Insight into the non-random distribution patterns of species in different regions is a foundational aim of research in community ecology and biogeography. The nestedness pattern, which investigates changes in species composition and abundance, has been widely used in numerous studies. However, studies on the nestedness of benthic diatoms are extremely rare, and consequently little has been mentioned of their assemblage mechanisms. To fill this gap, based on 168 benthic diatom species from 147 sampling sites in the Thousand Island Lake (TIL) catchment, we calculated their nestedness and niche width with the aim of i) analyzing the nestedness of benthic diatoms communities with different attachment abilities in TIL; ii) calculating niche width differences between nested and idiosyncratic species with different attachment abilities; iii) investigating the differences in alpha and beta diversity between nested and idiosyncratic sites; iv) examining whether environmental variables influencing the nestedness of benthic diatom communities are dependent on attachment ability. The results demonstrated a significant nestedness pattern in the benthic diatom metacommunity, and the sampling sites of low attachment species not only exhibited a nestedness pattern, but also with a lower nestedness value compared to the sampling sites of all species. Nested and idiosyncratic species differed in niche width, whereas differences between nested and idiosyncratic species of low attachment species were smaller. Additionally, significant differences in alpha and beta diversity were observed between nested and idiosyncratic sites. Furthermore, it was revealed that the nestedness of benthic diatom metacommunity in our study area were mostly influenced by local environmental variables. Our study contributes to the understanding of the significant nestedness observed in benthic diatom metacommunity in TIL, highlighting its relevance to biodiversity conservation efforts.
{"title":"Nestedness of benthic diatom metacommunity in relation to species niche width and environmental variables in a large near-natural catchment","authors":"Xinxin Qi, Guohao Liu, Chuanwu Chen, Yixia Wang, Yaochun Wang, Zongwei Lin, Naicheng Wu","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1339946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1339946","url":null,"abstract":"Insight into the non-random distribution patterns of species in different regions is a foundational aim of research in community ecology and biogeography. The nestedness pattern, which investigates changes in species composition and abundance, has been widely used in numerous studies. However, studies on the nestedness of benthic diatoms are extremely rare, and consequently little has been mentioned of their assemblage mechanisms. To fill this gap, based on 168 benthic diatom species from 147 sampling sites in the Thousand Island Lake (TIL) catchment, we calculated their nestedness and niche width with the aim of i) analyzing the nestedness of benthic diatoms communities with different attachment abilities in TIL; ii) calculating niche width differences between nested and idiosyncratic species with different attachment abilities; iii) investigating the differences in alpha and beta diversity between nested and idiosyncratic sites; iv) examining whether environmental variables influencing the nestedness of benthic diatom communities are dependent on attachment ability. The results demonstrated a significant nestedness pattern in the benthic diatom metacommunity, and the sampling sites of low attachment species not only exhibited a nestedness pattern, but also with a lower nestedness value compared to the sampling sites of all species. Nested and idiosyncratic species differed in niche width, whereas differences between nested and idiosyncratic species of low attachment species were smaller. Additionally, significant differences in alpha and beta diversity were observed between nested and idiosyncratic sites. Furthermore, it was revealed that the nestedness of benthic diatom metacommunity in our study area were mostly influenced by local environmental variables. Our study contributes to the understanding of the significant nestedness observed in benthic diatom metacommunity in TIL, highlighting its relevance to biodiversity conservation efforts.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-26DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1407882
Dongmin Zhao, Maohong Wei, Xiaoting Wang, Muhammad Aqeel, Jinzhi Ran, Jianming Deng
Drought profoundly affects the morpho-physiological responses of desert plants in dryland. To scrutinize the morpho-physiological responses of nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Caragana korshinskii), N-fixing non-legumes (Elaeagnus angustifolia, Hippophae rhamnoides), and non-N-fixing plants (Nitraria tangutorum, Haloxylon ammodendron) under varied drought stress levels (75%, 50%, 25% and 5% of soil water holding capacity), a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse. Following prolonged water deficit, carbon (C) and N stoichiometry, metabolic rates, plant growth, and biomass distribution of unstressed and stressed plants were recorded. Intensified drought significantly reduced stem, root and whole-plant biomass, with no significant changes observed in leaf dry-fresh mass ratio, specific leaf area, intrinsic water use efficiency and root to shoot ratio. However, other traits were impacted differently, reflecting distinct adaptive strategies to drought among three plant functional types (PFTs). Patterns of trait-soil water content (SWC) relationships varied across different PFTs, with N-fixing non-legumes followed by N-fixing legumes displayed greater sensitivity to SWC variations than non-N-fixing plants. This resulted in a shift from a stronger trait-SWC relationship in N-fixing non-legumes and N-fixing legumes to a less correlated relationship in non-N-fixing plants. The diverse responses to drought among PFTs suggest a shift from N limitation to water limitation as SWC decreases.
