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Historical fire regimes from red pines (Pinus resinosa Ait.) across the Tension Zone in the Lower Peninsula, Michigan USA 美国密歇根州下半岛张力带红松(Pinus resinosa Ait.)的历史火灾机制
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00253-3
Michael C. Stambaugh, Joseph M. Marschall, Erin R. Abadir, Richard P. Guyette, Daniel C. Dey
Currently, no multiple century fire scar records have been constructed in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, USA, a region where historical vegetation ranged from prairies and oak-dominated woodlands in the south to conifer-northern hardwood forests and swamps to the north. The western portion of the Huron-Manistee National Forests is located within this strong vegetation transition (i.e., “Tension Zone”) and, based on this study, has well-preserved remnant red pine trees dating back to at least the late 1400s with fire scars dating back to 1523. From fire scar records constructed at four study sites, we documented historical fires as having a wide range of fire intervals and seasonalities. A general timeline of fire activity changes in this region can be described as relatively frequent fire in the pre- and early-European contact eras, variable and generally less fire from this point forward until the period of major logging activities after which fire frequency was significantly increased. Historical fires were associated with drought in the year of fire. Some broad synchronies of fire occurrence existed among sites such as 3 of 4 sites recording fires in years 1717, 1774, and 1829. Interestingly, these years were not exceptionally dry nor among the driest fire years. Future development of fire scar records will likely improve spatio-temporal characterization of regional fire regimes including understanding of human-climate-fire dynamics.
目前,美国密歇根州下半半岛还没有多个世纪的火灾疤痕记录,该地区的历史植被从南部的大草原和橡树为主的林地到北部的针叶林-北方阔叶林和沼泽不等。休伦-曼尼斯蒂尔国家森林的西部位于这一植被强烈过渡区(即 "张力区"),根据这项研究,这里保存完好的残存红松至少可追溯到 14 世纪晚期,火痕可追溯到 1523 年。根据在四个研究地点建立的火痕记录,我们发现历史上的火灾有很宽的火灾间隔和季节性。该地区火灾活动变化的总体时间表可以描述为:在与欧洲接触前和接触初期,火灾相对频繁,此后火灾多变且普遍较少,直到主要伐木活动时期,此后火灾频率显著增加。历史上的火灾与火灾发生当年的干旱有关。不同地点之间的火灾发生有一些广泛的同步性,例如在 1717 年、1774 年和 1829 年,4 个地点中有 3 个发生了火灾。有趣的是,这些年份并不是特别干旱,也不是最干旱的火灾年份。未来火痕记录的发展可能会改善区域火灾机制的时空特征,包括对人类-气候-火灾动态的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of forest fire severity and land surface temperature using Google Earth Engine: a case study of Gujarat State, India 利用谷歌地球引擎评估森林火灾严重程度和地表温度:印度古吉拉特邦案例研究
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00254-2
Keval H. Jodhani, Haard Patel, Utsav Soni, Rishabh Patel, Bhairavi Valodara, Nitesh Gupta, Anant Patel, Padam jee Omar
Forest fires are a recurring issue in many parts of the world, including India. These fires can have various causes, including human activities (such as agricultural burning, campfires, or discarded cigarettes) and natural factors (such as lightning). The present study presents a comprehensive and advanced methodology for assessing wildfire susceptibility by integrating diverse environmental variables and leveraging cutting-edge machine learning techniques across Gujarat State, India. The primary goal of the study is to utilize Google Earth Engine to compare locations in Gujarat, India, before and after forest fires. High-resolution satellite data were used to assess the amount and types of changes caused by forest fires. The present study meticulously analyzes various environmental variables, i.e., slope orientation, elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), drainage density, precipitation, and temperature to understand landscape characteristics and assess wildfire susceptibility. In addition, a sophisticated random forest regression model is used to predict land surface temperature based on a set of environmental parameters. The maps that result depict the geographical distribution of normalized burn ratio and difference normalized burn ratio and land surface temperature forecasts, providing valuable insights into spatial patterns and trends. The findings of this work show that an automated temporal analysis utilizing Google Earth Engine may be used successfully over a wide range of land cover types, providing critical data for future monitoring of such threats. The impact of forest fires can be severe, leading to the loss of biodiversity, damage to ecosystems, and threats to human settlements.
