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Coaxial air blast atomization of a particulate gel suspension jet 微粒凝胶悬浮射流的同轴喷气雾化
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111276

The objective of this study is to experimentally and theoretically explore the impact of particle volume fractions and nozzle thread structure on the coaxial air blast atomization of particulate gel suspension jets through the high-speed flow visualization technology. The four breakup modes of particulate gel suspension jets are confirmed, namely oscillation mode, membrane-type breakup, fiber-type breakup, and superpulsating submode. However, the fiber-type breakup of jets disappears as the particle concentration reaches 40%, primarily attributed to the numerous particles sharply promoting the instability on the free jet surface. The experimental statistical results demonstrate that an increase in particle concentration and the adoption of the threaded nozzle both result in an expansion of the jet spray angle. The breakup length exhibits a reduction trend with the increase of particle concentration. However, it remains nearly the same value as that in the case of volume fraction 20% when the particle concentration continues to increase, contributed by the surge of viscous dissipation counteracting the enhanced instability on the jet interface caused by a large number of particles. The breakup length of a pure gel jet is predicted through the linear instability analysis, which is further modified by the viscosity model of particle suspensions to derive the breakup lengths of particulate gel suspension jets with different concentrations. The theoretical predictions align well with the statistical results in the experiment. The research is poised to have potential implications for numerous industrial processes and engineering applications including gel propellants.

本研究旨在通过高速流动可视化技术,从实验和理论上探讨颗粒体积分数和喷嘴螺纹结构对微粒凝胶悬浮射流同轴喷气雾化的影响。实验证实了微粒凝胶悬浮射流的四种破裂模式,即振荡模式、膜型破裂、纤维型破裂和超脉冲子模式。然而,当颗粒浓度达到 40% 时,纤维型喷流破裂消失,这主要是由于大量颗粒急剧促进了自由喷流表面的不稳定性。实验统计结果表明,颗粒浓度的增加和螺纹喷嘴的采用都会导致射流喷射角的扩大。随着颗粒浓度的增加,破裂长度呈减小趋势。然而,当颗粒浓度继续增加时,其值几乎与体积分数为 20% 的情况下的值相同,这是因为粘性耗散的激增抵消了大量颗粒导致的射流界面不稳定性的增强。通过线性不稳定性分析预测了纯凝胶射流的破裂长度,并根据颗粒悬浮液的粘度模型对其进行了进一步修正,从而得出了不同浓度的颗粒凝胶悬浮液射流的破裂长度。理论预测与实验统计结果非常吻合。这项研究有望对包括凝胶推进剂在内的众多工业流程和工程应用产生潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of Multi-Mode heat transfer to a Free-Falling dilute particle cloud in a heated vertical tube 加热垂直管中自由下落稀颗粒云的多模式传热实验研究
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111278

The development of dilute particle heat exchangers and reactors for advanced energy systems requires an understanding of the multi-mode heat transfer from a heated wall to falling particles. This study presents experimental results of the overall heat transfer coefficient for a free-falling, dilute flow of particles with solid volume fraction from 0.0005 to 0.006 corresponding to feed rates from 3.7 kg s−1 m−2 to 44 kg s−1 m−2 in a vertical, heated tube containing quiescent air at atmospheric pressure. Tube wall temperatures are varied between 300°C to 900°C while keeping the particle inlet temperature constant. The experimental results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient is a strong function of particle feed rate and surface temperature. Good agreement was obtained with prior studies conducted at comparable temperatures but lower particle feed rates (<4 kg m−2 s−1). The established correlations for particle-to-wall radiation and particle-to-gas convection were used to estimate the wall-to-gas convective contribution from the measured overall heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results indicated a 4 to 6 times improvement in the wall convection in the solid–gas mixture compared to that expected from natural convection in a single-phase gas. The data presented here are applicable to characterize heat transfer in dilute particle heat exchangers, furnaces, and solar receivers.