{"title":"Morpho-physiological adaptations to drought stress in nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing plants","authors":"Dongmin Zhao, Maohong Wei, Xiaoting Wang, Muhammad Aqeel, Jinzhi Ran, Jianming Deng","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1407882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1407882","url":null,"abstract":"Drought profoundly affects the morpho-physiological responses of desert plants in dryland. To scrutinize the morpho-physiological responses of nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes (<jats:italic>Ammopiptanthus mongolicus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Caragana korshinskii</jats:italic>), N-fixing non-legumes (<jats:italic>Elaeagnus angustifolia</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Hippophae rhamnoides</jats:italic>), and non-N-fixing plants (<jats:italic>Nitraria tangutorum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haloxylon ammodendron</jats:italic>) under varied drought stress levels (75%, 50%, 25% and 5% of soil water holding capacity), a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse. Following prolonged water deficit, carbon (C) and N stoichiometry, metabolic rates, plant growth, and biomass distribution of unstressed and stressed plants were recorded. Intensified drought significantly reduced stem, root and whole-plant biomass, with no significant changes observed in leaf dry-fresh mass ratio, specific leaf area, intrinsic water use efficiency and root to shoot ratio. However, other traits were impacted differently, reflecting distinct adaptive strategies to drought among three plant functional types (PFTs). Patterns of trait-soil water content (SWC) relationships varied across different PFTs, with N-fixing non-legumes followed by N-fixing legumes displayed greater sensitivity to SWC variations than non-N-fixing plants. This resulted in a shift from a stronger trait-SWC relationship in N-fixing non-legumes and N-fixing legumes to a less correlated relationship in non-N-fixing plants. The diverse responses to drought among PFTs suggest a shift from N limitation to water limitation as SWC decreases.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1256911
Madeleine Goumas, Charlotte R. Berkin, Charlie W. Rayner, Neeltje J. Boogert
The expansion of urban areas affects wild animals in a variety of ways. Why members of closely-related species respond differently to urbanisation is often unclear, but an understanding of the factors that lead to urban habitat use or avoidance will have important implications for conservation. Previous research has suggested that urban habitats could favour larger-brained, behaviourally flexible species, which can more readily cope with the novel challenges imposed by urbanisation. However, the opportunity species have to colonise urban areas, and similarities between urban areas and species’ natural habitats, may also explain urban habitat use. We use phylogenetic path analysis to investigate factors that could promote urban breeding and foraging in the gull subfamily, a group with several urbanised species. While we find little evidence to support a relationship between brain size and urban foraging, we reveal an indirect relationship between brain size and urban breeding: cliff-nesting species have relatively larger brains and these species are more likely to breed in urban areas. We show that cliff nesting in gulls is a derived trait and may therefore reflect plasticity in breeding habitat choice, facilitating the use of buildings as nesting sites. Finally, we show that urbanised gull species are less likely to be of international conservation concern or decreasing in population size, exposing the need for more research on the causes and consequences of urban habitat use.
