tegan P. Brown, Samuel C. Hillman
Accurate estimates of available live crown fuel loads are critical for understanding potential wildland fire behavior. Existing crown fire behavior models assume that available crown fuels are limited to all tree foliage and half of the fine branches less than 6 mm in diameter (1 h fuel). They also assume that this relationship is independent of the branchwood moisture content. Despite their widespread use, these assumptions have never been tested, and our understanding of the physiochemical properties that govern live crown flammability and consumption remains limited. To test these assumptions, we sampled branches from 11 common Intermountain West USA conifers and determined the corrected available fuel estimates using physiochemical measurements, diameter subsize class distributions, and a bench-scale consumption experiment. Additional branches were air-dried to explore interaction between moisture content and consumption. Corrected available live crown fuel was compared to existing models across species and then used to determine potential differences in crown fire energy release. Across the 11 common conifers, distinct patterns of sub 1 h fuel distributions were strong predictors of whether the existing available live crown fuel models overestimated, approximately correctly estimated, or underestimated available live fuel. Fine branchwood distributions generally fell into three archetypes: fine skewed, normally distributed, and coarse skewed. Based on our corrected estimates, existing models overestimated the potential canopy energy by 34% for an average-sized western larch and underestimated it by 18.8% for western hemlock. The critical fine branchwood consumption diameter varied with species and moisture content. Larger proportions of fine branches were consumed as the branchwood dried, and nearly all the 1 h fuel was consumed when the branches were completely dry. These results suggest that available live canopy fuel load estimates should consider species and moisture content to accurately assess and map fuel loads across landscapes. This work has implications for forest and fire management in conifer-dominated forests throughout western North America, and in other similar forests worldwide.
准确估算可用的活树冠燃料负荷对于了解潜在的野地火灾行为至关重要。现有的树冠火灾行为模型假定可用的树冠燃料仅限于所有树叶和直径小于 6 毫米的一半细枝(1 h 燃料)。它们还假设这种关系与枝木含水量无关。尽管这些假设被广泛使用,但从未经过测试,我们对控制活树冠可燃性和消耗的理化特性的了解仍然有限。为了验证这些假设,我们从 11 种常见的美国西部山间针叶树的树枝上取样,并利用理化测量、直径亚尺寸等级分布和台架规模的消耗实验确定了修正后的可用燃料估算值。还对其他树枝进行了风干,以探索水分含量与消耗量之间的相互作用。修正后的活树冠可用燃料与各树种的现有模型进行了比较,然后用于确定树冠火灾能量释放的潜在差异。在 11 种常见针叶树中,1 h 以下燃料分布的不同模式是现有可用活冠燃料模型高估、近似正确估计或低估可用活燃料的有力预测因素。细枝木分布一般分为三种原型:细斜分布、正态分布和粗斜分布。根据我们的修正估计,现有模型对平均大小的西部落叶松的树冠潜在能量高估了 34%,对西部铁杉则低估了 18.8%。临界细枝木消耗直径因树种和含水率而异。随着枝干的干燥,细枝被消耗的比例越来越大,当枝干完全干燥时,几乎所有的 1 h 燃料都被消耗掉了。这些结果表明,现有的活树冠燃料负荷估算应考虑树种和含水量,以准确评估和绘制整个地貌的燃料负荷图。这项工作对北美西部针叶林为主的森林以及全球其他类似森林的森林和火灾管理具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial and temporal patterns and driving factors of forest fires based on an optimal parameter-based geographic detector in the Panxi region, Southwest China 基于最优参数地理探测器的中国西南攀西地区森林火灾时空模式及驱动因素
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00257-z
Jia Liu, Yukuan Wang, Haiyan Guo, Yafeng Lu, Yuanxin Xu, Yu Sun, Weiwei Gan, Rui Sun, Zhengyang Li
The Panxi region in China is among the areas that are most severely impacted by forest fires. Despite this, there is currently a lack of comprehensive and systematic research on the spatial and temporal distribution patterns, as well as the drivers, of forest fires in the region. To reveal bio-geo-climatic and anthropogenic influences, this study investigated the temporal and spatial characteristics of forest fires and migration patterns of the center of gravity of forest fires in Panxi. A parametric optimal geographical detection model was utilized to quantify the influence of various individual factors and their combinations on the spatial patterns of forest fire occurrence in the whole Panxi region and sub-region, by analyzing the forest fire dataset from 2004 to 2020. From 2004 to 2020, the Panxi region experienced an upward trend in the number of forest fires and the area burned. However, the trends were not consistent over the entire period. Between 2004 and 2014, both the number of fires and the area burned showed fluctuations and an overall increase. In contrast, between 2015 and 2020, there was a significant decrease in the number of fires, while the area burned showed a continued upward trend. The study identified abrupt changes in the frequency of forest fires and burned areas, primarily in 2007 and 2016. Spatially, forest fires in Panxi exhibited a positive correlation and local clustering. The river valley basin and hilly regions displayed a higher incidence of forest fires, which were concentrated mainly along the hill edges. In the whole area of Panxi, climatic factors have a predominant influence on forest fire occurrences. Specifically, evaporation, maximum temperature, average temperature, number of days without rain, and minimum temperature demonstrated the strongest explanatory power. Furthermore, this relationship was found to be reinforced when combined with topographical, human activities, and vegetation factors. The spatial variation of drought within each sub-district has a stronger explanatory power for the distribution characteristics of forest fires in the region than at the Panxi-wide scale. The factor with the maximum interaction in most regions was the dual factor of rainfall and drought. The study’s findings validate the applicability of geographic probes for identifying the drivers of fire occurrence and enhance our understanding of the drivers and their combined effects on the spatial context of the fire-incident study area.