森林火灾是包括印度在内的世界许多地区经常发生的问题。这些火灾的起因多种多样,包括人类活动(如农业焚烧、篝火或丢弃的香烟)和自然因素(如闪电)。本研究通过整合各种环境变量,并利用印度古吉拉特邦的尖端机器学习技术,提出了一种评估野火易发性的全面而先进的方法。本研究的主要目标是利用谷歌地球引擎对印度古吉拉特邦发生森林火灾前后的地点进行比较。高分辨率卫星数据用于评估森林火灾造成的变化数量和类型。本研究细致分析了各种环境变量,即坡度方向、海拔、归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、排水密度、降水量和温度,以了解地貌特征并评估野火易发性。此外,还使用复杂的随机森林回归模型,根据一组环境参数预测地表温度。由此绘制的地图描述了归一化燃烧比、归一化燃烧比差值和地表温度预测的地理分布,为了解空间模式和趋势提供了宝贵的信息。这项工作的结果表明,利用谷歌地球引擎进行的自动时间分析可成功应用于多种土地覆被类型,为今后监测此类威胁提供重要数据。森林火灾的影响可能非常严重,会导致生物多样性丧失、生态系统遭到破坏,并对人类住区构成威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Wildfire probability estimated from recent climate and fine fuels across the big sagebrush region 根据最近的气候和整个大沙棘灌木地区的细小燃料估算出的野火概率
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00252-4
Martin C. Holdrege, Daniel R. Schlaepfer, Kyle A. Palmquist, Michele Crist, Kevin E. Doherty, William K. Lauenroth, Thomas E. Remington, Karin Riley, Karen C. Short, John C. Tull, Lief A. Wiechman, John B. Bradford
Wildfire is a major proximate cause of historical and ongoing losses of intact big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) plant communities and declines in sagebrush obligate wildlife species. In recent decades, fire return intervals have shortened and area burned has increased in some areas, and habitat degradation is occurring where post-fire re-establishment of sagebrush is hindered by invasive annual grasses. In coming decades, the changing climate may accelerate these wildfire and invasive feedbacks, although projecting future wildfire dynamics requires a better understanding of long-term wildfire drivers across the big sagebrush region. Here, we integrated wildfire observations with climate and vegetation data to derive a statistical model for the entire big sagebrush region that represents how annual wildfire probability is influenced by climate and fine fuel characteristics. Wildfire frequency varied significantly across the sagebrush region, and our statistical model represented much of that variation. Biomass of annual and perennial grasses and forbs, which we used as proxies for fine fuels, influenced wildfire probability. Wildfire probability was highest in areas with high annual forb and grass biomass, which is consistent with the well-documented phenomenon of increased wildfire following annual grass invasion. The effects of annuals on wildfire probability were strongest in places with dry summers. Wildfire probability varied with the biomass of perennial grasses and forbs and was highest at intermediate biomass levels. Climate, which varies substantially across the sagebrush region, was also predictive of wildfire probability, and predictions were highest in areas with a low proportion of precipitation received in summer, intermediate precipitation, and high temperature. We developed a carefully validated model that contains relatively simple and biologically plausible relationships, with the goal of adequate performance under novel conditions so that useful projections of average annual wildfire probability can be made given general changes in conditions. Previous studies on the impacts of vegetation and climate on wildfire probability in sagebrush ecosystems have generally used more complex machine learning approaches and have usually been applicable to only portions of the sagebrush region. Therefore, our model complements existing work and forms an additional tool for understanding future wildfire and ecological dynamics across the sagebrush region.