开发用于先进能源系统的稀颗粒热交换器和反应器需要了解从加热壁到下落颗粒的多模式传热。本研究介绍了自由下落的稀颗粒流的总体传热系数的实验结果,这些颗粒的固体体积分数从 0.0005 到 0.006 不等,进料速率从 3.7 kg s m 到 44 kg s m 不等。管壁温度在 300°C 至 900°C 之间变化,而颗粒入口温度保持不变。实验结果表明,总体传热系数是颗粒进料速率和表面温度的一个重要函数。这与之前在温度相当但颗粒进料速率较低(<4 kg m s)的条件下进行的研究结果十分吻合。利用已建立的颗粒对壁辐射和颗粒对气体对流的相关性,可以从测量的整体传热系数中估算出壁对气体对流的贡献。实验结果表明,与单相气体中的自然对流相比,固气混合物中的壁面对流提高了 4 到 6 倍。本文提供的数据适用于描述稀颗粒热交换器、熔炉和太阳能接收器的传热特性。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanism chaotic movement of Leidenfrost droplets Leidenfrost 液滴的混乱运动机制
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111277

One of the most effective methods for cooling overheated surfaces is drip irrigation. If the surface temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost temperature, then a vapor film is formed between the droplet and the surface, which leads not only to a decrease in heat transfer intensity but also causes droplet mobility. For a number of applications, the mobility of droplets is an undesirable phenomenon, so the analysis of the factors responsible for their movement is a relevant task. Here we analyze the movement mechanism of the Leidenfrost droplets with variations in the composition and volume of the droplets. The data obtained show that the droplet speed increases with an increase in the droplet volume. However, smaller droplets change direction of motion more often than larger droplets. To substantiate the experimental data, a hypothesis is proposed, according to which the mechanism of movement of Leidenfrost droplets is caused by the reactive force that arises due to the evaporation of liquid. A Leidenfrost droplet changes the direction of its movement due to the deformation of its surface under the influence of gravity and capillary force. To substantiate the experimental data a simple phenomenological model is proposed.

滴灌是冷却过热表面的最有效方法之一。如果表面温度超过莱顿弗罗斯特温度,那么液滴和表面之间就会形成一层蒸汽膜,这不仅会导致传热强度降低,还会造成液滴流动。在许多应用中,液滴的流动性是一种不良现象,因此分析导致液滴流动的因素是一项重要任务。在此,我们分析了莱顿弗罗斯特液滴在液滴成分和体积发生变化时的移动机制。获得的数据表明,液滴速度随着液滴体积的增大而增加。然而,较小的液滴比较大的液滴更频繁地改变运动方向。为了证实实验数据,我们提出了一个假设,即莱顿弗罗斯特液滴的运动机理是由液体蒸发产生的反作用力引起的。莱顿弗罗斯特液滴在重力和毛细力的作用下,由于表面变形而改变运动方向。为了证实实验数据,我们提出了一个简单的现象学模型。
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引用次数: 0
A new methodology for experimental analysis of single-cavity bubble’s nucleation, growth and detachment in saturated HFE-7100 饱和 HFE-7100 中单腔气泡成核、生长和脱离的实验分析新方法
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111272

The study of single bubble nucleation, growth and detachment processes has being carried out with remarkable relevance in the last fifty years. The complexity of the associated phenomena are still a challenge for the researchers in the field, yielding a lot of works trying to explain the enrolled mechanisms. These studies include experimental, numerical and even theoretical approaches. In particular but not exclusively for numerical approaches, it is of essential importance having a solid and detailed experimental description of the full event. It is in this context that this work emerges, proposing a methodology for characterizing the single bubble nucleation, growth and detachment process. This methodology is based in the determination of a “typical bubble” that represents the whole phenomena, providing the reconstruction of a main bubble life-cycle with its uncertainty (both in space and time). This reconstruction allows the determination of several important characteristics, such as bubble volume, apparent contact angle, dry radius, and the forces acting on the bubble. This work analyzes a set of bubbles growing from a cavity of 91μm diameter, under saturated conditions at 0,583 bar and superheating of 25,8 °C. All the outputs were obtained considering a carefully uncertainty determination and propagation from both systematic and random sources, which are not negligible as it is demonstrated in this work. The importance of considering a sufficient number of bubbles to characterize the phenomenon was also addressed, considering an analysis of uncertainties for different set of bubbles. The methodology was also confronted to previous approaches reported elsewhere, that ensured its performance, robustness, and validation.

过去五十年来,对单个气泡成核、生长和脱离过程的研究取得了显著的成果。相关现象的复杂性对该领域的研究人员来说仍然是一个挑战,因此产生了许多试图解释注册机制的工作。这些研究包括实验、数值甚至理论方法。特别是数值方法,但不限于数值方法,对整个事件进行扎实而详细的实验描述至关重要。正是在这种背景下,这项研究提出了一种描述单个气泡成核、生长和脱离过程的方法。该方法的基础是确定一个代表整个现象的 "典型气泡",重建主要气泡生命周期及其不确定性(空间和时间)。通过这种重建,可以确定几个重要特征,如气泡体积、表观接触角、干燥半径和作用在气泡上的力。这项工作分析了一组从直径为 91μm 的空腔中产生的气泡,这些气泡是在 0.583 巴的饱和条件和 25.8 °C 的过热条件下产生的。在获得所有输出结果时,都仔细考虑了系统和随机来源的不确定性确定和传播,正如本研究中所证明的那样,这些不确定性是不可忽略的。在分析不同气泡组的不确定性时,还考虑了考虑足够数量的气泡来描述现象特征的重要性。该方法还与其他地方报道的先前方法进行了比较,以确保其性能、稳健性和有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Flow control over tandem cylinders using plasma actuators 利用等离子致动器对串联气缸进行流量控制
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111274

