If we write fire incident in Chinese characters, we write like this. (Figure 2-1-3) Fire is this one. This side Chinese character, Huo Tzai [pho tzai], we say it in Chinese. But the Tzai is an incident. This character can be divided into two parts. The top part is flood. The bottom part is fire. This Chinese character represents disaster. The disaster caused by the fire is called fire incident. Fire is not limited to the fire accidents. But in many occasions, fire is used. Photo 2-1-1 Prof. Sekizawa
{"title":"Necessity of fire statistics and analysis using fire incident database-Japanese case","authors":"A. Sekizawa","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.67","url":null,"abstract":"If we write fire incident in Chinese characters, we write like this. (Figure 2-1-3) Fire is this one. This side Chinese character, Huo Tzai [pho tzai], we say it in Chinese. But the Tzai is an incident. This character can be divided into two parts. The top part is flood. The bottom part is fire. This Chinese character represents disaster. The disaster caused by the fire is called fire incident. Fire is not limited to the fire accidents. But in many occasions, fire is used. Photo 2-1-1 Prof. Sekizawa","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86713407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Address by President of TUS","authors":"Akira Fujishima","doi":"10.3210/FST.31.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.31.65","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83249314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Great East-Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 actually caused large-scale and wide range fire damage. It may be said that the fire damage was equivalent or even larger in size and diversity of fire patterns, if comparing to the fire damages in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake. Also, this earthquake showed a distinctive feature such that there were quite many fires caused by tsunami directly and/or indirectly. As many of fires that occurred in the cities and towns, where there are coastal zone, were more or less affected by the tsunami, so we deemed them as "tsunami induced-fires" for the sake of convenience in the paper. On the other hand, the fires in the cities and towns, where there are not coastal zone, were not affected by tsunami, so we treated them as "earthquake-induced fires." Since the mechanism of occurrence of "tsunami-induced fires" differs largely from "earthquake-induced fires," we think these two types of fires should be analyzed separately. In this paper, therefore, we describe the overview of fires following the Great East-Japan Earthquake such as regional distribution of fires and patterns of ignitions of both the above two types of fires. Also presented are the findings from the results of the analysis on the relation between the incidence of "earthquake-induced fires" and the seismic intensity in comparison with the data in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake.
{"title":"Overview of Fires Following the Great East-Japan Earthquake","authors":"A. Sekizawa, K. Sasaki","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.91","url":null,"abstract":"The Great East-Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 actually caused large-scale and wide range fire damage. It may be said that the fire damage was equivalent or even larger in size and diversity of fire patterns, if comparing to the fire damages in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake. Also, this earthquake showed a distinctive feature such that there were quite many fires caused by tsunami directly and/or indirectly. As many of fires that occurred in the cities and towns, where there are coastal zone, were more or less affected by the tsunami, so we deemed them as \"tsunami induced-fires\" for the sake of convenience in the paper. On the other hand, the fires in the cities and towns, where there are not coastal zone, were not affected by tsunami, so we treated them as \"earthquake-induced fires.\" Since the mechanism of occurrence of \"tsunami-induced fires\" differs largely from \"earthquake-induced fires,\" we think these two types of fires should be analyzed separately. In this paper, therefore, we describe the overview of fires following the Great East-Japan Earthquake such as regional distribution of fires and patterns of ignitions of both the above two types of fires. Also presented are the findings from the results of the analysis on the relation between the incidence of \"earthquake-induced fires\" and the seismic intensity in comparison with the data in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84008937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to official reports, 286 fires broke out due to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its aftershocks. Approximately half of the fires occurred in flooded area following the great tsunami. Those fires have very unique aspects compared with other conflagrations followed by big earthquakes in the past. Investigations of those large fires were conducted in various districts. Some characteristic aspects of fires are introduced with case examples related to fire developing patterns and regional characteristics based on topographical and industrial features.
{"title":"Aspects of Fire Occurrences Caused by Tsunami","authors":"Tokiyoshi Yamada, U. Hiroi, N. Sakamoto","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.101","url":null,"abstract":"According to official reports, 286 fires broke out due to the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its aftershocks. Approximately half of the fires occurred in flooded area following the great tsunami. Those fires have very unique aspects compared with other conflagrations followed by big earthquakes in the past. Investigations of those large fires were conducted in various districts. Some characteristic aspects of fires are introduced with case examples related to fire developing patterns and regional characteristics based on topographical and industrial features.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87552417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents case studies of fire in high-rise buildings around Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, based on the findings of field surveys conducted by authors. Then it will sort out the problems in building fire prevention by examining actual fire cases and then suggest practical solutions, with reference to Building Fire Code in Japan.
