H. Yoshioka, Y. Ohmiya, Masaki Noaki, Masashi Yoshida
We consider the case that flame breaks and penetrates the glass window located on the exterior wall after flashover happens in the room/compartment where a fire breaks out. The exterior surface of the facade wall will be heated by convection and radiation produced from the flame and the fire plume ejected out from the broken window. ISO 13785-2 "Reaction-to-fire tests for facades-Part2: Large-scale test" prescribes a test method which can evaluate the effects of fire on the exterior material installed onto the outer wall when heated by the flame issuing from the broken window. Applying the large-scale facade apparatus of ISO 13785-2 with a non-combustible facade, temperature and incident heat flux were measured in the proximity of the exterior of the facade located above the window opening from where the flame originates, in order to measure the heat fluxes that outer wall spandrels will receive from the flame and the fire plume occurring from the opening of combustion chamber when there is no combustible materials located in the facade wall.
{"title":"Large-scale Facade Fire Tests Conducted Based on ISO 13785-2 with Noncombustible Facade Specimens","authors":"H. Yoshioka, Y. Ohmiya, Masaki Noaki, Masashi Yoshida","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.1","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the case that flame breaks and penetrates the glass window located on the exterior wall after flashover happens in the room/compartment where a fire breaks out. The exterior surface of the facade wall will be heated by convection and radiation produced from the flame and the fire plume ejected out from the broken window. ISO 13785-2 \"Reaction-to-fire tests for facades-Part2: Large-scale test\" prescribes a test method which can evaluate the effects of fire on the exterior material installed onto the outer wall when heated by the flame issuing from the broken window. Applying the large-scale facade apparatus of ISO 13785-2 with a non-combustible facade, temperature and incident heat flux were measured in the proximity of the exterior of the facade located above the window opening from where the flame originates, in order to measure the heat fluxes that outer wall spandrels will receive from the flame and the fire plume occurring from the opening of combustion chamber when there is no combustible materials located in the facade wall.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3210/FST.31.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72496229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of flames formed around a building under external wind. An experimental study is described using a small-scale enclosure having a prescribed fire source to investigate the behavior of flames emerging from an opening and ceiling of the enclosure at steady state conditions. The fire source in the enclosure was a propane porous gas burner and wood crib. In the experiment, the width and height of the opening, the discharge rate of propane gas supplied to the gas burner, wind velocity and direction to compartment were varied. The modeling of flame length, vertical height and angle are proposed to judge fire spread between buildings under the wind condition.
{"title":"Flame Behavior Formed Around a Building under Wind","authors":"Y. Ohmiya, Y. Hayashi, T. Iwami","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.23","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of flames formed around a building under external wind. An experimental study is described using a small-scale enclosure having a prescribed fire source to investigate the behavior of flames emerging from an opening and ceiling of the enclosure at steady state conditions. The fire source in the enclosure was a propane porous gas burner and wood crib. In the experiment, the width and height of the opening, the discharge rate of propane gas supplied to the gas burner, wind velocity and direction to compartment were varied. The modeling of flame length, vertical height and angle are proposed to judge fire spread between buildings under the wind condition.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87239469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Great East Japan Earthquake triggered fire outbreaks in many structures and buildings including hazardous-material facilities. The tsunami induced by the Earthquake also produced a huge impact under which various tanks and gas-cylinder facilities, automobiles, etc. were damaged and caused hazardous materials, such as gas and gasoline to leak. In addition, the tsunami swept away numerous objects which collided each other and broken electric cables sparked. In such situations, fires broke out at various places throughout the tsunami affected region, and some escalated to large-scale urban fires or forest fires. Many of the people that had been evacuated from the tsunami-affected zone had once again to be evacuated to avoid the spreading, escalating fires.