The flow over two circular cylinders, arranged in a tandem setup, is controlled with the help of dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma actuators mounted on the upstream cylinder at a Reynolds number (Re) of 4700. The plasma actuators are mounted at ±80 from the forward stagnation point of the upstream cylinder. Three tandem configurations are tested, where the distance, L, by which the cylinder centers are separated are fixed at 3, 4, and 5 cylinder diameters (D). For each configuration, the plasma actuators are operated at two distinct blowing ratios (BR) of 0.8 and 1.4, which are named as the low-power and high-power forcing cases, respectively. Results include static-pressure measurements on the downstream cylinder and wake surveys using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). High-power forcing changes the flow pattern in the L=3D upstream wake from reattached to co-shedding flow, enabling alternating vortex shedding to occur between the tandem cylinders. High-power forcing also significantly weakens vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder for L=4D and L=5D. This weakening is manifested through 39.27% and 35.32% reductions in the total area of vorticity contours for L=4D and L=5D, respectively. However, the effect of this cancellation is most prominent on the downstream cylinder when the separation distance is L/D=3. During forcing with BR = 1.4, the static pressure on the downstream cylinder resembles that of a flow over a regular cylinder for all the cases tested. Hence, at this blowing ratio, the wake signature of the upstream cylinder is severely diminished, by delaying the shear-layer separation point. During forcing with BR = 0.8, no significant effect on the downstream cylinder is observed.

通过安装在雷诺数(Re)为 4700 的上游圆筒上的介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体致动器,对串联布置的两个圆形圆筒上的气流进行控制。等离子体致动器安装在上游气缸向前停滞点的±80∘处。测试了三种串联配置,气缸中心之间的距离 L 固定为 3、4 和 5 个气缸直径 (D)。对于每种配置,等离子体致动器在 0.8 和 1.4 两种不同的吹气比 (BR) 下运行,分别称为低功率和高功率强制情况。结果包括对下游气缸的静压测量和使用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)进行的尾流调查。高功率强迫改变了 L=3D 上游尾流中的流动模式,从重新附着流变为共同脱落流,从而使涡旋脱落交替出现在串联气缸之间。在 L=4D 和 L=5D 时,大功率强迫也会显著削弱上游圆柱体的涡流脱落。在 L=4D 和 L=5D 条件下,涡度等值线的总面积分别减少了 39.27% 和 35.32%,体现了这种削弱。然而,当分离距离为 L/D=3 时,这种抵消对下游气缸的影响最为显著。在 BR = 1.4 的强制过程中,下游圆柱体上的静压在所有测试情况下都类似于规则圆柱体上的气流。因此,在此吹气比下,上游圆筒的尾流特征会因剪切层分离点的延迟而严重减弱。在 BR = 0.8 的强迫过程中,没有观察到对下游圆柱体的明显影响。
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引用次数: 0
Special issue: In-tube flow pattern transitions under diabatic and adiabatic conditions 特刊:绝热和绝热条件下的管内流动模式转换
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111273
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引用次数: 0
Effects of electric field waveforms on a lifted non-premixed jet flame 电场波形对抬升式非预混合喷射火焰的影响
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111271

This study systematically investigates the behavior of lifted non-premixed jet flame under the influence of various electric field waveforms. In our experimental setup, high voltage is applied to the fuel nozzle, which acts as an electrode, while the flame serves as a floating electrode. The primary areas of interest are the responses of flame lift-off height, flame lift-off velocity, ion current and flow structure to electric fields. Results reveal that the flame lift-off height is predominantly influenced by the charging voltage, with the sequence of effectiveness being AC pulse >AC sine >DC pulse = DC. Furthermore, an increase in voltage frequency significantly enhances the flame lift-off velocity. A simplified model, based on charge transfer in corona wind, has been utilized to derive the electric force acting on the flame. This model establishes a scaling relation that correlates flame lift-off velocity with charging voltage, frequency, waveform and duty cycle. The ion current response in our system exhibits characteristics similar to those of an electrical RC circuit, where the charging voltage has a more significant impact on charge transfer and, subsequently, ion current enhancement compared to frequency. Elevated ion current values correspond to increased flame displacement speeds and reduced flame lift-off heights. The alternation of electric fields introduces a greater degree of turbulence within flames. Near the nozzle exit, a vortex ring with a consistent rotation direction is formed. This vortex ring, driven by the induced ionic wind, facilitates flame propagation and enhances flame stabilization.

