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Fire regime attributes shape pre-fire vegetation characteristics controlling extreme fire behavior under different bioregions in Spain 在西班牙不同的生物区域,火灾机制属性决定了控制极端火灾行为的火前植被特征
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00276-w
David Beltrán-Marcos, Susana Suárez-Seoane, José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga, João C. Azevedo, Leonor Calvo
Designing effective land management actions addressed to increase ecosystem resilience requires us to understand how shifting fire regimes are shaping landscapes. In this study, we aim to assess the link between fire regime and pre-fire vegetation biophysical characteristics (type, amount, and structure) in controlling extreme fire behavior across Atlantic-Transition-Mediterranean bioregions in Spain marked by different summer drought conditions and dominant plant regenerative traits. We used remote sensing metrics to estimate fire severity and pre-fire vegetation characteristics in eight study areas recently affected by large and highly severe wildfires under different environmental contexts. Furthermore, to account for fire regime attributes, we retrieved, for each target wildfire, the perimeter of the past wildfires that occurred between 1985 and 2022 and calculated fire recurrence, the time the since last fire (TSLF), and fire severity of previous wildfires (FSPW). The effect of fire regime attributes on pre-fire vegetation was examined using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). During the study period, fire recurrence decreased significantly in all bioregions analyzed. Fire severity increased under Atlantic conditions and decreased under Mediterranean environmental context, where the time since the last fire was the highest. Pre-fire fuel type and amount were identified as primary drivers of fire severity, being both strongly modulated by fire regime but following distinct mechanisms depending on the environmental context of each bioregion. In Atlantic sites, more frequent past wildfires of low to moderate fire severity were associated with a greater dominance of fire-prone shrublands with moderate fuel amounts, which increases the risk of severe wildfires. Similar trends occurred in Transition and Mediterranean sites but under the previous occurrence of highly severe wildfires. Specifically, long times after highly severe wildfires (> 30 years) increased fuel amount in conifer-dominated ecosystems in all bioregions analyzed, heightening susceptibility to extreme fire behavior. Our findings highlight that fire-prone ecosystems need adaptative management strategies to mitigate the effects of fire regime changes, but these actions should be specific to the climatic and ecological context.
要设计有效的土地管理措施来提高生态系统的恢复能力,我们就必须了解不断变化的火灾机制是如何塑造地貌的。在这项研究中,我们旨在评估火灾机制与火灾前植被生物物理特征(类型、数量和结构)之间在控制西班牙大西洋-过渡带-地中海生物区极端火灾行为方面的联系,这些生物区以不同的夏季干旱条件和优势植物再生特征为标志。我们利用遥感指标估算了最近在不同环境背景下受大规模严重野火影响的八个研究区域的火灾严重程度和火前植被特征。此外,为了考虑火灾机制属性,我们为每个目标野火检索了1985年至2022年间发生的以往野火的周长,并计算了火灾复发率、上次火灾以来的时间(TSLF)和以往野火的火灾严重程度(FSPW)。利用广义线性混合模型(GLMMs)研究了火灾机制属性对火灾前植被的影响。在研究期间,所分析的所有生物区的火灾复发率都明显下降。在大西洋环境下,火灾严重程度增加,而在地中海环境下,火灾严重程度降低,因为地中海环境下距上次火灾发生的时间最长。火灾前的燃料类型和数量被认为是火灾严重程度的主要驱动因素,它们都受到火灾机制的强烈调节,但根据每个生物区的环境背景,其机制又各不相同。在大西洋地区,过去发生的中低严重程度的野火更为频繁,这与易起火灌木林占主导地位且燃料量适中有关,这增加了发生严重野火的风险。在过渡区和地中海地区也出现了类似的趋势,但都是在以前发生过严重野火的情况下。具体来说,在所有分析的生物区中,严重野火发生后很长一段时间(大于 30 年),针叶林为主的生态系统中的燃料量增加,从而更容易发生极端火灾。我们的研究结果突出表明,火灾易发生态系统需要适应性管理策略来减轻火灾机制变化的影响,但这些行动应针对具体的气候和生态环境。
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引用次数: 0
Private landowner interest in prescribed fire in California: findings from workshops in the Sierra Nevada 私人土地所有者对加州规定火灾的兴趣:内华达山脉研讨会的结论
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00277-9
Kate M. Wilkin, Amanda M. Stasiewicz, Susan D. Kocher
Globally, prescribed fire political interest and practice has been rekindled following recent devastating wildfire seasons. This phenomenon was especially acute in areas with dual wildfire and forest health crises, like California. Previous research has investigated prescribed fire on public lands or on private lands in other regions, but little is known about prescribed fire practice or interest on private lands in California. Therefore, we sought to understand private land managers’ perceptions of prescribed fire compared to other land management techniques, treatment pathways, motivations, and barriers to complete these treatments in California. Before workshops on prescribed fire for private lands, we surveyed participants in six