{"title":"From the sea to the city: explaining gulls’ use of urban habitats","authors":"Madeleine Goumas, Charlotte R. Berkin, Charlie W. Rayner, Neeltje J. Boogert","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1256911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1256911","url":null,"abstract":"The expansion of urban areas affects wild animals in a variety of ways. Why members of closely-related species respond differently to urbanisation is often unclear, but an understanding of the factors that lead to urban habitat use or avoidance will have important implications for conservation. Previous research has suggested that urban habitats could favour larger-brained, behaviourally flexible species, which can more readily cope with the novel challenges imposed by urbanisation. However, the opportunity species have to colonise urban areas, and similarities between urban areas and species’ natural habitats, may also explain urban habitat use. We use phylogenetic path analysis to investigate factors that could promote urban breeding and foraging in the gull subfamily, a group with several urbanised species. While we find little evidence to support a relationship between brain size and urban foraging, we reveal an indirect relationship between brain size and urban breeding: cliff-nesting species have relatively larger brains and these species are more likely to breed in urban areas. We show that cliff nesting in gulls is a derived trait and may therefore reflect plasticity in breeding habitat choice, facilitating the use of buildings as nesting sites. Finally, we show that urbanised gull species are less likely to be of international conservation concern or decreasing in population size, exposing the need for more research on the causes and consequences of urban habitat use.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1343346
Torben Göpel
Morphology, the scientific discipline dealing with description and comparison of organismal form, is one of the oldest disciplines in biology and traditionally strongly linked to the concept of homology. With morphological data being used and morphological knowledge being applied in other (younger) biological disciplines, morphology has often been degraded to an only auxiliary discipline or a mere set of methods serving those other disciplines. While this notion has been wrong all along, the last decades have seen a renaissance of morphology mostly due to significant leaps in imaging techniques and the advent of 3D digital data. Modern large-scale morphological endeavors in what is called phenomics and new means of functional analyses underline the fruitfulness of morphological research. Furthermore, morphology has been revisited on a conceptual level leading to a “re-philosophication” of morphology acknowledging its nature as explanatory science. Based on Richter and Wirkner’s research program of Evolutionary Morphology, this essay expands the conceptual framework to identify entities and processes vital for morphology as independent scientific discipline. With no unified homology concept in sight (and maybe not even desired), following the emergence of bio-ontologies in morphology, a plea is made for conceptual explicitness which acknowledges the plurality of homology concepts but enables intersubjective transfer.
{"title":"Synthesizing foundations in evolutionary morphology and a plea for conceptual explicitness regarding homology concepts","authors":"Torben Göpel","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1343346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1343346","url":null,"abstract":"Morphology, the scientific discipline dealing with description and comparison of organismal form, is one of the oldest disciplines in biology and traditionally strongly linked to the concept of homology. With morphological data being used and morphological knowledge being applied in other (younger) biological disciplines, morphology has often been degraded to an only auxiliary discipline or a mere set of methods serving those other disciplines. While this notion has been wrong all along, the last decades have seen a renaissance of morphology mostly due to significant leaps in imaging techniques and the advent of 3D digital data. Modern large-scale morphological endeavors in what is called phenomics and new means of functional analyses underline the fruitfulness of morphological research. Furthermore, morphology has been revisited on a conceptual level leading to a “re-philosophication” of morphology acknowledging its nature as explanatory science. Based on Richter and Wirkner’s research program of Evolutionary Morphology, this essay expands the conceptual framework to identify entities and processes vital for morphology as independent scientific discipline. With no unified homology concept in sight (and maybe not even desired), following the emergence of bio-ontologies in morphology, a plea is made for conceptual explicitness which acknowledges the plurality of homology concepts but enables intersubjective transfer.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1358694
Juanli Chen, Yongqing Luo, Xueyong Zhao, Yan Li, Biao Gao, Ruolan Wang, Yuanxin Lou, Junpeng Mu
Bassia dasyphylla is a prevalent herbaceous plant that exhibits enhanced resilience to dryness and elevated temperatures. It is frequently found in dispersed or grouped formation on sandy soil within steppe, semi-desert, and desert regions. Herein, we conducted experiments to examine the growth and physiological traits of B. dasyphylla seeds originated from various regions in response to water scarcity. The study seeks to investigate the ability of these seeds to germinate under drought conditions and offer valuable insights for the development and breeding of high-quality germplasm resources in Inner Mongolia. The results demonstrated that B. dasyphylla originating from desert steppe (DS) exhibited a greater capacity to endure drought conditions in comparison to its counterparts from sandy land (SL). At a water potential of -0.30 MPa, the Seed germination rate from DS was 33.3%, while from SL it was 22.7%. With the increase in drought duration and intensity, germination rate, plumule length, both single-seed weight (SSW) and seed water content (SWC) of B. dasyphylla declined. The protective enzyme activity exhibited an initial increase, followed by a subsequent decline as the duration of the drought increased. Notably, we found that the protective enzyme activity from DS was higher than that from SL. During the initial and intermediate stages of dryness, the soluble sugar and protein of the plant from DS effectively inhibited the peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas the osmoregulatory properties from SL did not have a significant impact. The findings suggest that the ability of B. dasyphylla to withstand drought conditions in DS can be attributed to its elevated amounts of protective enzymes and osmoregulatory factors, which serve to safeguard the cell membrane during periods of drought.