{"title":"Case Studies of High-Rise Building Fires in Dhaka City with Reference to Building Fire Code of Japan","authors":"S. Sugahara, H. Yoshioka, Sanjib Barua","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.69","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents case studies of fire in high-rise buildings around Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, based on the findings of field surveys conducted by authors. Then it will sort out the problems in building fire prevention by examining actual fire cases and then suggest practical solutions, with reference to Building Fire Code in Japan.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84426357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With rapid advance of construction technology, buildings have become much larger and higher. East Asian cities also have a forest of superhigh-rise buildings backed by their economic development. With many buildings, cities changed their skylines and superhigh-rise buildings with characteristic appearance are now regarded as the landmark of the city. As superhigh-rise buildings are built by fully integrating state-of-the-art construction technology, construction of superhigh-rise buildings and formation of cities having those tall buildings represent the technological or economic strength of the nation. In fact many people believe they are the symbol of the nation. To give some examples of superhigh-rise building fires in recent years, there are cases including destruction of World Trade Center by terrorism in New York, USA in 2001, Windsor building fire in Madrid, Spain in 2005 and CCTV high-rise building fire in Beijing, China in 2009 among others. As seen in these examples, fires in superhighrise buildings often burnt down and entirely destroyed the building, and yet the overcrowding trend of cities seems to continue. Under such circumstances, South Korea entered the rush to build superhigh-rise residential buildings in 1990s mainly in Seoul starting with the construction of 30-story residential building in early 1990s. Eventually in 2000s, buildings principally designed for residential use including superhigh-rise residential and commercial complexes or officetels (buildings with units that can be used as either office or house) became higher than 70 stories. South Korea shows different tendency from other advanced nations in situations that led to build superhigh-rise buildings. The reasons are described here.
{"title":"Fire Examination of Superhigh-Rise Apartment Building \"Wooshin Golden Suites\" in Busan, Korea","authors":"Young-Sun Kim, M. Mizuno, Y. Ohmiya","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.81","url":null,"abstract":"With rapid advance of construction technology, buildings have become much larger and higher. East Asian cities also have a forest of superhigh-rise buildings backed by their economic development. With many buildings, cities changed their skylines and superhigh-rise buildings with characteristic appearance are now regarded as the landmark of the city. As superhigh-rise buildings are built by fully integrating state-of-the-art construction technology, construction of superhigh-rise buildings and formation of cities having those tall buildings represent the technological or economic strength of the nation. In fact many people believe they are the symbol of the nation. To give some examples of superhigh-rise building fires in recent years, there are cases including destruction of World Trade Center by terrorism in New York, USA in 2001, Windsor building fire in Madrid, Spain in 2005 and CCTV high-rise building fire in Beijing, China in 2009 among others. As seen in these examples, fires in superhighrise buildings often burnt down and entirely destroyed the building, and yet the overcrowding trend of cities seems to continue. Under such circumstances, South Korea entered the rush to build superhigh-rise residential buildings in 1990s mainly in Seoul starting with the construction of 30-story residential building in early 1990s. Eventually in 2000s, buildings principally designed for residential use including superhigh-rise residential and commercial complexes or officetels (buildings with units that can be used as either office or house) became higher than 70 stories. South Korea shows different tendency from other advanced nations in situations that led to build superhigh-rise buildings. The reasons are described here.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73894800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tokyo University of Science, Global COE Program ("GCOE") has developed a mail delivery system "Net Fire News of East Asia by GCOE" ("the Net News") for the purpose of understanding the current situation of fires occurred in East Asia. The Net News delivery started on January 20, 2009. GCOE Net News coordinators collect all firerelated news from news websites in fifteen countries indicated in Table 1. Collected information is delivered to subscribers every week and also posted on the GCOE website http://gcoe.moritalab.com/?pagc_id=237. Based on fire news collected so far, this article investigates the recent trend of fire occurred in Asia and presents the result of analysis.
{"title":"Analysis of Database Collected from \"Net Fire News of East Asia by GCOE\"","authors":"Hiroki Tanaka, M. Tsujimoto","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.55","url":null,"abstract":"Tokyo University of Science, Global COE Program (\"GCOE\") has developed a mail delivery system \"Net Fire News of East Asia by GCOE\" (\"the Net News\") for the purpose of understanding the current situation of fires occurred in East Asia. The Net News delivery started on January 20, 2009. GCOE Net News coordinators collect all firerelated news from news websites in fifteen countries indicated in Table 1. Collected information is delivered to subscribers every week and also posted on the GCOE website http://gcoe.moritalab.com/?pagc_id=237. Based on fire news collected so far, this article investigates the recent trend of fire occurred in Asia and presents the result of analysis.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73623720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sunahara, Takahiro Ishihara, K. Matsuyama, S. Sugahara, M. Morita
The oxygen consumption calorimetric method is generally used to measure the heat release rate (HRR) of combustible items. However, this method might yield uncertain results in gas concentrations when water is being discharged, such as from a sprinkler head.In this study, we attempt to devise an appropriate and simple method for measuring HRR during water discharged. A relation between HRR under free-burning conditions, which is calculated from the mass loss rate, and the radiative heat flux are evaluated experimentally. The radiative heat flux during water discharge to take into account, Mie theory is applied to estimate radiative attenuation via absorption by water droplets. The effect of water droplets is verified by experimental data.