prescribed fires on private lands workshops in the Central Sierra Nevada from 2018 to 2019 (N = 172). We found that participants “want to use” pile burns and broadcast prescribed fires more than other land management treatments. There was also a strong interest in mechanical treatments in contrast to low interest in grazing. Some participants had “heard about” and “want to use” some pathways to apply prescribed fire on their lands, including government programs, contractors, friends and family, and Prescribed Burn Associations (PBAs). People had multiple objectives for their prescribed fire goals, and the majority wanted to promote ecosystem health, e.g., reduce fire hazards, foster natural land health, and reduce invasive plants. Perceived barriers were greatest for safety, cost, and resources while fewer participants perceived permits as a barrier. Participants were in the early stages of considering using broadcast prescribed fire and would like to burn small areas, potentially to build confidence and skills. At the time of our research, there was strong interest in using prescribed fire on private lands, and some perceived best pathways and barriers to be unique from prescribed fire practice on public lands. At the same time, private lands managers who responded said they want to promote ecosystem health and reduce wildfire risk and impacts, which is a shared a common motivation with public lands managers. Studies and reports on prescribed burning need to clearly distinguish between broadcast prescribed burning and pile burning to ensure consistency in results and conclusions about prescribed fire use.
在全球范围内,继最近几个毁灭性的野火季节之后,人们重新燃起了对处方火的政治兴趣并开始实践处方火。这种现象在加州等同时面临野火和森林健康危机的地区尤为严重。以前的研究曾调查过其他地区公共土地或私人土地上的规定火源,但对加利福尼亚州私人土地上的规定火源实践或兴趣却知之甚少。因此,我们试图了解私人土地管理者与其他土地管理技术相比对规定火种的看法、处理途径、动机以及在加州完成这些处理的障碍。在举办私人土地明火研讨会之前,我们调查了 2018 年至 2019 年期间在内华达山脉中部举办的六次私人土地明火研讨会的参与者(N = 172)。我们发现,与其他土地管理方法相比,参与者更 "希望使用 "堆烧和广播式规定火。此外,与会者对机械处理方法兴趣浓厚,而对放牧方法兴趣不大。一些参与者 "听说过 "并 "想要使用 "在其土地上使用规定火源的一些途径,包括政府项目、承包商、朋友和家人以及规定燃烧协会 (PBA)。人们的规定燃放目标有多种,大多数人希望促进生态系统健康,例如减少火灾危害、促进自然土地健康和减少入侵植物。参与者认为最大的障碍是安全、成本和资源,而认为许可证是障碍的人较少。参与者处于考虑使用播撒式规定火源的早期阶段,他们希望燃烧小块区域,以建立信心和技能。在我们进行研究时,人们对在私有土地上使用规定火源有着浓厚的兴趣,一些人认为最佳途径和障碍与在公共土地上使用规定火源的做法截然不同。与此同时,作出回应的私人土地管理者表示,他们希望促进生态系统健康并降低野火风险和影响,这与公共土地管理者有着共同的动机。有关规定燃烧的研究和报告需要明确区分广播规定燃烧和堆积燃烧,以确保有关规定燃烧使用的结果和结论的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Historical and recent fire ecology on national wildlife refuges: a case study on Aransas National Wildlife Refuge 国家野生动物保护区的历史和近期火灾生态:阿兰萨斯国家野生动物保护区案例研究
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00273-z
Katherine E. Golden, Benjamin L. Hemingway, Amy E. Frazier, Wade Harrell, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Craig A. Davis
The southeastern United States consists of diverse ecosystems, many of which are fire-dependent. Fires were common during pre-European times, and many were anthropogenic in origin. Understanding how prescribed burning practices in use today compare to historic fire regimes can provide perspective and context on the role of fire in critical ecosystems. On the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), prescribed burning is conducted to prevent live oak (Quercus fusiformis) encroachment and preserve the openness of the herbaceous wetlands and grasslands for endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis). This field note builds a digital fire atlas of recent prescribed burning on the refuge and compares it to the historical fire ecology of ANWR. Findings indicate that the refuge is maintaining fire-dependent ecosystems with an extensive burn program that includes a fire return interval between 2 and 10 years on a majority of the refuge, with some locations experiencing much longer intervals. These fire return intervals are much shorter than the historic burn regime according to LANDFIRE. Following the fire return intervals projected by LANDFIRE, which project longer intervals than the prescribed fire program, would likely be detrimental to endangered species management by allowing increased woody plant encroachment and loss of open habitat important to whooping cranes and Aplomado falcons. Since prescribed fire is part of the management objectives on many national wildlife refuges in the United States, quantifying recent and historical fire ecology can provide useful insights into future management efforts, particularly in cases where endangered species are of special concern and management efforts may be counter to historical disturbance regimes.
