Norichika Kakae, T. Tsuchihashi, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada
It is important to understand the burning behavior of the familiar flammable materials used in the various aspects of the fire safety design of a building, such as evacuation safety. The time history of the heat release rate can be regarded as an indicator of the spreading speed of the fire. In the past, the heat release rate of various flammables has been measured,[1] but it has not yet been confirmed how time history of the heat release rate changes with respect to the material and the dimension standard. Therefore, a burning experiment was conducted by using polyurethane mattresses with different dimensions and densities, and this report demonstrates the findings regarding the relation between the time history on one hand and the maximum heat release rate, the maximum scale burning and the dimension and density of the test object on the other.
{"title":"Influence of Combustible Dimension and Density on Heat Release Rate Part 2 Relation between Combustible Dimension, Maximum Heat Release Rate and Duration of Maximum Burning","authors":"Norichika Kakae, T. Tsuchihashi, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.491","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to understand the burning behavior of the familiar flammable materials used in the various aspects of the fire safety design of a building, such as evacuation safety. The time history of the heat release rate can be regarded as an indicator of the spreading speed of the fire. In the past, the heat release rate of various flammables has been measured,[1] but it has not yet been confirmed how time history of the heat release rate changes with respect to the material and the dimension standard. Therefore, a burning experiment was conducted by using polyurethane mattresses with different dimensions and densities, and this report demonstrates the findings regarding the relation between the time history on one hand and the maximum heat release rate, the maximum scale burning and the dimension and density of the test object on the other.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"247 1","pages":"491-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79073869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the resul ts o f an experimental investigation into the fire performances of simply supported iTECH composite beams using an ISO834 standard fire. To evaluate the fire resistance performance of the iTECH beam, a test was conducted for 4.7m-span-length iTECH beams under given conditions in a laboratory. The fire resistance performance of unprotected coatings of the iTECH beam has been examined, and a longer period of fire resistance was achieved by increasing the section size and decreasing its load ratio. Coating for the fire protection of iTECH beams reduce the rate of temperature rise of the beam in case of fire, and the required thickness of spray-on fire protection coatings can be determined by means of tests. Before reviewing the fire test, I will present the basic concepts of the iTECH composite beam. Then, I will present the fire-resistance test overview and test results. The name of this composite beam is " iTECH", which means " Innovat ive" , "Technical", "Economical", "Convenient" and "Hybrid System". This composite beam was developed mainly for the purpose of reducing the story height of high-rise residential steel buildings. This figure compares the "conventional composite beam" and the "iTECH composite beam". By adopting this floor system, a story height reduction of about 200 mm can be obtained. The advantages of a reduced story height are : First, increased number of stories and more lease area, second, reduced exterior and interior wall space, and third, reduced air conditioning and heating space. Figure 1.2.1
{"title":"Behavior of iTECH Composite Beam in Fire - Experimental Study","authors":"M. Kim, Sangdae Kim, Seong-Deok Kang","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.51","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the resul ts o f an experimental investigation into the fire performances of simply supported iTECH composite beams using an ISO834 standard fire. To evaluate the fire resistance performance of the iTECH beam, a test was conducted for 4.7m-span-length iTECH beams under given conditions in a laboratory. The fire resistance performance of unprotected coatings of the iTECH beam has been examined, and a longer period of fire resistance was achieved by increasing the section size and decreasing its load ratio. Coating for the fire protection of iTECH beams reduce the rate of temperature rise of the beam in case of fire, and the required thickness of spray-on fire protection coatings can be determined by means of tests. Before reviewing the fire test, I will present the basic concepts of the iTECH composite beam. Then, I will present the fire-resistance test overview and test results. The name of this composite beam is \" iTECH\", which means \" Innovat ive\" , \"Technical\", \"Economical\", \"Convenient\" and \"Hybrid System\". This composite beam was developed mainly for the purpose of reducing the story height of high-rise residential steel buildings. This figure compares the \"conventional composite beam\" and the \"iTECH composite beam\". By adopting this floor system, a story height reduction of about 200 mm can be obtained. The advantages of a reduced story height are : First, increased number of stories and more lease area, second, reduced exterior and interior wall space, and third, reduced air conditioning and heating space. Figure 1.2.1","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75402977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seiji Okinaga, T. Wakamatsu, M. Mizuno, T. Wakamatsu
