{"title":"MUĞLA MÜZESİ’NDEN BİR KOLCUKLU BALTA ÜZERİNE BAZI DÜŞÜNCELER","authors":"H. Keskin, M. Yıldız","doi":"10.46931/aran.2022.16.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2022.16.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130351820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-16DOI: 10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.6
H. Erol
In the Assyrian Trade Colonies Period, Assyrian merchants traded especially tin and various wool fabrics, which were the main products they brought from Assyria, in the city-states of Anatolia. In addition, the merchants often tried to increase their income by trading products such as copper and wool of Anatolian origin. Leather or fleece, another Anatolian product, can be added to these Anatolian goods, which Assyrian merchants traded inside Anatolia. Two basic Akkadian terms, ārum and maškum occur in the Kültepe tablets for the meaning of leather or fleece/hides. Among these terms, which appear in more than 100 documents in total, especially maškum is more reflected in the texts as a commercial product; there are records of hundreds of them being bought and sold or transported from one place to another. The Kültepe tablets record a total of 45 ārum and 1674 maškum. In addition, there are records of maškum weighing approximately 42 talents in three different documents. It is not clear what kind of a distinction there is between the terms ārum and maškum as for the characteristics of the leather/fleece. However, the difference between these words could be in terms of the form of leather/fleece or whether it had undergone any processing, but not the animals from which it originated. ārum does not describe the skin of any animal except cattle, but the term maškum is also occurring for cattle skin in the documents. It is believed that the leather tanning process is one of the oldest occupations that human beings have mastered in terms of manufacturing techniques. In this respect, it is clear that leather tanning was known and practiced during the Old Assyrian Trade Colonies Period. However, there is no clear evidence in the Kültepe texts that would enable us to distinguish tanned leather from other rawhide or fleece. On the other hand, ārum, associated with the Hebrew word ‘ōr meaning “hide” in CAD A/II, p. 318a, may be related to the words erû “bare, empty” in CAD E, p. 320b, and a/arum “to be naked” in CDA p. 80a, and erium “naked” derived from this word. Accordingly, one may think that the term ārum may correspond to leather that had undergone some manufacturing process for tanning in some way.
{"title":"Leather and Leather Trade in Kültepe Texts","authors":"H. Erol","doi":"10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"In the Assyrian Trade Colonies Period, Assyrian merchants traded especially tin and various wool fabrics, which were the main products they brought from Assyria, in the city-states of Anatolia. In addition, the merchants often tried to increase their income by trading products such as copper and wool of Anatolian origin. Leather or fleece, another Anatolian product, can be added to these Anatolian goods, which Assyrian merchants traded inside Anatolia. Two basic Akkadian terms, ārum and maškum occur in the Kültepe tablets for the meaning of leather or fleece/hides. Among these terms, which appear in more than 100 documents in total, especially maškum is more reflected in the texts as a commercial product; there are records of hundreds of them being bought and sold or transported from one place to another. The Kültepe tablets record a total of 45 ārum and 1674 maškum. In addition, there are records of maškum weighing approximately 42 talents in three different documents. It is not clear what kind of a distinction there is between the terms ārum and maškum as for the characteristics of the leather/fleece. However, the difference between these words could be in terms of the form of leather/fleece or whether it had undergone any processing, but not the animals from which it originated. ārum does not describe the skin of any animal except cattle, but the term maškum is also occurring for cattle skin in the documents. \u0000It is believed that the leather tanning process is one of the oldest occupations that human beings have mastered in terms of manufacturing techniques. In this respect, it is clear that leather tanning was known and practiced during the Old Assyrian Trade Colonies Period. However, there is no clear evidence in the Kültepe texts that would enable us to distinguish tanned leather from other rawhide or fleece. On the other hand, ārum, associated with the Hebrew word ‘ōr meaning “hide” in CAD A/II, p. 318a, may be related to the words erû “bare, empty” in CAD E, p. 320b, and a/arum “to be naked” in CDA p. 80a, and erium “naked” derived from this word. Accordingly, one may think that the term ārum may correspond to leather that had undergone some manufacturing process for tanning in some way.","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114968365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.10
Hasan Tuncer
After the Neolithic period, mankind added agriculture to its food life that started with hunting and gathering. Agriculture having developed over time, became the main source of livelihood of many societies. Societies having experience on agricultural activities opened the way to the emergence and development of an economic model based on food production. This new economic model happened to be the main factor instilling the concept of settled life into societies. The Hittite country, which was a great political power in the 2nd millennium BC Anatolia, gave great importance to agriculture like other societies. In the Hittite texts, farmers who had carried out the plowing and plantation were mentioned as the LÚAPIN.LÁ within Sumerogram. The first duty of the farmers, who ensured the cultivation of the lands of Hittite’s Anatolia, was to present their products to the gods on time before the other people. The farmers who were warned about this issue and otherwise who were to be punished, were evaluated within the framework of the phenomenon of "finishing the job", unlike other fugitives in the political treaty texts. From the documents, we learn that the farmers who also seemed to be in charge of granaries would be punished if they told lie during the cultivation and delivery of the product. In addition to their agricultural activities, the farmers who had sometimes performed the supplication and preservation of animals became one of the most important components of the Hittite economy with their different duties and functions.
