Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science最新文献

{"title":"Vortex dynamics of novel whale-biomimetic and conventional wings: Influence of aspect ratio on tip and fragmented flow structures","authors":"Halil Hakan Açıkel ,&nbsp;Sinem Keskin ,&nbsp;Mustafa Serdar Genç ,&nbsp;Mustafa Özden ,&nbsp;Eren Anıl Sezer ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sincar ,&nbsp;Muhammer Ayvazoğlu ,&nbsp;Rumeysa Şahin","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction of the tip vortex and the fragmented vortex on novel humpback whale-biomimetic wings with different low aspect ratios and their effects on aerodynamic performance are presented in this study. A baseline NACA 0015 airfoil and a modified configuration were tested at a chord-based Reynolds number of 0.975 × 10⁴ for different aspect ratios (AR = 1, 2, 3, and infinite). The oil flow visualisation and force measurements were used to explore the effects of the tubercle modification on flow topology, unsteady flow, stall mechanisms, and fluid–structure interactions. Moreover, time-dependent force results were served for spectrogram analysis, which was presented first in this study, to reveal flow modes occurring. The results demonstrate that the whale-inspired geometry alters the laminar separation bubble dynamics by fragmenting large coherent structures into smaller three-dimensional bubbles, which are less susceptible to tip vortex interactions. Time-resolved lift measurements and spectrogram analyses showed that the whale-inspired leading-edge fragmented laminar separation bubbles into smaller, higher-momentum structures, generating higher-frequency flow (fragmented laminar separation bubble-induced and whale flow interaction-induced) modes that mitigated coherent vortex shedding. In AR2, AR3, and 2D wings, two dominant modes emerged. This can be attributed to the intensification of leading-edge vortices interacting with the whale structure, with an increasing aspect ratio. The modified wings exhibited enhanced lift coefficient and delayed stall, particularly for higher aspect ratios, where a mild stall replaced abrupt stall in baseline wings. However, at post-stall conditions, the lift force exhibited higher fluctuation-based stability index values for the whale wings, indicating that while the modification improved overall aerodynamic performance, it slightly reduced flow stability. While studies in the literature have shown that high aspect ratio whale wings provide significant aerodynamic enhancement, particularly at high angles of attack, this study observed that this effect is accompanied by increased vibration due to small, fragmented vortices. Increased vibration is likely to lead to stability issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collisions between droplets of liquids of different viscosity and composite fuel particles","authors":"Anastasia Islamova,&nbsp;Pavel Tkachenko,&nbsp;Nikita Shlegel,&nbsp;Stanislav Shulyaev,&nbsp;Pavel Strizhak","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is important to understand the physics of liquid droplet collisions for a variety of applications ranging from inkjet printing to composite fuel combustion. The use of composite fuels is associated with some challenges and limitations. It is necessary to study the collisions of droplets and particles used as slurry fuel components. The selected objects of research were water and oil droplets, as well as particles of pine, cedar, coal and filter cake. Typical collision regimes (agglomeration and destruction) were identified. The characteristics of child droplets and conditions of their interaction with droplets and particles were determined. Differences between the characteristics of interaction of combustible and noncombustible component droplets with particles were detected. Equations were presented for a mathematical description of transition boundaries between regimes on maps taking account of the dimensionless linear impact parameter, the Weber number and the Ohnesorge number. The decisive factor for agglomeration or separation of droplets and particles was the properties of liquid. If a particle was pre-wetted, the type and condition of its surface did not have a significant effect on interaction regimes. The occurrence of a regime was also found to depend on the particle shape. A comparison of interaction regime maps for liquid droplets and biomass particles in the experiments with water and motor oil revealed that the separation boundary for oil shifted towards 18–27 % higher Weber numbers. This is accounted for by the physical properties of the investigated liquids. Guidelines on using the research findings in the development of secondary atomization technologies of fuel droplets were provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategically located microchannel regions to enhance defrosting performance on vertical aluminum plates","authors":"Margaret M. Hennessy,&nbsp;Rhett J. Bendure,&nbsp;Giancarlo Corti,&nbsp;Andrew D. Sommers","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to improve defrosting performance in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&amp;R) systems while striking a balance in terms of the manufacturing cost. Minimizing the cost was achieved by mitigating the “edge effect” through microchannels (101.6 to 500 μm wide, 3.175 to 12.7 mm tall) that were strategically located along the bottom edge of vertical surfaces and then coupled in some cases with a fluorosilane coating. The “edge effect” refers to the phenomena where water droplets cling to the bottom edge of a vertical surface due to surface tension during drainage and are not removed. By treating only the bottom edge of the plate, manufacturing times were significantly reduced, and the defrosting performance remained comparable to fully-treated plates. Moreover, at <em>T</em>_w = -12 °C and RH = 60 % these plates improved defrosting percentages by as much as 20 % when compared to the baseline case, while also significantly reducing the manufacturing cost. Full-plate silica nanospring (SN) coatings were also studied and observed to have defrosting percentages as high as 90.3 %, but their current cost is not competitive for HVAC&amp;R applications. General observations about surface defrosting performance in terms of efficiency metrics were also outlined and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the atomization characteristics and influencing factors of tangential centrifugal nozzles","authors":"Changchun Liu ,&nbsp;Cheng Xu ,&nbsp;Kaiyang Wu ,&nbsp;Haoyue Xi ,&nbsp;Shijie Xin ,&nbsp;Lei Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the atomization characteristics of tangential centrifugal nozzles is crucial for optimizing applications in combustion, fire suppression, and cooling. This study experimentally investigates the P-Q curves, droplet size distribution, spray cone angle, and velocity vector field of eight nozzles, which were experimentally measured. The calculation method of the swirl number (<em>S_n</em>) in tangential centrifugal atomizing nozzles was systematically established. The flow coefficient (<em>C_D</em>) of various nozzles and its mathematical relationship with the swirl number, inlet and outlet diameters, and Reynolds number were determined. Additionally, a dimensionless parameter (Π), characterizing the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), was constructed based on the Reynolds number and swirl number. Both the inlet Reynolds number (<em>Re_in</em>) and swirl intensity govern droplet size. SMD demonstrates a characteristic U-shaped dependency on Π, with minimum values occurring at 0.4 &lt; Π &lt; 1.2. Furthermore, higher pressures produce smaller SMD values. Swirl intensity significantly impacts the spray cone angle, with larger swirl numbers leading to wider angles. It was also observed that the spray cone angle produced by the nozzle is not strictly symmetrical about the outlet’s center axis but exhibits a certain offset angle. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements revealed that droplets at higher swirl numbers (<em>S_n</em> ≥ 2.5) are predominantly concentrated on both sides of the flow field. In contrast, at lower swirl numbers (<em>S_n</em> &lt; 2.5), the flow field becomes more sensitive to pressure changes, promoting droplet accumulation in the central region of the nozzle outlet axis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in laser diagnostics for swirl combustion: current progress and future directions☆","authors":"Guoqing Wang,&nbsp;Mingming Gu,&nbsp;Liangliang Xu,&nbsp;Shuyue Lai,&nbsp;Xi Xia,&nbsp;Fei Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swirl combustion is a fundamental feature in modern energy conversion systems, particularly in gas turbines and aeroengines, where it enhances flame stabilization, mixing efficiency, and emissions control. The global shift toward low- and zero-carbon fuels, such as ammonia and hydrogen, introduces new challenges in swirl combustion environments, including altered flow dynamics, temperature distributions, and chemical reaction pathways. In this context, laser-based diagnostic techniques have undergone significant advances, enabling non-intrusive, high-resolution, time-resolved measurements of velocity fields, scalar distributions, and reaction zone structures in swirl-stabilized flames. This review summarizes recent progress in major laser diagnostic methods, including high-speed particle image velocimetry, planar laser-induced fluorescence, laser absorption spectroscopy, Rayleigh scattering, and Raman scattering based techniques. Developments in multiphysics and hybrid techniques are also discussed. Additionally, we emphasizes representative laser diagnostic advancements driven by high-temperature and low-carbon combustion technologies. The co-evolution of laser technology, diagnostic methods, and swirl combustion is discussed to show how advances in each area have accelerated progress in the others. Finally, the review outlines remaining scientific challenges, practical barriers to industrial application, and future research priorities, with emphasis on diagnostics for extreme conditions, AI-driven data analysis, and compact in-situ measurement solutions for next-generation swirl combustion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refuse derived fuels: Using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning to predict moisture content and dry particle spectra","authors":"J. Fischer ,&nbsp;T. Kunz ,&nbsp;K. Treiber ,&nbsp;V. Scherer","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refuse derived fuel (RDF) sourced from industrial and municipal waste contains primarily plastics, paper/cardboard and textiles. Since RDF has high heating values and low prices, it is used as alternative fuel to coal in cement production, offering CO₂ reductions. However, the cement industry currently lacks real-time quality control of RDF, resulting in unnoticed reductions in heating value caused by elevated moisture content. Moisture content determination by drying takes up to 4 h, which does not allow for quick reactions in operation of the cement kiln.</div><div>This study addresses the challenge by applying near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the moisture content of paper and cardboard particles, which retains most moisture in RDF. The particles were moisturized by different methods with NIRS measurements at each stage. For the prediction, different approaches ranging from linear regression of selected wavelength absorptions to multiple machine learning regression techniques like ridge, lasso and multilayer perceptron are compared in accuracy and feature representation. The multilayer perceptron showed accurate results and robust feature selection, although also simple linear regression at selected wavelength gave adequate accuracy.</div><div>In a second step, moisture content and spectra of wet particles were used to predict the spectra of dry particles. These spectra are essential to correctly identify particle types or predict heating values, since training data consists of dry particle data. While linear models are not reaching acceptable results, both an autoencoder and a random forest regressor yielded spectra with correct shapes, which is sufficient for classification with derivative spectra.