The construction methods that exposed the steel tube surface from an aspect of architectural design may be used for columns of steel structures, and the method of double tubular steel columns is also one of them. The double tubular steel column secures the fire resistance performance by making some space outside the steel tube that bears load, and installing the finish steel tube. Generally, this space is filled up with cement mortar or insulation material. However, the part directly exposed to fire heating is the outside steel tube, and since the inside steel tube has the space. Even if the fillers are not used, the temperature of the inside steel tube will not increase rapidly. It is expected that the temperature rise of the inside steel tube is governed by the radiative heat transfer from the heated outside steel tube rather than convective heat transfer from the air of the space. Therefore, if the emissivity on the surface of steel tube is low by fitting of paint etc., the effect that controls the temperature rise of the inside steel tube is expectable. So, in this research, the fire resistance tests of the double tubular steel column which galvanized the outside steel tube are carried out. The temperature rise of each part of the member that the heat-resistant paint with low emissivity was applied on the perimeter surface of the inside steel tube, is compared with the temperature rise of each part of the steel that is not applied, and the influence that contributes to improvement in fire resistance performance is considered. In addition, Tokyo University of Science has applied for the patent about the fire-resistant construction method of the double tubular steel column with such heat-resistant paint.
{"title":"Heating Mechanism of Double Tubular Steel Columns Part 1 Verification using the Real-Scale experiment","authors":"Seiji Okinaga, T. Wakamatsu, M. Mizuno, T. Wakamatsu","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.315","url":null,"abstract":"The construction methods that exposed the steel tube surface from an aspect of architectural design may be used for columns of steel structures, and the method of double tubular steel columns is also one of them. The double tubular steel column secures the fire resistance performance by making some space outside the steel tube that bears load, and installing the finish steel tube. Generally, this space is filled up with cement mortar or insulation material. However, the part directly exposed to fire heating is the outside steel tube, and since the inside steel tube has the space. Even if the fillers are not used, the temperature of the inside steel tube will not increase rapidly. It is expected that the temperature rise of the inside steel tube is governed by the radiative heat transfer from the heated outside steel tube rather than convective heat transfer from the air of the space. Therefore, if the emissivity on the surface of steel tube is low by fitting of paint etc., the effect that controls the temperature rise of the inside steel tube is expectable. So, in this research, the fire resistance tests of the double tubular steel column which galvanized the outside steel tube are carried out. The temperature rise of each part of the member that the heat-resistant paint with low emissivity was applied on the perimeter surface of the inside steel tube, is compared with the temperature rise of each part of the steel that is not applied, and the influence that contributes to improvement in fire resistance performance is considered. In addition, Tokyo University of Science has applied for the patent about the fire-resistant construction method of the double tubular steel column with such heat-resistant paint.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":"315-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81098588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun-ichi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Suzuki, T. Wakamatsu, Y. Ohmiya, T. Terakawa
The verification for the structural safety of frames exposed to fire heating was carried out by the estimating method for ultimate-temperature of partial frames in the present fire resistant design.[1] The thought of the fire resistance design that the ultimate state of a partial frame, a column or beam was regarded as the design limit was based on the estimation that the ultimate temperature of the partial frame obtained by disregarding the stress redistribution of the overall frame and thermal stress, showed the lowest limit of the ultimate temperature of a real frame. However, it was presumed to be not clear what the margin the design limit had against the collapse of the whole frame because the relation between the collapses of a member, the partial frame, and the overall frame was not sufficiently taken into consideration. In this research, focusing on the effect of the stress redistribution on the ultimate temperatures of the overall frame that seismic design was carried out, the relation between the collapse of the overall frame and the total buckling of heated columns was considered by analysis results.