野火是导致完整的大鼠尾草(Artemisia tridentata Nutt.)近几十年来,火灾发生的时间间隔缩短了,一些地区的焚烧面积增加了,在火灾后重新建立的鼠尾草受到入侵一年生草类的阻碍时,栖息地正在退化。在未来几十年中,气候的变化可能会加速这些野火和入侵的反馈作用,但预测未来的野火动态需要更好地了解整个大鼠尾草地区的长期野火驱动因素。在这里,我们将野火观测数据与气候和植被数据相结合,为整个大鼠尾草地区推导出了一个统计模型,该模型体现了每年野火发生的概率是如何受到气候和精细燃料特征的影响的。整个鼠尾草地区的野火频率变化很大,我们的统计模型代表了其中的大部分变化。一年生和多年生禾本科及草本植物的生物量(我们将其作为精细燃料的代用指标)影响着野火发生的概率。野火发生概率在一年生草本植物生物量高的地区最高,这与文献记载的一年生草本植物入侵后野火增加的现象一致。在夏季干燥的地方,一年生草对野火概率的影响最大。野火概率随多年生禾本科和草本植物生物量的变化而变化,在生物量处于中等水平时野火概率最高。整个鼠尾草地区的气候差异很大,气候也能预测野火发生概率,夏季降水比例低、降水量中等和温度高的地区野火发生概率最高。我们开发了一个经过仔细验证的模型,该模型包含相对简单且在生物学上合理的关系,目的是在新条件下充分发挥其性能,以便在条件发生普遍变化时对年平均野火发生概率做出有用的预测。以前关于植被和气候对鼠尾草生态系统野火发生概率的影响的研究通常使用较为复杂的机器学习方法,而且通常只适用于部分鼠尾草地区。因此,我们的模型是对现有工作的补充,是了解整个鼠尾草地区未来野火和生态动态的又一工具。
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引用次数: 0
Flammability features of native and non-native woody species from the southernmost ecosystems: a review 最南端生态系统中本地和非本地木本物种的易燃性特征:综述
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00250-6
Octavio Toy-Opazo, Andrés Fuentes-Ramirez, Valeria Palma-Soto, Rafael A. Garcia, Kirk A. Moloney, Rodrigo Demarco, Andrés Fuentes-Castillo
Vegetation plays a crucial role in the ignition, propagation, and severity of fire, and understanding the relationship between plants and fire through flammability attributes has become a useful tool that is increasingly used in studies on fire dynamics worldwide. However, in the southern cone of South America, rather few studies have systematically and specifically addressed the flammability of vegetation, and yet fewer have compared native and non-native species. Given the increasing interest in knowing the flammability characteristics of vegetation, this review aims to assess the potential differences in flammability between native and non-native plant species that inhabit the southern cone and to identify the main methodologies and experiments used to analyze vegetation flammability. Twenty-eight species were identified, 18 native to the region and 10 non-native. Additionally, 64 experimental tests were revised to evaluate plant flammability. It was found that Cryptocarya alba, Acacia dealbata, Eucalyptus globulus, and Pinus ponderosa are the species with a high flammability index. By contrast, the species Araucaria araucana, Austrocedrus chilensis, Embothrium coccineum, and Persea lingue showed low flammability. The methodologies used to evaluate vegetation flammability were highly variable, with the use of epiradiators being the most frequent. Our review indicates that the geographic origin of vegetation (native vs. non-native in South America) is not a decisive factor in determining species-level differences in flammability. Other relevant factors that contribute with the degree of plant flammability include fuel moisture, the morphology of the species, and its internal chemical compounds. We highlight the necessity of continuing the study of plant flammability and advance in the standardization of protocols and measurements, using uniform criteria and increasing comparative studies between species, particularly in the southern cone of South America where catastrophic wildfires are increasing.
植被在火灾的点燃、传播和严重程度方面起着至关重要的作用,通过可燃性属性了解植物与火灾之间的关系已成为一种有用的工具,在全球火灾动态研究中得到越来越多的应用。然而,在南美洲南锥体地区,系统性地专门研究植被易燃性的研究相当少,对本地物种和非本地物种进行比较的研究更少。鉴于人们对了解植被可燃性特征的兴趣与日俱增,本综述旨在评估居住在南锥体的本地和非本地植物物种在可燃性方面的潜在差异,并确定用于分析植被可燃性的主要方法和实验。研究确定了 28 个物种,其中 18 个为该地区的本地物种,10 个为非本地物种。此外,还修订了 64 项实验测试,以评估植物的易燃性。结果发现,白隐翅树、相思树、桉树和松柏是易燃指数较高的树种。相比之下,Araucaria araucana、Austrocedrus chilensis、Embothrium coccineum 和 Persea lingue 的易燃指数较低。用于评估植被易燃性的方法差异很大,其中最常使用的是外辐照仪。我们的研究表明,植被的地理起源(南美洲的原生植被与非原生植被)并不是决定物种易燃性差异的决定性因素。影响植物易燃程度的其他相关因素包括燃料湿度、物种形态及其内部化合物。我们强调有必要继续研究植物的易燃性,并推进协议和测量的标准化,采用统一标准,增加物种间的比较研究,尤其是在灾难性野火不断增加的南美洲南锥体地区。
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引用次数: 0
Fire-type heat increases the germination of Cistaceae seeds in contrast to summer heat 与夏季高温相比,火热型高温可提高肉苁蓉种子的萌发率
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00251-5
Byron B. Lamont, Geoffrey E. Burrows, Juli G. Pausas
Our analyses of data in Luna et al. (Fire Ecology 19:52, 2023) do not support the proposal that dormancy release of the hard seeds in 12 species of Cistaceae is a “two-step process” involving high summer temperatures followed by fire-type heat. The reverse is true: subjection to a month of daily alternating temperatures of 50/20 °C (summer heat) is more likely to induce dormancy among initially soft seeds or secondary dormancy among those softened by fire heat or reduce the ability of fire heat to soften the seeds. The need to inspect seeds for the presence of an open “water gap” following various heat treatments, and using more realistic summer temperatures in future studies, is clear.