美国东南部由多种多样的生态系统组成,其中许多都依赖于火灾。火灾在前欧洲时代就很常见,其中许多是人为造成的。了解当今使用的规定焚烧方法与历史上的火灾机制相比有何不同,可以为了解火灾在重要生态系统中的作用提供视角和背景。在阿兰萨斯国家野生动物保护区(ANWR),进行规定焚烧是为了防止栎树(Quercus fusiformis)蚕食,并为濒危百灵鹤(Grus americana)和阿普洛马多隼(Falco femoralis)保护草本湿地和草地的开阔性。本实地考察报告建立了一个数字火灾地图集,记录了避难所最近的规定焚烧情况,并将其与 ANWR 的历史火灾生态进行了比较。研究结果表明,该保护区正在通过广泛的燃烧计划来维持依赖于火的生态系统,该计划包括在大部分保护区内进行 2 到 10 年的火灾恢复间隔,有些地方的间隔时间更长。根据 LANDFIRE 的数据,这些复燃间隔比历史上的燃烧制度要短得多。按照 LANDFIRE 预测的复燃间隔(比规定火灾计划预测的间隔更长),很可能会增加木本植物的侵占,失去对百灵鹤和阿普洛马多隼非常重要的开阔栖息地,从而不利于濒危物种的管理。由于规定用火是美国许多国家野生动物保护区管理目标的一部分,量化近期和历史用火生态学可为未来管理工作提供有用的见解,尤其是在濒危物种受到特别关注、管理工作可能与历史干扰机制背道而驰的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
Lidar-derived estimates of forest structure in response to fire frequency 通过激光雷达估算火灾频率对森林结构的影响
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00279-7
C. Wade Ross, E. Louise Loudermilk, Joseph J. O’Brien, Steven A. Flanagan, Jennifer McDaniel, Doug P. Aubrey, Tripp Lowe, J. Kevin Hiers, Nicholas S. Skowronski
Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems are recognized as biodiversity hotspots, and their sustainability is tightly coupled to a complex nexus of feedbacks between fire, composition, and structure. While previous research has demonstrated that frequent fire is often associated with higher levels of biodiversity, relationships between fire frequency and forest structure are more nuanced because structure can be difficult to measure and characterize. We expanded on this body of research by using lidar to characterize vegetation structure in response to fire frequency at a long-term prescribed-fire experiment. We asked (1) how does prescribed fire frequency affect structure and (2) how do structural metrics vary in the strength of their relationships with fire frequency. Our results indicated that forest structure varied significantly in response to fire frequency, with more frequent fire reducing vegetation structural complexity. Metrics that characterized the central tendency of vegetation and/or the variance of canopy-related properties were weakly to moderately correlated with prescribed fire frequency, while metrics that captured the vertical dispersion or variability of vegetation throughout the forest strata were moderately to strongly correlated with fire frequency. Of all the metrics evaluated, the understory complexity index had the strongest correlation with fire frequency and explained 88% of the structural variation in response to prescribed fire treatments. The findings presented in this study highlight the usefulness of lidar technology for characterizing forest structure and that structural complexity cannot be fully characterized by a single metric. Instead, a range of diverse metrics is required to refine scientific understanding of the feedbacks between fire, composition, and structure in support of longleaf pine sustainability. Furthermore, there is a need for further research to broaden structural assessments beyond the overstory and incorporate more understory components, particularly within the realm of prescribed fire science and land management.