{"title":"Ultimate Temperature of Steel Frames Exposed to Fire-Part 1 Stress Redistribution and Ultimate Temperature of Steel Frames-","authors":"Jun-ichi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Suzuki, T. Wakamatsu, Y. Ohmiya, T. Terakawa","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.333","url":null,"abstract":"The verification for the structural safety of frames exposed to fire heating was carried out by the estimating method for ultimate-temperature of partial frames in the present fire resistant design.[1] The thought of the fire resistance design that the ultimate state of a partial frame, a column or beam was regarded as the design limit was based on the estimation that the ultimate temperature of the partial frame obtained by disregarding the stress redistribution of the overall frame and thermal stress, showed the lowest limit of the ultimate temperature of a real frame. However, it was presumed to be not clear what the margin the design limit had against the collapse of the whole frame because the relation between the collapses of a member, the partial frame, and the overall frame was not sufficiently taken into consideration. In this research, focusing on the effect of the stress redistribution on the ultimate temperatures of the overall frame that seismic design was carried out, the relation between the collapse of the overall frame and the total buckling of heated columns was considered by analysis results.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"333-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81128490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ebihara, Shuji Kanegawa, A. Sekizawa, H. Notake
Authors are developing an evacuation model, grasping gradually the results obtained from the evacuation simulation model. The fundamental consideration for the evacuation guiding method in a high-rise building was carried out by the developing model in past research [1]. When the number of evacuees in a stair case increased in the developing model, it was founded that the crowd density in a stair case became about 5.0 persons/m2. It was probably caused by the inaccurate modeling for the tread of stairs in stair cases. Therefore, this paper reports the simulation results by the improved model that included the influence of the tread of stairs.
{"title":"A Study on Human Behavior of a Crowd in a Staircase Based on the Evacuation Simulation Model","authors":"M. Ebihara, Shuji Kanegawa, A. Sekizawa, H. Notake","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.415","url":null,"abstract":"Authors are developing an evacuation model, grasping gradually the results obtained from the evacuation simulation model. The fundamental consideration for the evacuation guiding method in a high-rise building was carried out by the developing model in past research [1]. When the number of evacuees in a stair case increased in the developing model, it was founded that the crowd density in a stair case became about 5.0 persons/m2. It was probably caused by the inaccurate modeling for the tread of stairs in stair cases. Therefore, this paper reports the simulation results by the improved model that included the influence of the tread of stairs.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"415-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76698609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mizuno, S. Tsuburaya, Y. Ohmiya, M. Morita, T. Wakamatsu
The purpose of this research is to investigate human evasion behavior to the flame under evacuation, and to introduce it in the evacuation simulation under development. The investigation item is the following two points. • Flame evasive behavior of fire occurrence point around (It turns, it crowds, and act about the flame.) • Flame evasive behavior when staying exit (evasive action movement of exit stay) As for the former, the walking movement line and the latter when the flame exists in the direction of evacuation are related to the exit selection when staying the exit in the fire occurrence room.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Avoidance Behavior Against a Flame in the Fire Room Development of Evacuation Simulator Based on Potential Method Part 2","authors":"M. Mizuno, S. Tsuburaya, Y. Ohmiya, M. Morita, T. Wakamatsu","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.397","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to investigate human evasion behavior to the flame under evacuation, and to introduce it in the evacuation simulation under development. The investigation item is the following two points. • Flame evasive behavior of fire occurrence point around (It turns, it crowds, and act about the flame.) • Flame evasive behavior when staying exit (evasive action movement of exit stay) As for the former, the walking movement line and the latter when the flame exists in the direction of evacuation are related to the exit selection when staying the exit in the fire occurrence room.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"397-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82795268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yanagisawa, Akihide Jo, T. Nakao, K. Wakatsuki, Y. Ohmiya
{"title":"Fire Plume Ejected from an Opening in Unconfined Space Part 2 Generation Limit of the External Flame","authors":"A. Yanagisawa, Akihide Jo, T. Nakao, K. Wakatsuki, Y. Ohmiya","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.505","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"505-510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80878051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abe, Mitsutaka Ishizuki, Y. Ohmiya, Tomonori Sano, I. Hagiwara
It multistory makes to a large scale and the aspect of the person who uses the building also has studied the diversification thoroughly in the building of recent years. Taking evacuation from a tall building at a fire is difficult and a big problem to the wheelchair user and walking for the person that there is a limitation in the possession movement as for the trouble. And, it is thought that connected with safety to introduce apparatus for evacuation as the measures. It aimed to clarify the method by "Evacuation-Chair" [2] that seemed to be continued to previous in such a background, report [1], and to be few the use example and still necessary for the practicality in Japan the examination it ergonomically.