我们对 Luna 等人(《火灾生态学》19:52, 2023 年)中数据的分析并不支持 12 种肉苁蓉科植物硬种子的休眠释放是一个 "两步过程"(先是夏季高温,然后是火灾高温)。事实恰恰相反:在 50/20 °C(夏季高温)每日交替的一个月内,更有可能诱导最初柔软的种子进入休眠状态,或诱导因火热而软化的种子进入二次休眠状态,或降低火热软化种子的能力。显然,有必要在各种热处理后检查种子是否存在开放的 "水隙",并在今后的研究中使用更真实的夏季温度。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing changes in global fire regimes 评估全球火灾机制的变化
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-023-00237-9
Sayedeh Sara Sayedi, Benjamin W. Abbott, Boris Vannière, Bérangère Leys, Daniele Colombaroli, Graciela Gil Romera, Michał Słowiński, Julie C. Aleman, Olivier Blarquez, Angelica Feurdean, Kendrick Brown, Tuomas Aakala, Teija Alenius, Kathryn Allen, Maja Andric, Yves Bergeron, Siria Biagioni, Richard Bradshaw, Laurent Bremond, Elodie Brisset, Joseph Brooks, Sandra O. Brugger, Thomas Brussel, Haidee Cadd, Eleonora Cagliero, Christopher Carcaillet, Vachel Carter, Filipe X. Catry, Antoine Champreux, Emeline Chaste, Raphaël Daniel Chavardès, Melissa Chipman, Marco Conedera, Simon Connor, Mark Constantine, Colin Courtney Mustaphi, Abraham N. Dabengwa, William Daniels, Erik De Boer, Elisabeth Dietze, Joan Estrany, Paulo Fernandes, Walter Finsinger, Suzette G. A. Flantua, Paul Fox-Hughes, Dorian M. Gaboriau, Eugenia M.Gayo, Martin. P. Girardin, Jeffrey Glenn, Ramesh Glückler, Catalina González-Arango, Mariangelica Groves, Douglas S. Hamilton, Rebecca Jenner Hamilton, Stijn Hantson, K...
The global human footprint has fundamentally altered wildfire regimes, creating serious consequences for human health, biodiversity, and climate. However, it remains difficult to project how long-term interactions among land use, management, and climate change will affect fire behavior, representing a key knowledge gap for sustainable management. We used expert assessment to combine opinions about past and future fire regimes from 99 wildfire researchers. We asked for quantitative and qualitative assessments of the frequency, type, and implications of fire regime change from the beginning of the Holocene through the year 2300. Respondents indicated some direct human influence on wildfire since at least ~ 12,000 years BP, though natural climate variability remained the dominant driver of fire regime change until around 5,000 years BP, for most study regions. Responses suggested a ten-fold increase in the frequency of fire regime change during the last 250 years compared with the rest of the Holocene, corresponding first with the intensification and extensification of land use and later with anthropogenic climate change. Looking to the future, fire regimes were predicted to intensify, with increases in frequency, severity, and size in all biomes except grassland ecosystems. Fire regimes showed different climate sensitivities across biomes, but the likelihood of fire regime change increased with higher warming scenarios for all biomes. Biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecosystem services were predicted to decrease for most biomes under higher emission scenarios. We present recommendations for adaptation and mitigation under emerging fire regimes, while recognizing that management options are constrained under higher emission scenarios. The influence of humans on wildfire regimes has increased over the last two centuries. The perspective gained from past fires should be considered in land and fire management strategies, but novel fire behavior is likely given the unprecedented human disruption of plant communities, climate, and other factors. Future fire regimes are likely to degrade key ecosystem services, unless climate change is aggressively mitigated. Expert assessment complements empirical data and modeling, providing a broader perspective of fire science to inform decision making and future research priorities.
