Yuguang Li, H. Uesugi, T. Hirashima, Takao Wakamtsu
In former research [1], three dimensional analysis results were compared with two dimensional analysis results of the full scale fire experiment for a prefabricated drive-in parking that the structural frame of steel has 4 stories. And the influence of slab on the behavior of beam was reported in the research. In this paper, the numerical analyses were carried out under the analytical condition that more severe fire like ISO fire happened in a frame and the column bases of the frame had fixed end. The results of the three dimensional analysis are compared with the results of two dimensional analysis in order to report the influence of slab.
{"title":"Study on Influences of Slab in Framed Structure Exposed to Fire - Influence on the Behavior of Comer Column Exposed to Fire -","authors":"Yuguang Li, H. Uesugi, T. Hirashima, Takao Wakamtsu","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.309","url":null,"abstract":"In former research [1], three dimensional analysis results were compared with two dimensional analysis results of the full scale fire experiment for a prefabricated drive-in parking that the structural frame of steel has 4 stories. And the influence of slab on the behavior of beam was reported in the research. In this paper, the numerical analyses were carried out under the analytical condition that more severe fire like ISO fire happened in a frame and the column bases of the frame had fixed end. The results of the three dimensional analysis are compared with the results of two dimensional analysis in order to report the influence of slab.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83597152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Takemasa Kobayashi, N. Ishikawa, K. Matsuyama, Futoshi Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya
To date, various studies have been undertaken in order to understand the characteristics and the generation mechanism of fire whirls by using scaled models and theoretical analyses. However, there are very few reports and practical models which systematically describe how fire whirls emerge and decay. Therefore, with reference to past reports and models, an experiment was conducted in order to establish a model that expresses a series of processes with respect to fire whirls, from their generation to their decay.
{"title":"A Study on the Generation and Development Mechanisms of Fire Whirls Part 4 Construction of a Generation and Attenuation Model of Fire Whirls","authors":"Takemasa Kobayashi, N. Ishikawa, K. Matsuyama, Futoshi Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.441","url":null,"abstract":"To date, various studies have been undertaken in order to understand the characteristics and the generation mechanism of fire whirls by using scaled models and theoretical analyses. However, there are very few reports and practical models which systematically describe how fire whirls emerge and decay. Therefore, with reference to past reports and models, an experiment was conducted in order to establish a model that expresses a series of processes with respect to fire whirls, from their generation to their decay.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82544650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sprinkler systems (hereinafter, SP systems) are one of the important fire safety measures with respect to building fire safety. However, with the exception of the relaxation of the fire compartment, the current architectural design does not take into significant consideration the effects of SP systems. If the effects of SP systems could be applied in architectural design, it would allow greater flexibility in the design and would improve the current fire safety measures. Activating an SP system induces air flow that brings smoke accumulated in the upper ceiling area down to the lower area (hereinafter, downward air flow).[1] On the other hand, the downward air flow changes the air flow in the entire compartment, which may influence the entraining behavior of the fire plume. Current research commonly makes use of Zukoski’s and Heskestad's models in order to estimate the flow rate of the fire plume. However, the compartmental setting of these models is controlled and the influence of the ambient air flow that is changed by the water discharge is not taken into account. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the water discharge on the fire plume by calculating the fire plume from the models of Zukoski and Heskestad and comparing it with the fire plume as obtained from an experiment involving an actual-size fire compartment.
{"title":"Study of Smoke Behavior in a Compartment with Sprinkler System Activation - Measurement and Analysis of Fire Plumes -","authors":"Yuta Kuwana, J. Yamaguchi, Mitsuru Ota, Y. Ohmiya","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.557","url":null,"abstract":"Sprinkler systems (hereinafter, SP systems) are one of the important fire safety measures with respect to building fire safety. However, with the exception of the relaxation of the fire compartment, the current architectural design does not take into significant consideration the effects of SP systems. If the effects of SP systems could be applied in architectural design, it would allow greater flexibility in the design and would improve the current fire safety measures. Activating an SP system induces air flow that brings smoke accumulated in the upper ceiling area down to the lower area (hereinafter, downward air flow).[1] On the other hand, the downward air flow changes the air flow in the entire compartment, which may influence the entraining behavior of the fire plume. Current research commonly makes use of Zukoski’s and Heskestad's models in order to estimate the flow rate of the fire plume. However, the compartmental setting of these models is controlled and the influence of the ambient air flow that is changed by the water discharge is not taken into account. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the water discharge on the fire plume by calculating the fire plume from the models of Zukoski and Heskestad and comparing it with the fire plume as obtained from an experiment involving an actual-size fire compartment.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87035759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The local buckling behavior of steel sections subjected to fire is strongly affected by the nonlinear stressstrain relationship of steel at elevated temperatures, non-uniform temperature distributions as well as thermal strains and stresses. This paper proposes a strain-based calculation model found to be particularly suitable for analyzing the load-carrying behavior of steel members subjected to local buckling and fire. This model uses strain-based capacity curves – based on a plastic mechanism and results of a comprehensive numerical parametric study – for calculating the load-shortening behavior of stiffened and unstiffened elements (internal compression parts and outstand flanges) under fire conditions. Additionally, the model takes into account thermal strains and stresses during heating in fire as well as uniform and nonuniform temperature distributions. Strain-based models avoid classification of cross-sections and consider local buckling even for compact cross-sections. The strain-based calculation model accords well with results obtained from a parametric study using the finite element approach.