长叶松(Pinus palustris)生态系统是公认的生物多样性热点,其可持续性与火灾、组成和结构之间复杂的反馈密切相关。以往的研究表明,火灾频发往往与生物多样性水平较高有关,但火灾频发与森林结构之间的关系则更为微妙,因为森林结构可能难以测量和描述。我们利用激光雷达来描述植被结构对长期规定用火实验中的用火频率的响应,从而扩展了这一研究。我们的问题是:(1)规定用火频率对结构有何影响;(2)结构指标与用火频率的关系强度有何不同。我们的研究结果表明,森林结构随火灾频率的变化而显著不同,火灾频率越高,植被结构的复杂性越低。表征植被中心倾向和/或树冠相关特性差异的指标与火灾频率的相关性从弱到强,而表征森林各层植被垂直分散性或可变性的指标与火灾频率的相关性从强到弱。在所有评估指标中,林下复杂性指数与火灾频率的相关性最强,可解释 88% 的结构变化对处方火处理的响应。本研究的结果凸显了激光雷达技术在表征森林结构方面的实用性,以及结构复杂性无法通过单一指标完全表征。相反,需要一系列不同的指标来完善对火灾、组成和结构之间反馈的科学理解,以支持长叶松的可持续性。此外,还需要进一步开展研究,将结构评估的范围扩大到上层林木之外,并纳入更多的下层林木成分,特别是在规定用火科学和土地管理领域。
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引用次数: 0
Five social and ethical considerations for using wildfire visualizations as a communication tool 将野火可视化作为传播工具的五个社会和伦理考虑因素
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00278-8
Catrin M. Edgeley, William H. Cannon, Scott Pearse, Branko Kosović, Gabriele Pfister, Rajesh Kumar
Increased use of visualizations as wildfire communication tools with public and professional audiences—particularly 3D videos and virtual or augmented reality—invites discussion of their ethical use in varied social and temporal contexts. Existing studies focus on the use of such visualizations prior to fire events and commonly use hypothetical scenarios intended to motivate proactive mitigation or explore decision-making, overlooking the insights that those who have already experienced fire events can provide to improve user engagement and understanding of wildfire visualizations more broadly. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 101 residents and professionals affected by Colorado’s 2020 East Troublesome and 2021 Marshall Fires, using 3D model visualizations of fire events on tablets as a discussion tool to understand how fire behavior influenced evacuation experiences and decision-making. We provide empirically gathered insights that can inform the ethical use of wildfire visualizations by scientists, managers, and communicators working at the intersection of fire management and public safety. Study design, interview discussions, and field observations from both case studies reveal the importance of nuanced and responsive approaches for the use of 3D visualizations, with an emphasis on the implementation of protocols that ensure the risk of harm to the intended audience is minimal. We share five considerations for use of visualizations as communication tools with public and professional audiences, expanding existing research into post-fire spaces: (1) determine whether the use of visualizations will truly benefit users; (2) connect users to visualizations by incorporating local values; (3) provide context around model uncertainty; (4) design and share visualizations in ways that meet the needs of the user; (5) be cognizant of the emotional impacts that sharing wildfire visualizations can have. This research demonstrates the importance of study design and planning that considers the emotional and psychological well-being of users. For users that do wish to engage with visualizations, this technical note provides guidance for ensuring meaningful understandings that can generate new discussion and knowledge. We advocate for communication with visualizations that consider local context and provide opportunities for users to engage to a level that suits them, suggesting that visualizations should serve as catalysts for meaningful dialogue rather than conclusive information sources.