全球人类足迹已从根本上改变了野火机制,对人类健康、生物多样性和气候造成了严重后果。然而,要预测土地利用、管理和气候变化之间的长期相互作用将如何影响火灾行为仍然十分困难,这也是可持续管理方面的一个关键知识缺口。我们通过专家评估,综合了 99 位野火研究人员对过去和未来火灾机制的看法。我们要求对从全新世开始到 2300 年的火灾发生频率、类型和影响进行定量和定性评估。受访者表示,至少从公元前约 12000 年开始,人类就对野火产生了一些直接影响,尽管在公元前约 5000 年之前,对于大多数研究地区而言,自然气候变异仍是火系变化的主要驱动力。研究结果表明,与全新世的其他时期相比,过去 250 年间火灾变化的频率增加了十倍,这首先与土地利用的加强和扩大有关,其次与人为气候变化有关。展望未来,除草原生态系统外,所有生物群落的火灾发生频率、严重程度和规模都将加剧。不同生物群落的火灾机制对气候的敏感性不同,但在所有生物群落中,火灾机制发生变化的可能性随着气候变暖程度的增加而增加。据预测,在较高的排放情景下,大多数生物群落的生物多样性、碳储存和其他生态系统服务都会减少。我们提出了在新出现的火灾机制下适应和缓解的建议,同时认识到在较高排放情景下管理方案受到限制。在过去两个世纪中,人类对野火机制的影响与日俱增。土地和火灾管理策略应考虑从过去的火灾中获得的视角,但由于人类对植物群落、气候和其他因素前所未有的破坏,很可能出现新的火灾行为。除非积极减缓气候变化,否则未来的火灾机制很可能会降低关键的生态系统服务。专家评估是对经验数据和建模的补充,为火灾科学提供了更广阔的视角,为决策制定和未来研究重点提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Service-learning to improve training, knowledge transfer, and awareness in forest fire management 通过服务学习改进森林火灾管理方面的培训、知识转让和认识
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-023-00226-y
Pablo Souza-Alonso, Beatriz Omil, Alexandre Sotelino, David García-Romero, Eugenio Otero-Urtaza, Mar Lorenzo Moledo, Otilia Reyes, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Javier Madrigal, Daniel Moya, Juan Ramón Molina, Francisco Rodriguez y Silva, Agustín Merino
Forest fires represent a severe threat to Mediterranean ecosystems and are considered one of the major environmental and socioeconomic problems of the region. The project Plantando cara al fuego (PCF, Spain) is designed to transfer knowledge and to improve the training of new generations in forest fire management. The project is based on the application of service-learning (S-L), an educational methodology that combines learning and community service. Conceived as a compendium of S-L initiatives, the PCF project is composed of several S-L projects with the objective of reducing the problem of forest fires. The individual projects are developed at the regional/local level, each one involving different social agents such as researchers, students (from different disciplines), schools, multidisciplinary professionals, NGOs, or the administration. Participants received an initial training in S-L to design projects focused on different aspects of forest fires (environmental awareness, outreach/communication, fire prevention or post-fire restoration). These applied projects are formally integrated in the learning process via curriculum, which serve to teach and reinforce transversal skills and allow students to get involved and work to solve real problems. In general, the response of the participants was highly favorable, since the projects served to create an atmosphere that facilitates learning, interaction between participants, the application of theoretical class contents, knowledge transfer, or the exchange of good teaching practices. The summary of the PCF project presented in this work serves as a practical guide describing the activities, participants, and the necessary steps involved in the design, development, and evaluation of S-L projects to address environmental problems. In this case, the S-L was adapted to a specific context (i.e., the problem of forest fires) to which it had never been previously applied, but this methodology is versatile and can be applied to different environmental issues.