{"title":"Damage and Effects Caused by Tsunami Fires: Fire Spread, Fire Fighting and Evacuation","authors":"A. Hokugo, Tomoaki Nishino, Takuya Inada","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.117","url":null,"abstract":"The Great East Japan Earthquake triggered fire outbreaks in many structures and buildings including hazardous-material facilities. The tsunami induced by the Earthquake also produced a huge impact under which various tanks and gas-cylinder facilities, automobiles, etc. were damaged and caused hazardous materials, such as gas and gasoline to leak. In addition, the tsunami swept away numerous objects which collided each other and broken electric cables sparked. In such situations, fires broke out at various places throughout the tsunami affected region, and some escalated to large-scale urban fires or forest fires. Many of the people that had been evacuated from the tsunami-affected zone had once again to be evacuated to avoid the spreading, escalating fires.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76559763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomohiko Imamura, O. Sugawa, K. Kamiya, Y. Oka, Toshimitsu Suzuki, Yu-ichi Yamamoto
A series of experiments was carried out in order to investigate the visible flame height of a jet flame with a high initial discharging velocity where the fuel-release time and mass flow rate of fuel were varied. The values of non-dimensional heat release rate (Q*) in present experiment were in the range of 107 Q* 8. Even if the value of Q* was larger than 106, when the non-dimensional number (RM) employed by Heskestad which implies the ratio of gas release momentum to the momentum made by a purely buoyant diffusion flame was less than 0.1, the flame height with a comparatively high initial discharging velocity increased with the heat release rate. In other words, whether flame height depends on the Q*2/5 or not can be decided by the range of momentum ratio (RM) regardless of the range of non-dimensional heat release rate (Q*). This can be also decided by the fire Froude number employed by Delichatsios.
{"title":"Flame Height of a Turbulent Diffusion Jet Flame with a Comparatively High Initial Discharging Velocity","authors":"Tomohiko Imamura, O. Sugawa, K. Kamiya, Y. Oka, Toshimitsu Suzuki, Yu-ichi Yamamoto","doi":"10.3210/FST.29.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.29.15","url":null,"abstract":"A series of experiments was carried out in order to investigate the visible flame height of a jet flame with a high initial discharging velocity where the fuel-release time and mass flow rate of fuel were varied. The values of non-dimensional heat release rate (Q*) in present experiment were in the range of 107 Q* 8. Even if the value of Q* was larger than 106, when the non-dimensional number (RM) employed by Heskestad which implies the ratio of gas release momentum to the momentum made by a purely buoyant diffusion flame was less than 0.1, the flame height with a comparatively high initial discharging velocity increased with the heat release rate. In other words, whether flame height depends on the Q*2/5 or not can be decided by the range of momentum ratio (RM) regardless of the range of non-dimensional heat release rate (Q*). This can be also decided by the fire Froude number employed by Delichatsios.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77673247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulated plastic waste is concerned to cause a spontaneous combustion. It is extremely difficult to notice the minor signs indicating the start of combustion inside the accumulated material. Spontaneous combustion of plastic waste was simulated using a temperature-controlled furnace, and the temperature of the sample and the intensity as well as quality of odorous gases emitted were measured during the process of self-ignition. Mixed plastic waste consisting of various plastics of food wrapping was subjected to heating furnace experiment as a single specimen. The odors generated from this specimen and each single individual plastic were measured. The ratio of the similarity indices aldehyde/ammonia was found to increase during the ignition process due to the accumulated heat in the central part of accumulated material. Specimens of individual plastic was burnt and thermally decomposed using TG-DTA under the normal atmospheric condition, the odor also showed a similar tendency with that obtained in the experiment for the mixed specimen.
{"title":"Detection of Spontaneous Combustion of Plastic Waste by “Odor”","authors":"K. Kamiya, O. Sugawa, Tomohiko Imamura, Y. Oka","doi":"10.3210/FST.29.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.29.1","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulated plastic waste is concerned to cause a spontaneous combustion. It is extremely difficult to notice the minor signs indicating the start of combustion inside the accumulated material. Spontaneous combustion of plastic waste was simulated using a temperature-controlled furnace, and the temperature of the sample and the intensity as well as quality of odorous gases emitted were measured during the process of self-ignition. Mixed plastic waste consisting of various plastics of food wrapping was subjected to heating furnace experiment as a single specimen. The odors generated from this specimen and each single individual plastic were measured. The ratio of the similarity indices aldehyde/ammonia was found to increase during the ignition process due to the accumulated heat in the central part of accumulated material. Specimens of individual plastic was burnt and thermally decomposed using TG-DTA under the normal atmospheric condition, the odor also showed a similar tendency with that obtained in the experiment for the mixed specimen.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86304054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yutaka Misawa, Shigeru Hikone, Kenji Aburano, Y. Ohmiya, S. Iwamoto, M. Iwata
The building facade plays an important role not only for ornament designs, but also for the safety and environmental impacts of the building. To satisfy these demands, the authors have proposed an integrated facade system using diagonally arranged louvers. When considering the safety, not only the structural aspect but also the safety aspect is important. Especially the verification of the behavior of the ejected plume from the building's openings is important as to prevent the fire from spreading. A full scale fire experiment, in which the louvers were attached to the opening, has been carried out. The ejected plume behavior from the opening was verified through temperature and radiated heat measurement around the opening and the louvers and through study of the shape of the plume.