越来越多地使用可视化技术作为与公众和专业受众进行野火交流的工具,特别是三维视频和虚拟或增强现实技术,这引发了人们对其在不同社会和时间背景下的道德使用问题的讨论。现有的研究主要集中在火灾事件发生前对此类可视化技术的使用上,并且通常使用假设场景来激励主动缓解或探索决策,而忽略了那些已经经历过火灾事件的人能够提供的见解,而这些见解能够更广泛地提高用户的参与度和对野火可视化技术的理解。我们对受科罗拉多州 2020 年东麻烦和 2021 年马歇尔火灾影响的 101 名居民和专业人士进行了半结构化访谈,使用平板电脑上的火灾事件三维模型可视化作为讨论工具,了解火灾行为如何影响疏散体验和决策。我们提供了通过经验收集到的见解,这些见解可以为在火灾管理和公共安全交叉领域工作的科学家、管理者和传播者合乎道德地使用野火可视化提供参考。两项案例研究的研究设计、访谈讨论和实地观察都揭示了在使用三维可视化技术时采取细致入微、反应迅速的方法的重要性,并强调要执行相关规程,确保对目标受众造成伤害的风险降到最低。我们分享了将可视化作为与公众和专业受众交流的工具的五个注意事项,扩展了现有的火灾后空间研究:(1)确定可视化的使用是否真正有益于用户;(2)通过结合当地价值将用户与可视化联系起来;(3)提供有关模型不确定性的背景;(4)以满足用户需求的方式设计和分享可视化;(5)认识到分享野火可视化可能产生的情感影响。这项研究表明,考虑用户情感和心理健康的研究设计和规划非常重要。对于确实希望参与可视化的用户,本技术说明提供了指导,以确保能够产生新的讨论和知识的有意义的理解。我们提倡通过可视化方式进行交流,这种交流应考虑到当地的具体情况,并为用户提供机会,让他们参与到适合自己的水平中去,同时建议可视化方式应成为有意义对话的催化剂,而不是结论性的信息来源。
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引用次数: 0
Climate and humans interact to shape the fire regime of a chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest in eastern Bhutan 气候与人类相互作用,形成了不丹东部奇松(Pinus roxburghii)森林的火灾机制
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00275-x
Karma Tenzin, Craig R. Nitschke, Kathryn J. Allen, Paul J. Krusic, Edward R. Cook, Thiet V. Nguyen, Patrick J. Baker
Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests are distributed in the dry valleys of Bhutan Himalaya. In the past, these forests have been heavily influenced by human activities such as grazing, burning, resin tapping, and collection of non-timber forest products. Bhutan’s Forest Act of 1969, which shifted forest management from local community control to centralized governmental control, greatly restricted these activities. To understand the implications of the Forest Act on the chir pine forests, we used tree-rings and fire scars to reconstruct the fire history of a chir pine forest in eastern Bhutan. This provided an opportunity to characterize the fire regime before and after the Forest Act of 1969 was implemented and assess the scale and magnitude of changes that have occurred. We developed a 120-year chir pine fire chronology from nine sites within a single forested landscape. Between 1900 and ~ 1970, fires were small and patchy. When fires occurred, they were limited to one to two sites within the larger study area. After 1970, there was a distinct shift in fire activity, with fires in 1985, 1989, 1996, 2000, and 2013 burning > 90% of sample plots. Fire activity was positively associated with La Niña conditions (wetter, cooler) in the preceding year. This is likely the result of increased accumulation and connectivity of fuels on the forest floor in wetter years. Prior to 1970, the fire regime in the studied chir pine landscape in eastern Bhutan was dominated by patchy, low-intensity fires indicating that the fire regime was fuel limited. After 1970, fires became larger and more frequent. This shift was associated with the enactment of the Bhutan Forest Act in 1969, which regulated grazing and implemented a policy of strict fire exclusion in government-reserved forests. This likely led to a large buildup of fuels, particularly after La Niña years. Historical patterns of grazing and low-intensity fires prior to the Forest Act kept fuel loads low and disconnected. The cessation of most human activities in these forests after 1969 resulted in an increase in fuel loads and connectivity within the landscape. This has greatly reshaped fire regimes in the chir pine forests of eastern Bhutan over the past half century.