本研究系统地探讨了各种电场波形影响下的升空非预混合喷射火焰的行为。在我们的实验装置中,高压被施加到作为电极的燃料喷嘴上,而火焰则作为浮动电极。主要关注火焰腾空高度、火焰腾空速度、离子电流和流动结构对电场的响应。结果表明,火焰腾空高度主要受充电电压的影响,其有效性顺序为交流脉冲 >AC 正弦 >DC 脉冲 = DC。此外,电压频率的增加会显著提高火焰腾空速度。根据电晕风中的电荷转移,利用简化模型推导出作用在火焰上的电场力。该模型建立了火焰腾空速度与充电电压、频率、波形和占空比之间的比例关系。我们系统中的离子电流响应表现出类似于 RC 电路的特性,其中充电电压对电荷转移的影响更大,因此离子电流的增强也比频率更大。离子电流值的升高与火焰位移速度的增加和火焰腾空高度的降低相对应。电场交替会在火焰内部产生更大程度的湍流。在喷嘴出口附近,会形成一个旋转方向一致的涡环。在诱导离子风的驱动下,该涡流环促进了火焰的传播并增强了火焰的稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of magneto-thermal conditions on blood viscosity: An experimental study 磁热条件对血液粘度的影响:实验研究
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111270

The effects of the combined magneto-thermal conditions on blood viscosity and the underlying mechanisms of the key factors were elucidated. An integrated magneto-thermal experimental apparatus was devised to measure the viscosity of blood samples sourced from healthy blood donors subject to various non-thermal alternating magnetic fields (AMF), temperature, and magneto-thermal conditions. Mechanisms governing the influence of different factors on blood viscosity were further probed by assessing the viscoelastic modulus of red blood cells (RBCs) and observing RBC morphology. Results show that the hierarchy of significance of three main factors in magnetic hyperthermia on blood viscosity is as follows: temperature > AMF intensity > AMF frequency. Both heightened AMF field strength and elevated temperature led to a nonlinear decrease in blood viscosity, particularly in blood samples with higher hematocrit levels. This is associated with enhanced rheological characteristics of RBCs at increased temperatures and alterations in the repulsive forces between RBCs owing to changes in the cell surface charge induced by AMF. These changes ultimately reduce the flow resistance. However, when the temperature exceeded 46 °C, the deterioration of spectrin on the RBC membrane, coupled with the formation of spicules on the cell membrane surface and subsequent RBC rupture, contributed to increased blood viscosity at higher temperatures.

研究阐明了磁热综合条件对血液粘度的影响以及关键因素的内在机制。研究人员设计了一套综合磁热实验装置,用于测量健康献血者血液样本在各种非热交变磁场(AMF)、温度和磁热条件下的粘度。通过评估红细胞(RBC)的粘弹性模量和观察红细胞形态,进一步探究了不同因素对血液粘度的影响机制。结果表明,磁热疗法中三个主要因素对血液粘度的影响程度依次为:温度;AMF强度;AMF频率。增强的 AMF 场强和升高的温度都会导致血液粘度非线性下降,尤其是在血细胞比容水平较高的血液样本中。这与温度升高时红细胞流变特性增强以及 AMF 引起的细胞表面电荷变化导致红细胞间排斥力改变有关。这些变化最终降低了流动阻力。然而,当温度超过 46 ℃ 时,RBC 膜上的光谱蛋白变质,加上细胞膜表面形成的棘粒和随后的 RBC 破裂,导致血液粘度在较高温度下增加。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics of the jet shear layer of a round elevated jet in crossflow 横流中圆形高架射流的射流剪切层特征
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111269