{"title":"Physiological responses of Bassia dasyphylla to drought during seed germination from different provenances","authors":"Juanli Chen, Yongqing Luo, Xueyong Zhao, Yan Li, Biao Gao, Ruolan Wang, Yuanxin Lou, Junpeng Mu","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1358694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1358694","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Bassia dasyphylla</jats:italic> is a prevalent herbaceous plant that exhibits enhanced resilience to dryness and elevated temperatures. It is frequently found in dispersed or grouped formation on sandy soil within steppe, semi-desert, and desert regions. Herein, we conducted experiments to examine the growth and physiological traits of <jats:italic>B. dasyphylla</jats:italic> seeds originated from various regions in response to water scarcity. The study seeks to investigate the ability of these seeds to germinate under drought conditions and offer valuable insights for the development and breeding of high-quality germplasm resources in Inner Mongolia. The results demonstrated that <jats:italic>B. dasyphylla</jats:italic> originating from desert steppe (DS) exhibited a greater capacity to endure drought conditions in comparison to its counterparts from sandy land (SL). At a water potential of -0.30 MPa, the Seed germination rate from DS was 33.3%, while from SL it was 22.7%. With the increase in drought duration and intensity, germination rate, plumule length, both single-seed weight (SSW) and seed water content (SWC) of <jats:italic>B. dasyphylla</jats:italic> declined. The protective enzyme activity exhibited an initial increase, followed by a subsequent decline as the duration of the drought increased. Notably, we found that the protective enzyme activity from DS was higher than that from SL. During the initial and intermediate stages of dryness, the soluble sugar and protein of the plant from DS effectively inhibited the peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas the osmoregulatory properties from SL did not have a significant impact. The findings suggest that the ability of <jats:italic>B. dasyphylla</jats:italic> to withstand drought conditions in DS can be attributed to its elevated amounts of protective enzymes and osmoregulatory factors, which serve to safeguard the cell membrane during periods of drought.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1333726
Ludwig Triest, Fabienne Van Rossum, Gábor Sramkó, Tim Sierens, Polina Volkova
IntroductionQuaternary glaciations, in particular the last glacial maximum (LGM), have shaped the contemporary distribution of many species. In Europe, survival of temperate species during range contractions was mainly associated with refugia in Mediterranean peninsulas, allowing south to north recolonization. Additionally, the Ponto-Caspian refugium provided an east to west migration route.MethodsHere, we investigated genetic diversity and structure of the dispersal-restricted Primula vulgaris Huds., a temperate herb of supposed Caucasian origin, using 12 highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci to trace the colonization of this species in three European regions. We studied 38 populations, namely an eastern mountainous region (Caucasus), a central region (Carpathian Mountains and Dinaric Alps) and a western lowland region (North European Plain). The role of an eastern refugium of the species was tested by performing Approximate Bayesian computation analyses to elucidate its demographic and phylogeographic history, detecting bottleneck and expansion events, and estimating effective (ancestral and current) population sizes and time of divergence.Results and discussionWe found the eastern and central regions featuring the highest allelic richness and genetic differentiation being strong between and within regions. Stepwise-like mutation processes (RST > FST), together with isolation-by-distance patterns, contributed to genetic differentiation. Demographic event models showed that P. vulgaris experienced bottlenecks as well as expansions across its range during the Quaternary glacial cycles, with the last expansion about 6,000, 4,000, and 2,000 generations ago for eastern, central, and western populations, respectively. The best supported origin model pointed to the Caucasus population being closest to an ancestral situation, and from where central and western populations diverged subsequently. Divergence time of the Caucasus populations from an ancestral lineage referred to the Upper Pleistocene (Middle Weichselian). Divergence of Carpathian populations, including a Lower Danube valley corridor, was estimated during and across the LGM (Late Weichselian), confirming central populations as potential secondary cryptic refugium. Western populations recently diverged during the Holocene, most probably in the Atlanticum phase (7,000–3,900 years ago). Within regions, genetic structure was also shaped by latitude, longitude, or altitudinal migration, and for western lowlands, by recent bottleneck and genetic drift processes.