{"title":"Relation between Heat Release Rate and Radiative Heat Flux of Wooden Crib Burning during Water Discharge","authors":"H. Sunahara, Takahiro Ishihara, K. Matsuyama, S. Sugahara, M. Morita","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.1","url":null,"abstract":"The oxygen consumption calorimetric method is generally used to measure the heat release rate (HRR) of combustible items. However, this method might yield uncertain results in gas concentrations when water is being discharged, such as from a sprinkler head.In this study, we attempt to devise an appropriate and simple method for measuring HRR during water discharged. A relation between HRR under free-burning conditions, which is calculated from the mass loss rate, and the radiative heat flux are evaluated experimentally. The radiative heat flux during water discharge to take into account, Mie theory is applied to estimate radiative attenuation via absorption by water droplets. The effect of water droplets is verified by experimental data.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74158270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Yoshioka, Hsin-Chieh Yang, M. Tamura, Masashi Yoshida, T. Noguchi, M. Kanematsu, Koji Koura, Yasuji Ozaki
Current Japanese building standards dictate that with regard to fire protection for the exterior facade walls of buildings, the only matter for consideration is “fire-resistive performance,” which is constituted of stability, integrity and insulation. There are no evaluations of fire propagation along combustible material installed on the external sides of walls, even though combustion of external cladding could cause accelerated fire propagation along exterior facade walls. In this study, the authors have proposed a test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding, and test specimens produced in reference to facade walls with exterior thermal insulation were burned in order to demonstrate the application of the method.
{"title":"Study of Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagaion along Façade Wall with Exterior Thermal Insulation","authors":"H. Yoshioka, Hsin-Chieh Yang, M. Tamura, Masashi Yoshida, T. Noguchi, M. Kanematsu, Koji Koura, Yasuji Ozaki","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.27","url":null,"abstract":"Current Japanese building standards dictate that with regard to fire protection for the exterior facade walls of buildings, the only matter for consideration is “fire-resistive performance,” which is constituted of stability, integrity and insulation. There are no evaluations of fire propagation along combustible material installed on the external sides of walls, even though combustion of external cladding could cause accelerated fire propagation along exterior facade walls. In this study, the authors have proposed a test method for evaluation of fire propagation along combustible cladding, and test specimens produced in reference to facade walls with exterior thermal insulation were burned in order to demonstrate the application of the method.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83743556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before dawn on January 1, 2009, a fire broke out and killed 66 people at Club "Santika" in Bangkok, Thailand. The number of deaths in the fire was much larger than any fire accidents occurred in Asia in recent years. Tokyo University of Science of Japan under the Global COE Program (GCOE) of "Center for Education and Research on Advanced Fire Safety Science and Technology in East Asia" conducted a collaborative field survey with National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster (NRIFD) of Japan in the light of its objective "to promote developments in fire prevention and safety measures in rapidly urbanizing and modernizing East Asia." Focusing on the fire in Club "Santika" as one of the GCOE fire case studies, this article will sort out fire prevention problems that may cause heavy loss of lives and will examine the possibility of similar disaster in Japan.
{"title":"Fire Investigation Report of Club “Santika” in Bangkok","authors":"Kyoichi Kobayashi","doi":"10.3210/FST.30.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3210/FST.30.45","url":null,"abstract":"Before dawn on January 1, 2009, a fire broke out and killed 66 people at Club \"Santika\" in Bangkok, Thailand. The number of deaths in the fire was much larger than any fire accidents occurred in Asia in recent years. Tokyo University of Science of Japan under the Global COE Program (GCOE) of \"Center for Education and Research on Advanced Fire Safety Science and Technology in East Asia\" conducted a collaborative field survey with National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster (NRIFD) of Japan in the light of its objective \"to promote developments in fire prevention and safety measures in rapidly urbanizing and modernizing East Asia.\" Focusing on the fire in Club \"Santika\" as one of the GCOE fire case studies, this article will sort out fire prevention problems that may cause heavy loss of lives and will examine the possibility of similar disaster in Japan.","PeriodicalId":12289,"journal":{"name":"Fire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85406358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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