森林火灾是对地中海生态系统的严重威胁,被认为是该地区主要的环境和社会经济问题之一。Plantando cara al fuego(PCF,西班牙)项目旨在传授知识,加强对新一代的森林火灾管理培训。该项目以服务学习(S-L)的应用为基础,这是一种将学习与社区服务相结合的教育方法。PCF 项目是 S-L 活动的汇编,由多个 S-L 项目组成,目的是减少森林火灾问题。每个项目都是在地区/地方层面开展的,涉及不同的社会主体,如研究人员、学生(来自不同学科)、学校、多学科专业人员、非政府组织或行政部门。参与者接受了 S-L 的初步培训,以设计侧重于森林火灾不同方面(环境意识、宣传/沟通、火灾预防或火灾后恢复)的项目。这些应用项目通过课程正式纳入学习过程,用于教授和强化横向技能,并让学生参与其中,努力解决实际问题。总体而言,参与者的反应非常好,因为这些项目有助于营造一种氛围,促进学习、参与者之间的互动、理论课内容的应用、知识传授或良好教学实践的交流。本作品中介绍的 PCF 项目摘要可作为实用指南,描述解决环境问题的 S-L 项目的设计、开发和评估所涉及的活动、参与者和必要步骤。在这一案例中,S-L 被调整以适应以前从未应用过的特定环境(即森林火灾问题),但这一方法是多用途的,可应用于不同的环境问题。
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引用次数: 0
Forest thinning and prescribed burning treatments reduce wildfire severity and buffer the impacts of severe fire weather 森林疏伐和规定的燃烧处理可降低野火的严重程度,缓冲恶劣火灾天气的影响
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-023-00241-z
Emily G. Brodie, Eric E. Knapp, Wesley R. Brooks, Stacy A. Drury, Martin W. Ritchie
The capacity of forest fuel treatments to moderate the behavior and severity of subsequent wildfires depends on weather and fuel conditions at the time of burning. However, in-depth evaluations of how treatments perform are limited because encounters between wildfires and areas with extensive pre-fire data are rare. Here, we took advantage of a 1200-ha randomized and replicated experiment that burned almost entirely in a subsequent wildfire under a wide range of weather conditions. We compared the impacts of four fuel treatments on fire severity, including two thin-only, a thin-burn, a burn-only, and an untreated control. We evaluated four fire severity metrics—tree mortality, average bole char height, percent crown volume consumed (PCVC), and percent crown volume affected (PCVA)—and leveraged data from pre-fire surface and canopy fuels to better understand the mechanisms driving differences in wildfire severity among treatments and how they changed with fire weather. We found strong mitigating effects of treatments on fire behavior and tree mortality, despite 20 years having elapsed since mechanical thinning and 10 years since the second entry of prescribed fire. The thin-burn treatment resulted in the lowest fire severity across all four metrics and the untreated control the highest. All four fire severity metrics were positively associated with pre-fire canopy and surface fuel loads, with the exception that PCVC (a fire severity metric related to crown fire behavior) was not associated with surface fuel load. The fire weather conditions under which fuel treatment was most effective varied among fire severity metrics. Fuel treatment benefit was maximized at intermediate burning index values for tree mortality, intermediate to high burning index values for PCVA, and high burning index for bole char height and PCVC. We conclude that reducing canopy bulk density via mechanical thinning treatments can help to limit crown fire behavior for 20 years or more. However, reducing surface fuels is necessary to limit scorching and the total crown impacts associated with tree mortality. Further, while fuel treatment effectiveness may decline under the most severe fire weather conditions for fire severity metrics associated with tree mortality, it is maximized under severe fire weather conditions for fire severity metrics associated with crown fire behavior (bole charring and torching). Our results provide strong evidence for the use of fuel treatments to mitigate fire behavior and resulting fire severity even under extreme fire weather conditions.