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bubble oscillations and dynamics under periodic electric fields","authors":"Tianle Gu,&nbsp;Samuel Siedel","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding bubble dynamics under time-dependent electric fields is essential for applications in electrohydrodynamic(EHD) control, microfluidics, and phase-change heat transfer, but the interplay of polarization and Coulomb forces in leaky dielectric fluids is poorly understood. In this study, we experimentally investigated the growth and detachment of air bubbles injected into the leaky dielectric liquid HFE-7100 under periodic electric fields with square and sine waveforms at 50 and 100 Hz. High-speed imaging and image analysis revealed that EHD forces induced significant shape oscillations and strongly influenced bubble growth rates and detachment timing. Quantitatively, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of the 100 Hz square wave data revealed dominant oscillation frequencies clustered between 135 Hz and 211 Hz. The response was highly dependent on the phase of bubble initiation, with polarity reversal often triggering detachment. Notably, under sine wave excitation, successive bubbles spontaneously organized into two alternating modes characterized by highly consistent aspect ratio evolution and volumetric growth. The bifurcation effect disappeared when a DC bias was added to the signal. These results demonstrate the critical role of waveform shape, frequency, and polarity in modulating bubble behavior in periodic fields, and provide new experimental insight into transient EHD effects in leaky dielectric fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 111668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of wettability dependence on the contact radius of hydrophobic surfaces using a photoelectric combination method","authors":"Shiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingkun Han ,&nbsp;Chuntian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrophobic surfaces are widely employed in both nature and industry. However, the dependence between the contact radius and the wettability of hydrophobic surfaces at different time scales has not been clearly established. Therefore, developing a method to measure the contact radius of these surfaces across multiple time scales is critical for understanding this relationship. This paper presented an innovative approach to contact radius measurement based on the photoelectric combination method, addressing the aforementioned challenges. By integrating electrical and optical techniques, this method leveraged the ultra-high spatiotemporal resolution of the electrical method to overcome the limitations of optical methods, particularly in capturing contact radius over short time intervals. An experimental setup was used to measure the contact radius of hydrophobic surfaces using this photoelectric combination method. The experimental results demonstrated that the contact radius remained unaffected by changes in wettability during the initial stage. However, as wettability decreased in the later stage, the contact radius significantly decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of turbulence in non-Newtonian fluids using ultrasound velocity profiling","authors":"B.K. Yusufi,&nbsp;Z. Kapelan ,&nbsp;D. Mehta","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transportation of non-Newtonian fluids (NNFs) through pipelines is a cornerstone of modern infrastructure. While the laminar and transitional flows have been extensively studied, the turbulent behavior of NNFs remains poorly understood. This study investigates large-scale pipe-loop experiments on clay–water slurries, spanning Reynolds numbers <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>–</mtext><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> in a 100-mm diameter facility. Using non-invasive ultrasound velocity profiling (UVP) together with wall shear stress measurements, we characterize flows ranging from weakly to highly non-Newtonian conditions with concentrations up to 19%(w/w). The experiments show that the transition to the log-law region is delayed and the log-law intercept shifts upward with increasing concentration, reflecting the redistribution of stresses as shear-thinning and yield effects become more pronounced. To further interpret these findings, the experimental observations were compared with established modeling approaches. Semi-empirical correlations exhibited intermediate performance (mean absolute error, MAE, up to 0.55 Pa for wall shear stress and 0.15 m/s for velocity), while the Launder–Spalding wall function performed worst due to its assumption of constant viscosity (MAE <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 1.48 Pa and 0.08 m/s). In contrast, the rheology-based wall function achieved the most reliable predictions, with minimal deviations from experiments (MAE <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 0.20 Pa for wall shear stress and 0.06 m/s for velocity). Overall, this work provides a comprehensive experimental and modeling assessment of turbulent non-Newtonian pipe flow at an industrial scale, yielding new insights into flow physics and establishing a valuable reference for future experimental and computational studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 111665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical and experimental study on CCFL in a scaled-down model of a small modular reactor (SMR) hot leg","authors":"Jie Wan ,&nbsp;Xin Ma ,&nbsp;Huafa Chen ,&nbsp;Wan Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Ren Liang ,&nbsp;Longxiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Luteng Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Lian ,&nbsp;Simiao Tang ,&nbsp;Liang-Ming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) phenomena in horizontal and horizontal-inclined pipes have been extensively studied in the past. In recent years, small modular reactors (SMR) have attracted widespread attention as an ideal energy source for offshore development, which have a compact design with a small length-to-diameter ratio of the hot leg. Therefore, in this study, air–water CCFL visualization experiments were conducted in a scaled-down model of a SMR hot leg. The results indicated that, as the gas flow rate increases, the flow can be divided into three distinct regions: the stratified-entrainment region, the liquid-level rising region, and the liquid-level falling region, with CCFL occurring in the liquid-level rising region. A sudden decrease in the liquid penetration flow rate, which was measured by weighing method, was adopted as the criterion for the onset of CCFL, and then the CCFL characteristic curve was obtained. The mechanisms of CCFL were investigated over different ranges of liquid flow rates based on the characteristic curve and the results of the visualization experiment. Finally, a force analysis of the gas–liquid counter-current flow was performed based on the experimental results, and the momentum equations for gas and liquid phases were established to develop a CCFL prediction model. In addition, to complete the new model, several existing interfacial friction factor models were evaluated, and a modified interfacial friction factor model was developed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 111664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}