中国攀西地区是受森林火灾影响最严重的地区之一。尽管如此,目前对该地区森林火灾的时空分布模式和驱动因素还缺乏全面系统的研究。为了揭示生物地理气候和人为因素的影响,本研究调查了攀西地区森林火灾的时空特征和森林火灾重心的迁移规律。通过对 2004-2020 年森林火灾数据集的分析,利用参数最优地理探测模型,量化了各种单独因素及其组合对整个攀西地区和次区域森林火灾发生空间格局的影响。从 2004 年到 2020 年,攀西地区的森林火灾次数和燃烧面积呈上升趋势。然而,整个期间的趋势并不一致。2004 年至 2014 年期间,火灾次数和燃烧面积均呈波动和总体上升趋势。相比之下,在 2015 年至 2020 年期间,火灾次数显著减少,而燃烧面积则呈持续上升趋势。研究发现,森林火灾频率和烧毁面积的突然变化主要发生在 2007 年和 2016 年。从空间上看,攀西地区的森林火灾呈现出正相关性和局部聚集性。河谷盆地和丘陵地区森林火灾发生率较高,主要集中在山体边缘。在整个攀西地区,气候因素对森林火灾的发生具有主导影响。其中,蒸发量、最高气温、平均气温、无雨日数和最低气温的解释力最强。此外,这种关系在与地形、人类活动和植被因素相结合时得到了加强。与全攀西范围相比,各分区干旱的空间变化对该地区森林火灾分布特征的解释力更强。在大多数地区,降雨和干旱双重因子的交互作用最大。研究结果验证了地理探针在识别火灾发生驱动因素方面的适用性,并加深了我们对火灾发生驱动因素及其对火灾发生研究区域空间环境的综合影响的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Blanket bog vegetation response to wildfire and drainage suggests resilience to low severity, infrequent burning 块状沼泽植被对野火和排水的反应表明,它们对低强度、不频繁的燃烧有较强的适应能力
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00256-0
Roxane Andersen, Paula Fernandez-Garcia, Alice Martin-Walker, Daniela Klein, Chris Marshall, David J. Large, Robert Hughes, Mark H. Hancock
In 2019, a wildfire impacted an area of blanket bog and wet heath > 60 km2 in the Flow Country peatlands of northern Scotland, a site of global significance. Unusually the footprint of the wildfire included discrete areas of degraded, restored, and near-natural blanket bogs. Following the wildfire, we surveyed vegetation in 387 quadrats in burnt and unburnt areas. The study aimed to determine whether and how proximity to human-made drains and microtopography affected fire-vegetation interactions and included older wildfire sites and unburnt control sites for context. Overall, our study suggests that the 2019 Flow Country wildfire caused mostly superficial burning; except in the most degraded area, which burned more severely and where we recorded more profound impacts on the vegetation. We found higher cover of litter, which in turn led to increased localized fire damage in quadrats close to drains compared with quadrats away from the influence of drains. We also found greater fire impacts (e.g., proportions of moss burnt and Sphagnum discoloration) on hummocks, particularly where they were higher relative to the hollows. Overall, vegetation both near and away from drains largely resembled nearby unburnt sites within 20 years. Overall, our study suggests that the 2019 Flow Country wildfire caused mostly superficial burning, except in the most degraded areas. Vegetation communities of blanket bogs associated with conservation and restoration areas in the region appear to be largely resilient to occasional, low severity wildfires. This implies that management interventions that maintain wet conditions in peatlands have the potential to help reduce the risks of severe wildfires.