奇松(Pinus roxburghii Sarg.)森林分布在不丹喜马拉雅山的干燥山谷中。过去,这些森林受到放牧、焚烧、采脂和采集非木材森林产品等人类活动的严重影响。不丹 1969 年颁布的《森林法》将森林管理从当地社区控制转为中央政府控制,极大地限制了这些活动。为了了解《森林法》对奇松林的影响,我们利用树环和火痕重建了不丹东部奇松林的火灾历史。这为我们提供了一个机会来描述 1969 年《森林法案》实施前后的火灾机制,并评估所发生变化的规模和程度。我们从单一森林景观中的九个地点绘制了 120 年的奇松火灾年表。1900 年至 1970 年期间,火灾规模小且零星。火灾发生时,仅限于较大研究区域内的一到两个地点。1970 年后,火灾活动发生了明显变化,1985、1989、1996、2000 和 2013 年的火灾烧毁了超过 90% 的样地。火灾活动与前一年的拉尼娜现象(更潮湿、更凉爽)呈正相关。这可能是由于在较潮湿的年份,森林底层燃料的积累和连通性增加所致。1970 年以前,在不丹东部所研究的奇松地貌中,火势以零星、低强度的火灾为主,这表明火势受燃料限制。1970 年后,火灾规模更大,频率更高。这一转变与 1969 年颁布的《不丹森林法》有关,该法对放牧进行了管制,并在政府保护的森林中实施了严格的禁火政策。这可能导致了燃料的大量积累,尤其是在拉尼娜现象发生后。在《森林法案》颁布之前,放牧和低强度火灾的历史模式使燃料负荷保持在较低水平,且互不相连。1969 年后,这些森林中的大部分人类活动都停止了,这导致地貌中的燃料负荷和连通性增加。这在过去的半个世纪里极大地改变了不丹东部奇松森林的火灾机制。
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引用次数: 0
How an unprecedented wildfire shaped tree hollow occurrence and abundance—implications for arboreal fauna 一场史无前例的野火如何影响树洞的出现和丰度--对树栖动物的影响
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00274-y
Benjamin Wagner, Patrick J. Baker, Craig R. Nitschke
Tree hollows are an important habitat resource used by arboreal fauna for nesting and denning. Hollows form when trees mature and are exposed to decay and physical damage. In the absence of excavating fauna, hollow formation can take up to 200 years in Australian temperate Eucalyptus forests, making tree hollows a critical but slow forming habitat feature. The increasing frequency and severity of wildfires due to climate change has led to increased concern about the landscape-scale loss of nesting space for arboreal fauna, including endangered species such as the folivorous southern greater glider (Petauroides volans). To understand patterns of nesting resource availability, we assessed drivers of hollow occurrence in southeastern Australian mixed-species Eucalyptus forests and quantified the effects of an unprecedented large-scale wildfire, the 2019/2020 Black Summer bushfires, on hollow occurrence and abundance. Tree size and shape, as well as site productivity and topography, were important predictors for hollow occurrence both before and after the fires. The occurrence of the southern greater glider was strongly dependent on high proportions of hollow-bearing trees. While high fire severities had a negative impact on southern greater glider occurrence, the number of hollow-dependent arboreal species was not affected. While the wildfires significantly reduced hollow abundance, we did not find significant effects on hollow occurrence. Fires altered the relationship between tree size and hollow occurrence expressed as a change in the probability of hollow occurrence, with a higher likelihood at smaller tree sizes after the fires. Our findings suggest that post-fire nesting space may be reduced at the tree-scale, while at the stand-scale, hollow-bearing trees persist as biological legacies. These persisting trees can support the recovery of hollow-dependent arboreal fauna, such as the endangered southern greater glider by providing denning and nesting space. Hollow-bearing trees that survived the fires have the potential to form new hollows faster compared to undisturbed mature trees.
树洞是树栖动物筑巢和穴居的重要栖息地资源。树洞是在树木成熟并受到腐烂和物理损坏时形成的。在澳大利亚温带桉树林中,如果没有挖掘动物,树洞的形成可能需要长达 200 年的时间,因此树洞是一种重要但形成缓慢的栖息地特征。气候变化导致野火发生的频率和严重程度不断增加,使人们越来越担心树栖动物(包括食叶的南方大滑翔机(Petauroides volans)等濒危物种)的筑巢空间会在景观范围内消失。为了了解筑巢资源的可用性模式,我们评估了澳大利亚东南部桉树混交林中空洞出现的驱动因素,并量化了一场史无前例的大规模野火(2019/2020年黑夏丛林大火)对空洞出现和丰度的影响。大火前后,树木的大小和形状以及现场生产力和地形都是预测空洞出现的重要因素。南方大滑翔机的出现与高比例的空心树密切相关。虽然火灾的严重程度对南方大袋鼯的出现产生了负面影响,但依赖空心树的树栖物种数量却没有受到影响。虽然野火大大降低了空心树的丰度,但我们并没有发现野火对空心树的出现有明显影响。大火改变了树木大小与空洞发生率之间的关系,表现为空洞发生概率的变化,大火后树木大小越小,空洞发生概率越高。我们的研究结果表明,火灾后树木尺度上的筑巢空间可能会缩小,而在林分尺度上,空心树作为生物遗产会持续存在。这些持续存在的树木可以通过提供巢穴和筑巢空间,支持依赖空心树栖动物(如濒危的南方大滑翔机)的恢复。与未受干扰的成熟树木相比,在火灾中幸存下来的空心树有可能更快地形成新的空心。
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引用次数: 0
Frequent burning and limited stand-replacing fire supports Mexican spotted owl pair occupancy 频繁的焚烧和有限的立地替代火支持墨西哥斑鸮的配对栖息
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00271-1
Gavin M. Jones, Marion A. Clément, Christopher E. Latimer, Marilyn E. Wright, Jamie S. Sanderlin, Shaula J. Hedwall, Rebecca Kirby
Changing fire regimes have the potential to threaten wildlife populations and communities. Understanding species’ responses to novel fire regimes is critical to formulating effective management and conservation strategies in an era of rapid change. Here, we examined the empirical effects of recent and historical wildfire activity on Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) populations in the southwestern United States. Using region-wide, standardized detection/non-detection data of Mexican spotted owl breeding pairs collected from 2015 to 2022, we found (i) higher rates of pair occupancy at sites that experienced more frequent fires in the three decades prior to the initiation of our study, and (ii) lower rates of local persistence at sites that experienced more extensive high-severity fire during the study. Historical fire regimes throughout much of our study area were characterized by high fire frequencies and limited high-severity components, indicating that Mexican spotted owls responded to wildfire in a manner consistent with their evolutionary environment. Management activities such as prescribed burning and mechanical thinning that aim to reduce stand-replacing fire risk and re-introduce the potential for frequent-fire regimes will likely benefit Mexican spotted owl conservation objectives, as well as promote more resilient forest landscapes.