{"title":"Fire Experiment on Diagonally Arranged External Louver for Integrated Facade System","authors":"Yutaka Misawa, Shigeru Hikone, Kenji Aburano, Y. Ohmiya, S. Iwamoto, M. Iwata","doi":"10.3210/FST.28.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.28.51","url":null,"abstract":"The building facade plays an important role not only for ornament designs, but also for the safety and environmental impacts of the building. To satisfy these demands, the authors have proposed an integrated facade system using diagonally arranged louvers. When considering the safety, not only the structural aspect but also the safety aspect is important. Especially the verification of the behavior of the ejected plume from the building's openings is important as to prevent the fire from spreading. A full scale fire experiment, in which the louvers were attached to the opening, has been carried out. The ejected plume behavior from the opening was verified through temperature and radiated heat measurement around the opening and the louvers and through study of the shape of the plume.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85490266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kondo, Koichiro Ohguma, Tomoya Miyauchi, K. Ikeda, Hiroyuki Suzuki
Within three days immediately after earthquake fire often breaks out. When fire fighters cannot approach such a structure because of traffic congestion caused by earthquake, it is necessary to prevent somehow the structure from collapsing. Assuming that a steel building frame undergoes permanent relative horizontal story displacement and girder hinge due to an earthquake and it is subsequently subjected to fire, this paper has studied the ultimate temperature of the damaged structure. To this end, refined finite element analyses as well as a simplified theoretical analysis have been conducted. It is found that their ultimate temperatures are more or less decreased compared with those of frames without damage due to earthquakes.
{"title":"Structural stability of steel frames damaged by earthquake at fire","authors":"S. Kondo, Koichiro Ohguma, Tomoya Miyauchi, K. Ikeda, Hiroyuki Suzuki","doi":"10.3210/FST.28.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.28.33","url":null,"abstract":"Within three days immediately after earthquake fire often breaks out. When fire fighters cannot approach such a structure because of traffic congestion caused by earthquake, it is necessary to prevent somehow the structure from collapsing. Assuming that a steel building frame undergoes permanent relative horizontal story displacement and girder hinge due to an earthquake and it is subsequently subjected to fire, this paper has studied the ultimate temperature of the damaged structure. To this end, refined finite element analyses as well as a simplified theoretical analysis have been conducted. It is found that their ultimate temperatures are more or less decreased compared with those of frames without damage due to earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86525297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Uchida, Kazuhiro Yoshida, K. Matsuyama, Y. Yamauchi, M. Morita
This study is concerned with simulations of fire phenomena using field equation models. When performing numerical computation of a fire plume accompanied by gas and smoke, the phenomena are expressed through simultaneous non-stationary nonlinear second-order partial differential equations containing advective terms. Those advective terms are then subjected to difference approximations. The ordinary CIP method, which allows us to find an approximate solution using a third-order interpolation function, is often influenced by numerical oscillations emerging specifically with the third-order accuracy, thereby drastically reducing the numerical stability. We developed a new computational algorithm called mCIP method to eliminate these numerical oscillations generated in the numerical computation of partial differential equations when a third-order accurate method is used. A characteristic feature of this mCIP is that it is based on the first-order upwind difference scheme, which does not generate numerical oscillations in those regions where such oscillations may normally occur. We successfully evaluated the performance of this mCIP method and verified its effectiveness by comparing the results of computations with other representative methods, such as CIP method, TVD method and first-order accurate difference method.