{"title":"Over the hills and far away: phylogeography and demographic migration history of a dispersal-restricted primrose (Primula vulgaris)","authors":"Ludwig Triest, Fabienne Van Rossum, Gábor Sramkó, Tim Sierens, Polina Volkova","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1333726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1333726","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionQuaternary glaciations, in particular the last glacial maximum (LGM), have shaped the contemporary distribution of many species. In Europe, survival of temperate species during range contractions was mainly associated with refugia in Mediterranean peninsulas, allowing south to north recolonization. Additionally, the Ponto-Caspian refugium provided an east to west migration route.MethodsHere, we investigated genetic diversity and structure of the dispersal-restricted <jats:italic>Primula vulgaris</jats:italic> Huds., a temperate herb of supposed Caucasian origin, using 12 highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci to trace the colonization of this species in three European regions. We studied 38 populations, namely an eastern mountainous region (Caucasus), a central region (Carpathian Mountains and Dinaric Alps) and a western lowland region (North European Plain). The role of an eastern refugium of the species was tested by performing Approximate Bayesian computation analyses to elucidate its demographic and phylogeographic history, detecting bottleneck and expansion events, and estimating effective (ancestral and current) population sizes and time of divergence.Results and discussionWe found the eastern and central regions featuring the highest allelic richness and genetic differentiation being strong between and within regions. Stepwise-like mutation processes (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic><jats:sub>ST</jats:sub> &gt; <jats:italic>F</jats:italic><jats:sub>ST</jats:sub>), together with isolation-by-distance patterns, contributed to genetic differentiation. Demographic event models showed that <jats:italic>P. vulgaris</jats:italic> experienced bottlenecks as well as expansions across its range during the Quaternary glacial cycles, with the last expansion about 6,000, 4,000, and 2,000 generations ago for eastern, central, and western populations, respectively. The best supported origin model pointed to the Caucasus population being closest to an ancestral situation, and from where central and western populations diverged subsequently. Divergence time of the Caucasus populations from an ancestral lineage referred to the Upper Pleistocene (Middle Weichselian). Divergence of Carpathian populations, including a Lower Danube valley corridor, was estimated during and across the LGM (Late Weichselian), confirming central populations as potential secondary cryptic refugium. Western populations recently diverged during the Holocene, most probably in the Atlanticum phase (7,000–3,900 years ago). Within regions, genetic structure was also shaped by latitude, longitude, or altitudinal migration, and for western lowlands, by recent bottleneck and genetic drift processes.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acid rain and nitrogen deposition are emerging as global scale environmental issues due to increasing industrial emissions and agricultural pollutants, which seriously impac t the sustainable development of global ecosystems. However, the specific effects both acid rain and nitrogen deposition interactions on forest soil ecosystems, particularly as relates to the soil nutrient content and enzyme activities, remain unclear. Therefore, we established a simulated sample plot of acid rain (SR, NR) and nitrogen deposition (N) and their interactions (SRN, NRN) in a subtropical Cunninghamia lanceolata (C. lanceolata) plantation in the Yangtze River Delta region of China to investigate the impacts of these factors via correlation analysis and structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that acid rain had a stronger effect on soil pH than nitrogen deposition in C. lanceolata plantation, while the simultaneous addition of acid rain and nitrogen deposition exacerbated soil acidification. Soil available potassium, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in C. lanceolata plantation responded more obviously to acid rain and nitrogen deposition, in which acid rain, nitrogen deposition and their interactions significantly reduced soil available potassium content, while acid rain and nitrogen deposition interactions significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content. Nitric acid rain, nitrogen deposition and their interactions significantly increased soil NAGase activity, but significantly decreased soil urease activity; the single-factor treatment of acid rain and nitrogen deposition significantly increased soil arylsulfatase activity, while the interaction of acid rain and nitrogen deposition significantly decreased soil arylsulfatase activity; in general, the interaction of acid rain and nitrogen deposition had a stronger effect on the soil ecosystem of the C. lanceolata plantation than that of single acid rain or nitrogen deposition, of which nitrogen deposition exacerbated the effects of acid rain on the soil ecosystem of C. lanceolata plantation mainly by changing the soil pH and the content of effective nutrients.