森林燃料处理能否缓和后续野火的行为和严重程度,取决于燃烧时的天气和燃料条件。然而,由于野火与具有大量火前数据的地区之间的相遇非常罕见,因此对处理效果的深入评估非常有限。在这里,我们利用了一个 1200 公顷的随机重复实验,该实验在各种天气条件下几乎完全在随后的野火中燃烧。我们比较了四种燃料处理方法对火灾严重性的影响,包括两种纯稀释、一种稀释-燃烧、一种纯燃烧和一种未处理对照。我们评估了四种火灾严重性指标--树木死亡率、平均树干炭化高度、消耗树冠体积百分比 (PCVC) 和受影响树冠体积百分比 (PCVA),并利用火灾前地表和树冠燃料数据,以更好地了解不同处理方法之间野火严重性差异的驱动机制,以及它们如何随火灾天气而变化。我们发现,尽管机械疏伐已经过去了 20 年,而第二次使用规定火源也已经过去了 10 年,但处理方法对火灾行为和树木死亡率仍有很强的缓解作用。在所有四项指标中,稀疏燃烧处理的火灾严重程度最低,而未处理的对照组火灾严重程度最高。所有四项火灾严重程度指标都与火灾前的树冠和地表燃料负荷呈正相关,但 PCVC(与树冠火灾行为有关的火灾严重程度指标)与地表燃料负荷无关。在不同的火灾严重程度指标下,燃料处理最有效的火灾天气条件各不相同。在树木死亡率的中等燃烧指数值、PCVA 的中等至高燃烧指数值以及木焦高度和 PCVC 的高燃烧指数值条件下,燃料处理的效益最大。我们的结论是,通过机械疏伐处理降低树冠体积密度有助于在 20 年或更长时间内限制树冠火灾行为。然而,要限制焦烧和与树木死亡相关的树冠总影响,就必须减少地表燃料。此外,虽然在最严重的火灾天气条件下,与树木死亡率相关的火灾严重性指标的燃料处理效果可能会下降,但在严重的火灾天气条件下,与树冠火灾行为相关的火灾严重性指标(树干炭化和灼烧)的燃料处理效果却最大。我们的研究结果提供了强有力的证据,证明即使在极端火灾天气条件下,也可以利用燃料处理来减轻火灾行为和由此造成的火灾严重程度。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental health of wildland firefighters: a scoping review 野地消防员的环境健康:范围界定审查
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-023-00235-x
M. Bryan Held, Miranda Rose Ragland, Sage Wood, Amelia Pearson, Seth Wayne Pearson, Olivia Chenevert, Rachel Marie Granberg, Robin Michelle Verble
Wildland firefighters are likely to experience heightened risks to safety, health, and overall well-being as changing climates increase the frequency and intensity of exposure to natural hazards. Working at the intersection of natural resource management and emergency response, wildland firefighters have multidimensional careers that often incorporate elements from disparate fields to accomplish the tasks of suppressing and preventing wildfires. Thus, they have distinctly different job duties than other firefighters (e.g., structural firefighters) and experience environmental health risks that are unique to their work. We conducted a systematic scoping review of scientific literature that addresses wildland firefighter environmental health. Our goal was to identify studies that specifically addressed wildland firefighters (as opposed to firefighters in a broader sense), geographic and demographic trends, sample sizes, patterns in analysis, and common categories of research. Most studies have clustered in a few highly developed countries, and in the United States within California and Idaho. Many studies fail to consider the impact that demographic factors may have on their results. The number of studies published annually is increasing and themes are broadening to include social and psychological topics; however, most authors in the field have published an average of < 3 articles. We identify three areas that we believe are imminent priorities for researchers and policymakers, including a lack of diversity in study geography and demography, a need for more complex and interactive analyses of exposure, and prioritization of wildland firefighters in research funding and focus.