不断变化的火灾机制有可能威胁野生动物种群和群落。在快速变化的时代,了解物种对新的火灾机制的反应对于制定有效的管理和保护策略至关重要。在这里,我们研究了最近和历史上的野火活动对美国西南部墨西哥斑头鸺鹠(Strix occidentalis lucida)种群的实证影响。利用从2015年到2022年收集的全地区墨西哥斑鸮繁殖对的标准化检测/未检测数据,我们发现:(i)在研究开始前的三十年间,火灾发生频率较高的地点,繁殖对的占有率较高;(ii)在研究期间,火灾发生频率较高的地点,繁殖对的持续率较低。在我们研究区域的大部分地区,历史火灾机制的特点是火灾频率较高,而严重程度较高的成分有限,这表明墨西哥斑鸮对野火的反应方式与其进化环境相一致。规定燃烧和机械疏伐等旨在降低林分替代火灾风险并重新引入频繁火灾机制的管理活动可能会有利于墨西哥斑鸮的保护目标,并促进森林景观更具复原力。
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引用次数: 0
Response of vulnerable karst forest ecosystems under different fire severities in the Northern Dinaric Karst mountains (Slovenia) 北迪纳拉喀斯特山区(斯洛文尼亚)脆弱的喀斯特森林生态系统在不同火灾严重程度下的反应
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00267-x
Lucia Čahojová, Aljaž Jakob, Mateja Breg Valjavec, Andraž Čarni
This study deals with wildfires in marginal areas of the Mediterranean climatic and biogeographical regions (Northern Mediterranean) where fires were not common. The aim of the research was to determine the differences in floristic composition and traits at different intensities of fire damage and to analyze the changes in forest ecosystems during the wildfires that took place in the summer of 2022. The study included both the zonal forests and non-native black pine (Pinus nigra) forests. Remote sensing techniques linked to the vegetation data sampled in the field during the 2023 vegetation season, the very first season after the fires, were also used in the fire assessment. The study confirmed that satellite data analysis, orthophoto interpretation, and on-site vegetation sampling provide equivalent information on fire severity, opening up the possibility of transferring knowledge to similar post-fire sites without field sampling in the future. TWINSPAN classification analysis divided the sampled plots into clusters based on tree species prevalence and fire severity. The diagnostic species of the clusters were calculated using a fidelity measure. Ordination revealed that the first axis on the detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) correlated with wildfire severity. Ecological conditions and strategies, life forms, chorotypes, seed dispersal classes, and regeneration traits were analyzed along this gradient. We found that post-fire sites became warmer, drier, and lighter, which favored the growth of ruderal, theropytic, cosmopolitan, anemochorous and post-fire emergent species. After the fire, a “wave” of annual ruderal species was observed. The results indicate that post-fire recovery can be left to natural processes without human intervention, except in the case of non-native pine stands where planting or seeding may be necessary. Otherwise, it is essential to control the possible occurrence of invasive species. Isolated adaptations of species to fire have also been observed, such as heat-stimulated germination. Such adaptations could develop in regions exposed to frequent fires and where fires act as an evolutionary factor.