{"title":"Development of a Numerical Method for Analyzing Fire Plume Equations Using an Improved Version of a Quasi-Third-Order Accurate CIP Method That Eliminates Numerical Oscillation","authors":"H. Uchida, Kazuhiro Yoshida, K. Matsuyama, Y. Yamauchi, M. Morita","doi":"10.3210/FST.28.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.28.69","url":null,"abstract":"This study is concerned with simulations of fire phenomena using field equation models. When performing numerical computation of a fire plume accompanied by gas and smoke, the phenomena are expressed through simultaneous non-stationary nonlinear second-order partial differential equations containing advective terms. Those advective terms are then subjected to difference approximations. The ordinary CIP method, which allows us to find an approximate solution using a third-order interpolation function, is often influenced by numerical oscillations emerging specifically with the third-order accuracy, thereby drastically reducing the numerical stability. We developed a new computational algorithm called mCIP method to eliminate these numerical oscillations generated in the numerical computation of partial differential equations when a third-order accurate method is used. A characteristic feature of this mCIP is that it is based on the first-order upwind difference scheme, which does not generate numerical oscillations in those regions where such oscillations may normally occur. We successfully evaluated the performance of this mCIP method and verified its effectiveness by comparing the results of computations with other representative methods, such as CIP method, TVD method and first-order accurate difference method.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90512758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concrete-filled steel tubular column without fire protection was initially developed in Europe. Recently, the column has been widely used in buildings in Japan. Because of the differences of the form of the frame and differences of regulations between Japan and Europe, an improved approach is needed to apply the column more extensively in practice. This report presents modeling of the member and frame, based on fire tests and previous research, thermal analysis of the frame during fire, and consideration of on-site planning and execution, as designed by the authors in 47 buildings.
{"title":"Fire Safety Engineering of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Column without Fire Protection","authors":"K. Ikeda, Y. Ohmiya","doi":"10.3210/FST.28.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.28.106","url":null,"abstract":"The concrete-filled steel tubular column without fire protection was initially developed in Europe. Recently, the column has been widely used in buildings in Japan. Because of the differences of the form of the frame and differences of regulations between Japan and Europe, an improved approach is needed to apply the column more extensively in practice. This report presents modeling of the member and frame, based on fire tests and previous research, thermal analysis of the frame during fire, and consideration of on-site planning and execution, as designed by the authors in 47 buildings.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90150136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitsuru Ota, Yuta Kuwana, Y. Ohmiya, K. Matsuyama, J. Yamaguchi
Sprinklers generate a flow of downward moving gases from smoke in the upper layer of a two-layer zone within a compartment. It is necessary to determine quantitatively the flow of downward-moving gases and fire plume in order to calculate smoke behavior in a compartment with sprinkler activation. As a first, this study proposes a measurement technique of mass flow rate based on the gas analysis method since it is difficult to understand through conventional methods. Experiments were conducted on a full scale and the following results were obtained; 1) the mass flow rate of the fire plume grows with sprinkler activation and a flow of downward-moving gases grows as the heat release rate decreases and the amount of sprinkler supplied water increases. 2) A relation between the ratios of the mass flow rate penetrated to lower layer by water droplets to the mass flow rate of watering supply from SP, and of the upper (smoke) layer and the lower layer. As a result, the mass flow rate penetrated to lower layer can be computed when the mass flow rate of watering supply from SP and temperature at the smoke and lower layers are known.
{"title":"A Study on Smoke Behavior in a Compartment with Sprinkler System Activation -Simple Predictive Method on Mass Flow Rates Based on Experimental Study-","authors":"Mitsuru Ota, Yuta Kuwana, Y. Ohmiya, K. Matsuyama, J. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.3210/FST.28.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.28.88","url":null,"abstract":"Sprinklers generate a flow of downward moving gases from smoke in the upper layer of a two-layer zone within a compartment. It is necessary to determine quantitatively the flow of downward-moving gases and fire plume in order to calculate smoke behavior in a compartment with sprinkler activation. As a first, this study proposes a measurement technique of mass flow rate based on the gas analysis method since it is difficult to understand through conventional methods. Experiments were conducted on a full scale and the following results were obtained; 1) the mass flow rate of the fire plume grows with sprinkler activation and a flow of downward-moving gases grows as the heat release rate decreases and the amount of sprinkler supplied water increases. 2) A relation between the ratios of the mass flow rate penetrated to lower layer by water droplets to the mass flow rate of watering supply from SP, and of the upper (smoke) layer and the lower layer. As a result, the mass flow rate penetrated to lower layer can be computed when the mass flow rate of watering supply from SP and temperature at the smoke and lower layers are known.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90309003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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