由于工业排放和农业污染物的增加，酸雨和氮沉降正在成为全球性的环境问题，严重影响了全球生态系统的可持续发展。然而，酸雨和氮沉降相互作用对森林土壤生态系统的具体影响，尤其是对土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响仍不清楚。因此，我们在中国长江三角洲地区的亚热带杉木人工林中建立了酸雨（SR、NR）和氮沉降（N）及其相互作用（SRN、NRN）的模拟样地，通过相关分析和结构方程模型（SEM）研究这些因素的影响。结果表明，酸雨比氮沉降对千层塔种植园土壤pH值的影响更大，而酸雨和氮沉降的同时作用加剧了土壤酸化。土壤可利用钾、铵态氮和硝态氮对酸雨和氮沉降的反应更为明显，其中酸雨、氮沉降及其相互作用显著降低了土壤可利用钾含量，而酸雨和氮沉降相互作用显著增加了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。硝酸雨、氮沉积及其交互作用显著提高了土壤 NAG 酶活性，但显著降低了土壤脲酶活性；酸雨和氮沉积的单因素处理显著提高了土壤赤霉酸酶活性，而酸雨和氮沉积的交互作用显著降低了土壤赤霉酸酶活性；总体而言，酸雨和氮沉积的交互作用对 C. lanceolata 种植园土壤生态系统的影响强于酸雨和氮沉积的交互作用。其中，氮沉降主要通过改变土壤 pH 值和有效养分含量加剧了酸雨对蓝花楹土壤生态系统的影响。
{"title":"Effects of short-term simulated acid rain and nitrogen deposition on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation","authors":"Yong Ding, Lianhao Sun, Chong Li, Meiling Chen, Yuexiang Zhou, Miaojing Meng, Zhenghao Li, Jinchi Zhang, Xin Liu","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1365954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1365954","url":null,"abstract":"Acid rain and nitrogen deposition are emerging as global scale environmental issues due to increasing industrial emissions and agricultural pollutants, which seriously impac t the sustainable development of global ecosystems. However, the specific effects both acid rain and nitrogen deposition interactions on forest soil ecosystems, particularly as relates to the soil nutrient content and enzyme activities, remain unclear. Therefore, we established a simulated sample plot of acid rain (SR, NR) and nitrogen deposition (N) and their interactions (SRN, NRN) in a subtropical <jats:italic>Cunninghamia lanceolata</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. lanceolata</jats:italic>) plantation in the Yangtze River Delta region of China to investigate the impacts of these factors via correlation analysis and structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that acid rain had a stronger effect on soil pH than nitrogen deposition in <jats:italic>C. lanceolata</jats:italic> plantation, while the simultaneous addition of acid rain and nitrogen deposition exacerbated soil acidification. Soil available potassium, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in <jats:italic>C. lanceolata</jats:italic> plantation responded more obviously to acid rain and nitrogen deposition, in which acid rain, nitrogen deposition and their interactions significantly reduced soil available potassium content, while acid rain and nitrogen deposition interactions significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content. Nitric acid rain, nitrogen deposition and their interactions significantly increased soil NAGase activity, but significantly decreased soil urease activity; the single-factor treatment of acid rain and nitrogen deposition significantly increased soil arylsulfatase activity, while the interaction of acid rain and nitrogen deposition significantly decreased soil arylsulfatase activity; in general, the interaction of acid rain and nitrogen deposition had a stronger effect on the soil ecosystem of the <jats:italic>C. lanceolata</jats:italic> plantation than that of single acid rain or nitrogen deposition, of which nitrogen deposition exacerbated the effects of acid rain on the soil ecosystem of <jats:italic>C. lanceolata</jats:italic> plantation mainly by changing the soil pH and the content of effective nutrients.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140561064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1377000
Jiao Ma, Shiqi Wang, Tao Deng