{"title":"Local Buckling Behaviour of Steel Sections Subjected to Fire","authors":"M. Knobloch","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.61","url":null,"abstract":"The local buckling behavior of steel sections subjected to fire is strongly affected by the nonlinear stressstrain relationship of steel at elevated temperatures, non-uniform temperature distributions as well as thermal strains and stresses. This paper proposes a strain-based calculation model found to be particularly suitable for analyzing the load-carrying behavior of steel members subjected to local buckling and fire. This model uses strain-based capacity curves – based on a plastic mechanism and results of a comprehensive numerical parametric study – for calculating the load-shortening behavior of stiffened and unstiffened elements (internal compression parts and outstand flanges) under fire conditions. Additionally, the model takes into account thermal strains and stresses during heating in fire as well as uniform and nonuniform temperature distributions. Strain-based models avoid classification of cross-sections and consider local buckling even for compact cross-sections. The strain-based calculation model accords well with results obtained from a parametric study using the finite element approach.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87896061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies on Ultimate Temperatures of Steel Columns Subjected to Thermal Elongations of Beams at a Fire","authors":"F. Ozaki, T. Wakamatsu","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.303","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82857738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Norichika Kakae, T. Tsuchihashi, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada
Various aspects of the fire safety design of a building, such as the evacuation safety, make it important to understand the burning behavior of flammable materials in the early stages of a fire. Many experimental researches have been conducted, and considerable data concerning the burning behavior of various flammables has been accumulated, especially with respect to the heat release rate.[1] However, it is still unknown how the time history of the heat release rate changes depending on the material and its shape. Therefore, a burning experiment was conducted by using polyurethane mattresses with different dimensions and densities. From the HRR histories, the fire growth rate and maximum HRR were obtained, and the relation between the dimension, the density of the specimen and the fire growth rate, maximum HRR was related.
{"title":"Influence of Combustible Dimension and Density on Heat Release Rate","authors":"Norichika Kakae, T. Tsuchihashi, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.485","url":null,"abstract":"Various aspects of the fire safety design of a building, such as the evacuation safety, make it important to understand the burning behavior of flammable materials in the early stages of a fire. Many experimental researches have been conducted, and considerable data concerning the burning behavior of various flammables has been accumulated, especially with respect to the heat release rate.[1] However, it is still unknown how the time history of the heat release rate changes depending on the material and its shape. Therefore, a burning experiment was conducted by using polyurethane mattresses with different dimensions and densities. From the HRR histories, the fire growth rate and maximum HRR were obtained, and the relation between the dimension, the density of the specimen and the fire growth rate, maximum HRR was related.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Tsuburaya, M. Mizuno, Y. Akizuki, Takeyoshi Tanaka, M. Morita, S. Sugahara
In this study, the evacuation action forecast simulation program in the staircase where evacuation action forecast simulation program based on the potential method and forecast simulation program (BRI) by two layer zone model like the smoke movement were integrated is developed. In this simulation program, it has aimed the forecast and the evaluation of the article retained in another and the staircase influencing of giving of the fire progress (smoke movement) and the state of the smoke movement to the evacuation action of the influence given to the evacuation action. Moreover, because use on the inspection site is assumed, special GUI (graphic user interface) is also developed in the future.
{"title":"Development of Evacuation Simulator at Staircase Development of Evacuation Simulator at Staircase Based on the Potential Method Part 2","authors":"S. Tsuburaya, M. Mizuno, Y. Akizuki, Takeyoshi Tanaka, M. Morita, S. Sugahara","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.409","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the evacuation action forecast simulation program in the staircase where evacuation action forecast simulation program based on the potential method and forecast simulation program (BRI) by two layer zone model like the smoke movement were integrated is developed. In this simulation program, it has aimed the forecast and the evaluation of the article retained in another and the staircase influencing of giving of the fire progress (smoke movement) and the state of the smoke movement to the evacuation action of the influence given to the evacuation action. Moreover, because use on the inspection site is assumed, special GUI (graphic user interface) is also developed in the future.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85229787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Tsuburaya, M. Mizuno, S. Yamada, Takeyoshi Tanaka, T. Wakamatsu, M. Morita, S. Sugahara
In this study (1. limitation of the evacuation route according to the combustion expansion) (2. traffic control by the stay in the evacuation route), the integrated simulation program that purposes evaluate the evacuation safety at a building fire taking it into consideration is developed. The opening and shutting condition etc. of the evacuation action and the door make it link by running parallel to the evacuation action analysis and executing the smoke flow analysis in this simulation. Moreover, to enable the simulation to be used easily, special I/O interface (GUI) was developed. It reported on the outline of the evacuation safety evaluation simulation program at a building fire of development by (1) and (2) of the previous study. In this Part 3, it reports on the case study that uses this program.