{"title":"AN ASSESSMENT ON LÚAPIN.LÁ IN THE HITTITE CUNEIFORM TEXTS","authors":"Hasan Tuncer","doi":"10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"After the Neolithic period, mankind added agriculture to its food life that started with hunting and gathering. Agriculture having developed over time, became the main source of livelihood of many societies. Societies having experience on agricultural activities opened the way to the emergence and development of an economic model based on food production. This new economic model happened to be the main factor instilling the concept of settled life into societies. The Hittite country, which was a great political power in the 2nd millennium BC Anatolia, gave great importance to agriculture like other societies. In the Hittite texts, farmers who had carried out the plowing and plantation were mentioned as the LÚAPIN.LÁ within Sumerogram. The first duty of the farmers, who ensured the cultivation of the lands of Hittite’s Anatolia, was to present their products to the gods on time before the other people. The farmers who were warned about this issue and otherwise who were to be punished, were evaluated within the framework of the phenomenon of \"finishing the job\", unlike other fugitives in the political treaty texts. From the documents, we learn that the farmers who also seemed to be in charge of granaries would be punished if they told lie during the cultivation and delivery of the product. In addition to their agricultural activities, the farmers who had sometimes performed the supplication and preservation of animals became one of the most important components of the Hittite economy with their different duties and functions.","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116282563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.8
Umay Oğuzhanoğlu
The evaluation of the Hittite and Luwian inscriptions that mention Western Anatolia, and the extended archaeological research on the Bronze Age have led to an increase in knowledge and arguments about the historical geography of Western Anatolia. But the poor source of documents about Western Anatolia has made the research more challenging. It is known that one of the old names of the city of Stratonikeia, which is located on the Yatagan Plain in Muğla and is among the important cities of the region, is Idrias. It is suggested that Atriya can be localized within the territorium of Stratonikeia considering the phonetic similarity with Atriya mentioned in Hittite documents. This study aims to contribute to the arguments on this subject by evaluating some of the recent findings in Stratonikeia concerning the Late Bronze Age and the studies on historical geography. Among the ceramic samples of the Late Helladic III period found in the Stratonikeia territory, there has been added some other ceramic samples such as the ones found in the Tasavlu region in 2009, under the Heroon of Hierocles in the city center of Stratonikeia during the excavations in 2018, and in the Değirmendere region during the excavations by the Muğla Museum in 2018-2019. When the routes followed by some Hittite Kings during their travels to the west, the arguments concerning the location of the cities within the Yatağan Plain and Çine (Marsyas) Creek Valley, and the archaeological findings combined, it is concluded that localizing Atriya within these areas is a reasonable proposal.
{"title":"Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Atriya ve Stratonikeia: Karia Tarihi Coğrafyası Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler","authors":"Umay Oğuzhanoğlu","doi":"10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2022.16.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the Hittite and Luwian inscriptions that mention Western Anatolia, and the extended archaeological research on the Bronze Age have led to an increase in knowledge and arguments about the historical geography of Western Anatolia. But the poor source of documents about Western Anatolia has made the research more challenging. It is known that one of the old names of the city of Stratonikeia, which is located on the Yatagan Plain in Muğla and is among the important cities of the region, is Idrias. It is suggested that Atriya can be localized within the territorium of Stratonikeia considering the phonetic similarity with Atriya mentioned in Hittite documents. This study aims to contribute to the arguments on this subject by evaluating some of the recent findings in Stratonikeia concerning the Late Bronze Age and the studies on historical geography. Among the ceramic samples of the Late Helladic III period found in the Stratonikeia territory, there has been added some other ceramic samples such as the ones found in the Tasavlu region in 2009, under the Heroon of Hierocles in the city center of Stratonikeia during the excavations in 2018, and in the Değirmendere region during the excavations by the Muğla Museum in 2018-2019. When the routes followed by some Hittite Kings during their travels to the west, the arguments concerning the location of the cities within the Yatağan Plain and Çine (Marsyas) Creek Valley, and the archaeological findings combined, it is concluded that localizing Atriya within these areas is a reasonable proposal.","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128583057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-14DOI: 10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.7
İbrahim Oğuzhan
{"title":"İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Eski Şark Eserleri Müzesi’nde Teşhir Edilen İslâmiyet Öncesi Arabistan Koleksiyonu Eserlerinin Tahlili","authors":"İbrahim Oğuzhan","doi":"10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122559966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.8
Ahmet Türkan
{"title":"MS II. Yüzyılda Aizanoi - Roma İlişkileri: Tasfiye ve Yeni Düzen","authors":"Ahmet Türkan","doi":"10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.2021.15.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":123302,"journal":{"name":"Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124343988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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