{"title":"Study on Human Behavior from High-Rise Building Part 5 Influence to Operation Performance of the Evacuation-Chair by Width Change of the Stairs","authors":"S. Abe, Mitsutaka Ishizuki, Y. Ohmiya, Tomonori Sano, I. Hagiwara","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.385","url":null,"abstract":"It multistory makes to a large scale and the aspect of the person who uses the building also has studied the diversification thoroughly in the building of recent years. Taking evacuation from a tall building at a fire is difficult and a big problem to the wheelchair user and walking for the person that there is a limitation in the possession movement as for the trouble. And, it is thought that connected with safety to introduce apparatus for evacuation as the measures. It aimed to clarify the method by \"Evacuation-Chair\" [2] that seemed to be continued to previous in such a background, report [1], and to be few the use example and still necessary for the practicality in Japan the examination it ergonomically.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"385-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72708446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akihide Jo, Takayuki Orito, Norichika Kakae, Y. Ohmiya, K. Wakatsuki
As a sequel to Part 1, based on the experimentally obtained time history of the heat release rate of the flammable material, this report presents the change of the heat release rate of flammable materials, such as a legless chair and a sofa in free burning (open space) and compartment burning (enclosed space) conditions. Regarding the curve of the heat release rate (hereinafter, HHR curve), the increasing heat release rate can be expressed by the fire growth rate and the maximum heat release rate. However, it is uncertain how the fire growth rate and the maximum heat release rate change when the burning occurs in open space and inside a compartment. Therefore, in this report, a method for estimating the increased portion of the fire growth was developed in order to create a simplified model of the heat release rate curve, such as determining the calculation method of the fire growth and the maximum heat release rate. This method makes use of a variable defined as the radiative heat transfer from the smoke layer and the compartmental walls due to the combustion of a legless chair and a sofa inside the compartment.
{"title":"Differences between Free and Compartment Burning of Furniture Part 2 Maximum Heat Release Rate and Fire Growth Rate","authors":"Akihide Jo, Takayuki Orito, Norichika Kakae, Y. Ohmiya, K. Wakatsuki","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.523","url":null,"abstract":"As a sequel to Part 1, based on the experimentally obtained time history of the heat release rate of the flammable material, this report presents the change of the heat release rate of flammable materials, such as a legless chair and a sofa in free burning (open space) and compartment burning (enclosed space) conditions. Regarding the curve of the heat release rate (hereinafter, HHR curve), the increasing heat release rate can be expressed by the fire growth rate and the maximum heat release rate. However, it is uncertain how the fire growth rate and the maximum heat release rate change when the burning occurs in open space and inside a compartment. Therefore, in this report, a method for estimating the increased portion of the fire growth was developed in order to create a simplified model of the heat release rate curve, such as determining the calculation method of the fire growth and the maximum heat release rate. This method makes use of a variable defined as the radiative heat transfer from the smoke layer and the compartmental walls due to the combustion of a legless chair and a sofa inside the compartment.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":"523-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78853889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takemasa Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, K. Wakatsuki, Norichika Kakae, Jun-ichi Suzuki
{"title":"A Method for Controlling the Temperature Rise of Steel Panels during a Fire Part 1 Experimental and Numerical Analysis Model Based on Water Discharge Equipment","authors":"Takemasa Kobayashi, Y. Ohmiya, K. Wakatsuki, Norichika Kakae, Jun-ichi Suzuki","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.461","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":"34 2 1","pages":"461-466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79383571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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