{"title":"Development of the Dynamic Simulation Program for Evaluation of Evacuation Safety in the Building Fire Part 3 Case studies","authors":"S. Tsuburaya, M. Mizuno, S. Yamada, Takeyoshi Tanaka, T. Wakamatsu, M. Morita, S. Sugahara","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.379","url":null,"abstract":"In this study (1. limitation of the evacuation route according to the combustion expansion) (2. traffic control by the stay in the evacuation route), the integrated simulation program that purposes evaluate the evacuation safety at a building fire taking it into consideration is developed. The opening and shutting condition etc. of the evacuation action and the door make it link by running parallel to the evacuation action analysis and executing the smoke flow analysis in this simulation. Moreover, to enable the simulation to be used easily, special I/O interface (GUI) was developed. It reported on the outline of the evacuation safety evaluation simulation program at a building fire of development by (1) and (2) of the previous study. In this Part 3, it reports on the case study that uses this program.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79999048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada, J. Kitahori, Norichika Kakae, K. Matsuyama
The revised Building Standards Law in Japan (2002) introduced four performance verification protocols. One of the verifications for fire resistance performance was standardized by anticipating "uniformly distributed fire" and "localized fire" in terms of the design fire source. To date, much research has been conducted with respect to the flammable materials in order to incorporate this aspect into the fire safety design, but most of the research was mainly focused on the weight of the flammable material (e.g. fire load). The weight of the flammable material is a very important factor for calculating the burning duration under the assumption of a "uniformly-distributed fire". On the other hand, for the assumption used for the "localized fire" that does not induce flashover, it is necessary to understand the layout of the flammable materials in addition to the weight and to identify the fire source whose burning area is locally confinable in the design. With this background, and taking into account a past survey on fire load, a survey was conducted in order to determine the actual layout condition of the flammable materials in a room that could be presumed in the context of a "localized fire" that does not induce flashover.
{"title":"Field Survey Considering Distribution of Fire Location Part 1 Survey Summary and Results","authors":"Y. Ohmiya, K. Harada, J. Kitahori, Norichika Kakae, K. Matsuyama","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.449","url":null,"abstract":"The revised Building Standards Law in Japan (2002) introduced four performance verification protocols. One of the verifications for fire resistance performance was standardized by anticipating \"uniformly distributed fire\" and \"localized fire\" in terms of the design fire source. To date, much research has been conducted with respect to the flammable materials in order to incorporate this aspect into the fire safety design, but most of the research was mainly focused on the weight of the flammable material (e.g. fire load). The weight of the flammable material is a very important factor for calculating the burning duration under the assumption of a \"uniformly-distributed fire\". On the other hand, for the assumption used for the \"localized fire\" that does not induce flashover, it is necessary to understand the layout of the flammable materials in addition to the weight and to identify the fire source whose burning area is locally confinable in the design. With this background, and taking into account a past survey on fire load, a survey was conducted in order to determine the actual layout condition of the flammable materials in a room that could be presumed in the context of a \"localized fire\" that does not induce flashover.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74059979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the buildings that structural steel is installed in the outside of exterior wall can be seen like the building of Nippon Television Network Corporation in Shiodome. If fire happens in such buildings, the exterior steel structures easily lose its structural function with temperature rise caused by exposure to fire jet plume and radiation of heat from ejected fire. Then, regarding the predicting method for temperature properties of exterior steel structures received the fire heating, properties of the current air that ejected from the window of the fire compartment and the radiant heat from the window were considered. This paper presents a temperature calculation model of which the rule element concerning heating these, and the calculation results was compared with the experiment results that steel received the radiant heating.
{"title":"Prediction of Temperature Properties of Exterior Steel Structural Members Exposed to Fire - Outline of a Three-Dimensional Heat Flow Analysis Model -","authors":"Kayoko Mizuno, T. Wakamatsu, Tatsuaki Tanaka","doi":"10.3210/FST.26.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.26.297","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the buildings that structural steel is installed in the outside of exterior wall can be seen like the building of Nippon Television Network Corporation in Shiodome. If fire happens in such buildings, the exterior steel structures easily lose its structural function with temperature rise caused by exposure to fire jet plume and radiation of heat from ejected fire. Then, regarding the predicting method for temperature properties of exterior steel structures received the fire heating, properties of the current air that ejected from the window of the fire compartment and the radiant heat from the window were considered. This paper presents a temperature calculation model of which the rule element concerning heating these, and the calculation results was compared with the experiment results that steel received the radiant heating.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87220706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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