2019 年,一场野火影响了苏格兰北部流乡泥炭地面积大于 60 平方公里的毯状沼泽和湿石楠区,这是一个具有全球意义的地点。不同寻常的是,野火的足迹包括退化、恢复和接近自然的毯状沼泽的离散区域。野火发生后,我们对烧毁和未烧毁区域的 387 个四分区进行了植被调查。该研究旨在确定与人为排水沟和微地形的距离是否以及如何影响火灾与植被之间的相互作用,并将较早的野火地点和未烧毁的对照地点纳入研究范围。总体而言,我们的研究表明,2019 年流溪河流域野火主要造成表层燃烧;但在退化最严重的地区除外,那里的燃烧更为严重,我们记录到那里的植被受到了更深远的影响。我们发现,与远离排水沟影响的四分区相比,靠近排水沟的四分区垃圾覆盖率更高,这反过来又导致局部火害加剧。我们还发现,火灾对沼丘的影响更大(例如,苔藓被烧毁的比例和泥炭藓变色),尤其是在沼丘相对于洼地较高的地方。总体而言,在 20 年内,靠近和远离排水沟的植被与附近未被烧毁的地点基本相似。总体而言,我们的研究表明,除了最退化的地区外,2019 年流乡野火造成的大部分是表层燃烧。与该地区保护和恢复区相关的毯状沼泽植被群落似乎在很大程度上能够抵御偶尔发生的低强度野火。这意味着,保持泥炭地湿润条件的管理干预措施有可能有助于降低严重野火的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Global impacts of fire regimes on wildland bird diversity 全球火灾机制对野地鸟类多样性的影响
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00259-x
Fátima Arrogante-Funes, Inmaculada Aguado, Emilio Chuvieco
Fire is a natural disturbance that significantly impacts ecosystems and plays a crucial role in the distribution and preservation of biota worldwide. The effects of fires on bird diversity can be both positive, as they can create new habitats, and negative, as they can reduce nesting success. To fully understand the ecological implications of wildfires, we need to understand the spatial distribution of wildland bird diversity and fire regimes and how fire regimes affect wildland bird diversity ecosystems. Using data collected at a global scale, we examined effects of time-averaged fire regimes on the spatial diversity of wildland bird species. Initially, we used the MaxEnt algorithm to model the potential distribution of 1,115 wildland bird species over a 20-year period. We also processed satellite observations of burned areas (FIRECCI51) during the same period to estimate fire regime characteristics, including the average proportion of burnt vegetation, interannual variability in the burnt area, and fire intensity. Finally, the association between wild bird diversity and fire variables in each biome was determined through Spearman, Bonferroni, and Kruskal-Wallis statistics. Our findings revealed that (I) the most affected wildland bird communities are those found in tropical ecosystems, where the majority of fires occur; (II) high fire intensity values and a substantial proportion of burned vegetation have a positive impact on maintaining a diverse population of wildland birds in biomes characterized by savannah or grassland covers, as seen in temperate or tropical zones. Conversely, low fire intensity values and a smaller proportion of burned vegetation also promote greater diversity of wildland birds in boreal or temperate zones, and (III) in Mediterranean ecosystems, a clear association between wildland bird diversity and wildfires could not be established. This research could help identify areas that are ecologically vulnerable to wildfires. It could also be useful in guiding regional studies aligned with developing sustainable landscape management practices and conserving priority ecological zones in tropical ecosystems.
火灾是一种对生态系统有重大影响的自然干扰,在全球生物群落的分布和保护方面起着至关重要的作用。火灾对鸟类多样性的影响既可能是积极的,因为火灾可以创造新的栖息地;也可能是消极的,因为火灾会降低鸟类筑巢的成功率。为了充分了解野火对生态的影响,我们需要了解野地鸟类多样性和火灾机制的空间分布,以及火灾机制如何影响野地鸟类多样性生态系统。利用在全球范围内收集的数据,我们研究了时间平均火灾机制对野鸟物种空间多样性的影响。首先,我们使用 MaxEnt 算法模拟了 1,115 种野地鸟类在 20 年间的潜在分布情况。我们还处理了同期烧毁面积的卫星观测数据(FIRECCI51),以估算火情特征,包括烧毁植被的平均比例、烧毁面积的年际变化和火灾强度。最后,通过 Spearman、Bonferroni 和 Kruskal-Wallis 统计法确定了每个生物群落中野生鸟类多样性与火灾变量之间的关联。我们的研究结果表明:(I) 受影响最大的野鸟群落是热带生态系统中的野鸟群落,因为大多数火灾都发生在热带地区;(II) 在温带或热带地区以热带草原或草地覆盖为特征的生物群落中,高火灾强度值和大量被烧毁的植被对维持野鸟的多样性有积极影响。相反,在北方或温带地区,低火力值和较小比例的燃烧植被也会促进野地鸟类的多样性;(III)在地中海生态系统中,野地鸟类多样性与野火之间无法建立明确的联系。这项研究有助于确定在生态上易受野火影响的地区。这项研究还有助于指导区域研究,以制定可持续景观管理方法和保护热带生态系统中的重点生态区。
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引用次数: 0
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Fire Ecology
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