随着气候的变化,野地消防员面临的安全、健康和整体福祉风险可能会增加,因为他们暴露在自然灾害中的频率和强度也会增加。野外消防员的工作与自然资源管理和应急响应交织在一起,他们的职业生涯具有多面性,往往要结合不同领域的要素才能完成扑灭和预防野火的任务。因此,他们的工作职责与其他消防员(如结构性消防员)截然不同,并经历着其工作所特有的环境健康风险。我们对涉及野地消防员环境健康的科学文献进行了系统的范围界定审查。我们的目标是确定专门针对野地消防员(而不是广义上的消防员)、地理和人口趋势、样本大小、分析模式以及常见研究类别的研究。大多数研究都集中在少数几个高度发达的国家以及美国的加利福尼亚州和爱达荷州。许多研究没有考虑人口因素对研究结果的影响。每年发表的研究报告数量在不断增加,主题也在不断扩大,包括社会和心理主题;但是,该领域的大多数作者平均发表的文章数量少于 3 篇。我们确定了三个领域,认为它们是研究人员和政策制定者迫在眉睫的优先事项,包括研究地域和人口统计缺乏多样性、需要对暴露进行更复杂和互动的分析,以及在研究资金和重点方面优先考虑野地消防员。
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引用次数: 0
Landscape controls on fuel moisture variability in fire-prone heathland and peatland landscapes 火灾易发荒地和泥炭地景观对燃料水分变化的景观控制
IF 5.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00248-0
Kerryn Little, Laura J Graham, Mike Flannigan, Claire M Belcher, Nicholas Kettridge
Cross-landscape fuel moisture content is highly variable but not considered in existing fire danger assessments. Capturing fuel moisture complexity and its associated controls is critical for understanding wildfire behavior and danger in emerging fire-prone environments that are influenced by local heterogeneity. This is particularly true for temperate heathland and peatland landscapes that exhibit spatial differences in the vulnerability of their globally important carbon stores to wildfire. Here we quantified the range of variability in the live and dead fuel moisture of Calluna vulgaris across a temperate fire-prone landscape through an intensive fuel moisture sampling campaign conducted in the North Yorkshire Moors, UK. We also evaluated the landscape (soil texture, canopy age, aspect, and slope) and micrometeorological (temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and windspeed) drivers of landscape fuel moisture variability for temperate heathlands and peatlands for the first time. We observed high cross-landscape fuel moisture variation, which created a spatial discontinuity in the availability of live fuels for wildfire spread (fuel moisture < 65%) and vulnerability of the organic layer to smoldering combustion (fuel moisture < 250%). This heterogeneity was most important in spring, which is also the peak wildfire season in these temperate ecosystems. Landscape and micrometeorological factors explained up to 72% of spatial fuel moisture variation and were season- and fuel-layer-dependent. Landscape factors predominantly controlled spatial fuel moisture content beyond modifying local micrometeorology. Accounting for direct landscape–fuel moisture relationships could improve fuel moisture estimates, as existing estimates derived solely from micrometeorological observations will exclude the underlying influence of landscape characteristics. We hypothesize that differences in soil texture, canopy age, and aspect play important roles across the fuel layers examined, with the main differences in processes arising between live, dead, and surface/ground fuels. We also highlight the critical role of fuel phenology in assessing landscape fuel moisture variations in temperate environments. Understanding the mechanisms driving fuel moisture variability opens opportunities to develop locally robust fuel models for input into wildfire danger rating systems, adding versatility to wildfire danger assessments as a management tool.
跨地形的燃料水分含量变化很大,但在现有的火灾危险评估中却没有考虑到这一点。把握燃料湿度的复杂性及其相关控制因素,对于了解受当地异质性影响的新兴火灾易发环境中的野火行为和危险性至关重要。这对于温带荒漠地和泥炭地景观来说尤其如此,因为它们具有全球重要意义的碳储存对野火的脆弱性存在空间差异。在这里,我们通过在英国北约克郡沼泽地进行的密集燃料水分取样活动,量化了温带火灾易发地貌中Calluna vulgaris的活和死燃料水分的变化范围。我们还首次评估了温带热地和泥炭地景观燃料水分变化的景观(土壤质地、树冠年龄、地势和坡度)和微气象(温度、相对湿度、蒸气压差和风速)驱动因素。我们观察到跨地貌的燃料水分变化很大,这在野火蔓延的活燃料可用性(燃料水分小于 65%)和有机层易燃性(燃料水分小于 250%)方面造成了空间上的不连续性。这种异质性在春季最为重要,春季也是这些温带生态系统的野火高峰期。景观和微气象因素解释了高达 72% 的空间燃料水分变化,并且与季节和燃料层有关。景观因素主要控制空间燃料水分含量,而不是改变当地的微观气象。考虑景观与燃料水分的直接关系可以改进燃料水分的估算,因为现有的仅从微观气象观测得出的估算将排除景观特征的潜在影响。我们假设,土壤质地、树冠年龄和坡度的差异在所考察的燃料层中起着重要作用,而过程的主要差异则出现在活燃料、死燃料和地表/地面燃料之间。我们还强调了燃料物候学在评估温带环境中景观燃料水分变化中的关键作用。了解了燃料水分变化的驱动机制,我们就有机会开发出适合当地情况的燃料模型,并将其输入野火危险等级系统,从而增加野火危险评估作为管理工具的多功能性。
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Fire Ecology
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