The present research aims at an experimental study to investigate the effect of velocity ratio (R) on the evolution of elevated round jet issued from a stack having an aspect ratio (AR) of 9.0 in a uniform crossflow at a Reynolds number of 2000. The experiments are conducted in a low-speed, recirculating water tunnel. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is employed to characterize the water tunnel. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the flow field, and the dye visualization technique is utilized to capture the accompanying instantaneous flow structures. Depending on the velocity ratio (R = 0.16 - 1.5), distinct jet shear layer (JSL) structures are observed in the symmetric plane (XY), confirmed by both the flow visualization and PIV data. These structures include clockwise vortices, anticlockwise vortices, swing-induced mushroom vortices, and jet-like vortices. For R<0.5, entrainment of a substantial amount of jet fluid into the stack-wake region (downwash) has been observed. At R=0.5, the streak image captured in the wall parallel plane reveals the ring-like vortices that appear to wrap around the jet core while upright vortices are detected downstream on the lee side of the jet. Additionally, variations in average velocity and turbulent fluctuations in the near field, contingent on different velocity ratios, are discussed.

本研究旨在通过实验研究速度比 (R) 对高宽比 (AR) 为 9.0 的烟囱在雷诺数为 2000 的均匀横流中喷出的高架圆形射流的演变的影响。实验在低速再循环水隧道中进行。采用激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)对水隧道进行表征。粒子图像测速仪(PIV)用于测量流场,染料可视化技术用于捕捉伴随的瞬时流动结构。根据速度比(R = 0.16 - 1.5)的不同,在对称平面(XY)上可观察到明显的喷射剪切层(JSL)结构,这一点已被流动可视化和 PIV 数据所证实。这些结构包括顺时针漩涡、逆时针漩涡、摆动引起的蘑菇状漩涡和喷流状漩涡。在 R<0.5 条件下,观察到大量喷射流体被夹带到叠渚区域(下冲)。在 R=0.5 时,在壁面平行面上捕捉到的条纹图像显示出环状涡流,这些涡流似乎围绕着喷流核心,而在喷流左侧的下游则检测到直立涡流。此外,还讨论了近场平均速度和湍流波动的变化,这取决于不同的速度比。
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引用次数: 0
Simultaneous measurements of morphology, size distribution and concentration of ice crystals in icing wind tunnel with HACPI 利用 HACPI 同时测量结冰风洞中冰晶的形态、尺寸分布和浓度
IF 2.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2024.111266

The simulation of ice crystal icing at high altitudes in the icing wind tunnel holds significant value for the study of icing on the aero-engine, pitot probe and other components of aircraft. Concurrently, the measurement of ice crystals in the icing wind tunnel is an aspect that warrants attention. This study introduces the Holographic Airborne for Cloud Particle Imager (HACPI) based on in-line holography, and conducts a series of experiments in the icing wind tunnel at AVIC Chengdu CAIC Electronics Co., LTD. The icing wind tunnel is equipped with an ice crystal generation system (ICGS) that operates on a grinding-based method. The morphology, size distribution and concentration of the ice crystals are simultaneously measured under airspeeds of Mach 0.55 and Mach 0.62 with HACPI, the results indicate that the morphology of ice crystals generated by the ICGS exhibits randomness. It is observed that with an increase in particle size, the irregularity also increases, and the maximum size of the ice crystals produced can approach 1000 µm. Under two typical test conditions, the MVD are 202.4 µm and 247.7 µm, respectively, while the MMD are 103.7 µm and 166.9 µm. In addition, the IWC are 4.47 g/m3 and 6.67 g/m3. A close relationship is observed between the particle size distribution and concentration of the ice crystals and the operating frequency of the ICGS components. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the significant potential of digital holography in measuring ice crystals in icing wind tunnels.

在结冰风洞中模拟高空冰晶结冰,对于研究飞机的航空发动机、皮托管探头和其他部件的结冰具有重要价值。同时,在结冰风洞中测量冰晶也是一个值得关注的方面。本研究介绍了基于在线全息技术的机载全息云粒子成像仪(HACPI),并在中航工业成都中航电子有限责任公司的结冰风洞中进行了一系列实验。结冰风洞配备了冰晶生成系统(ICGS),该系统采用基于研磨的方法运行。在 0.55 马赫和 0.62 马赫的气流速度下,使用 HACPI 同时测量了冰晶的形态、尺寸分布和浓度。据观察,随着颗粒尺寸的增加,不规则性也随之增加,所产生冰晶的最大尺寸可接近 1000 微米。在两种典型测试条件下,MVD 分别为 202.4 µm 和 247.7 µm,而 MMD 分别为 103.7 µm 和 166.9 µm。此外,IWC 分别为 4.47 g/m3 和 6.67 g/m3。冰晶的粒度分布和浓度与 ICGS 组件的工作频率之间存在密切关系。此外,这项工作还证明了数字全息技术在测量结冰风洞中冰晶方面的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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