本研究涉及地中海气候和生物地理区域(地中海北部)不常发生火灾的边缘地区的野火。研究的目的是确定不同火害强度下植物组成和性状的差异,并分析 2022 年夏季野火期间森林生态系统的变化。研究对象包括地带性森林和非本地黑松(Pinus nigra)森林。在火灾评估中,还使用了遥感技术与 2023 年植被季节(火灾后的第一个季节)在实地采样的植被数据相联系。研究证实,卫星数据分析、正射影像判读和现场植被取样提供了关于火灾严重程度的同等信息,为今后将知识转移到类似的火灾后地点而无需现场取样提供了可能性。TWINSPAN 分类分析根据树种的普遍性和火灾严重程度将采样地块划分为若干群组。使用保真度测量法计算了聚类的诊断物种。排序结果显示,去趋势对应分析(DCA)的第一轴与野火严重程度相关。我们沿着这一梯度分析了生态条件和策略、生命形式、群落类型、种子传播类别和再生特征。我们发现,火灾后的地点变得更温暖、更干燥、更轻,这有利于杂草、theropytic、cosmopolitan、anemochorous和火灾后萌生物种的生长。火灾后,观察到了一年生草本物种的 "浪潮"。研究结果表明,火灾后的恢复可以任其自然,无需人为干预,除非是非本地松林,可能需要种植或播种。否则,就必须控制可能出现的入侵物种。还观察到物种对火灾的个别适应性,如热刺激发芽。这种适应性可能会在火灾频发和火灾成为进化因素的地区形成。
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引用次数: 0
Case study of UAS ignition of prescribed fire in a mixedwood on the William B. Bankhead National Forest, Alabama 在阿拉巴马州威廉-班克黑德国家森林的杂木林中用无人机点火的案例研究
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00263-1
John Craycroft, Callie Schweitzer
For at least four decades, practitioners have recognized advantages of aerial versus ground ignition for maximizing the effectiveness of prescribed fires. For example, larger areas can be ignited in less time, or ignition energy may be variously targeted over an area in accordance with the uneven distribution of fuels. The maturation of wireless communication, geopositioning systems, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has enhanced those advantages, and UAS approaches also provide further advantages relative to helicopter ignitions, such as reduced risk to human safety, lower operating costs, and higher operational flexibility. In a long running study at the Bankhead National Forest in northcentral Alabama, prescribed fire has been used for nearly 20 years. Most of the burns have been hand-ignited via drip torches, while some have been aerially ignited via helicopter. In March 2022, for the first time, a UAS was used to ignite prescribed fires across a landscape that included a long-term research stand. This field note relates comparisons of both fire behavior and fuel consumption metrics for the UAS-ignited burn versus previous burns on the same stand, and versus burns of other research stands in the same year. The UAS-ignited prescribed fire experienced burn effects similar to those from ground-ignited prescribed fires on the same stand in previous years, as well as those from ground-ignited prescribed fires on other stands in the same year. This post hoc analysis suggests that UAS ignition approaches may be sufficient for achieving prescribed burn goals, thereby enabling practitioners to realize the advantages offered by that ignition mode.
至少四十年来,实践者已经认识到空中点火相对于地面点火的优势,可以最大限度地提高规定火种的效果。例如,可以在更短的时间内点燃更大的区域,或者可以根据燃料的不均匀分布,在一个区域内点燃不同的能量。无线通信、地理定位系统和无人机系统(UAS)的成熟增强了这些优势,与直升机点火相比,无人机系统方法还具有更多优势,如降低人类安全风险、降低运营成本和提高运营灵活性。在阿拉巴马州中北部的班克黑德国家森林进行的一项长期研究中,规定火种已经使用了近 20 年。大部分燃烧是通过滴水火炬人工点燃的,也有一些是通过直升机空中点燃的。2022 年 3 月,首次使用无人机系统在包括一个长期研究林地在内的地形上点火。本实地说明对无人机系统点火与之前在同一林地上点火以及与同年在其他研究林地上点火的火灾行为和燃料消耗指标进行了比较。由无人机系统点燃的预设火灾所产生的燃烧效果与往年在同一林地上由地面点燃的预设火灾以及同年在其他林地上由地面点燃的预设火灾所产生的燃烧效果相似。这项事后分析表明,无人机系统点火方法可能足以实现规定燃烧目标,从而使实践者能够实现这种点火模式所带来的优势。
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引用次数: 0
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Fire Ecology
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