East Asia, being the evolutionary center of Coelodonta, offers a unique opportunity to explore the spatiotemporal paleoecologies of this genus. This study utilized bulk and serial stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on the Coelodonta nihowanensis and other ungulates from the Longdan fauna as well as two modern goats in the Linxia Basin, aiming to explore the paleoecology of C. nihowanensis at the periphery of the Tibetan Plateau during the Early Pleistocene. The isotopic results of these mammals indicated that C3 vegetation was possibly a major component of the local environment in the Linxia Basin, which was influenced by a seasonal summer monsoon. C. nihowanensis specimens in the Longdan fauna were possibly mixed feeders, as indicated by the wide distribution of their δ13C values and the intermediate δ18O values compared to other coexisting ungulates. Moreover, the comparison of the δ13C and δ18O values of similar taxa from the Linxia and Nihewan basins has revealed spatiotemporal differences in the paleoclimate and paleoenvironments of these two regions throughout the Early Pleistocene. This provides a holistic framework for understanding the paleoecology of the C. nihowanensis. The isotopic results of the C. nihowanensis in the Linxia and Nihewan basins suggested varied foraging ecologies across different sites and time spans during the Early Pleistocene. This underscores the adaptability of the C. nihowanensis to diverse environments from west to east in northern China. By scrutinizing the evolutionary ecological history of the woolly rhinoceroses from its ancestor, Coelodonta thibetana, to its final form, Coelodonta antiquitatis, this study sheds light on the ecological adaptation of this genus from the Pliocene to Late Pleistocene, spanning its migration from the Tibetan Plateau to northern Eurasia.
{"title":"When the woolly rhinoceroses roamed East Asia: a review of isotopic paleoecology of the genus Coelodonta from the Tibetan Plateau to northern Eurasia","authors":"Jiao Ma, Shiqi Wang, Tao Deng","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1377000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1377000","url":null,"abstract":"East Asia, being the evolutionary center of <jats:italic>Coelodonta</jats:italic>, offers a unique opportunity to explore the spatiotemporal paleoecologies of this genus. This study utilized bulk and serial stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on the <jats:italic>Coelodonta nihowanensis</jats:italic> and other ungulates from the Longdan fauna as well as two modern goats in the Linxia Basin, aiming to explore the paleoecology of <jats:italic>C. nihowanensis</jats:italic> at the periphery of the Tibetan Plateau during the Early Pleistocene. The isotopic results of these mammals indicated that C<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> vegetation was possibly a major component of the local environment in the Linxia Basin, which was influenced by a seasonal summer monsoon. <jats:italic>C. nihowanensis</jats:italic> specimens in the Longdan fauna were possibly mixed feeders, as indicated by the wide distribution of their <jats:italic>δ</jats:italic><jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C values and the intermediate <jats:italic>δ</jats:italic><jats:sup>18</jats:sup>O values compared to other coexisting ungulates. Moreover, the comparison of the <jats:italic>δ</jats:italic><jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C and <jats:italic>δ</jats:italic><jats:sup>18</jats:sup>O values of similar taxa from the Linxia and Nihewan basins has revealed spatiotemporal differences in the paleoclimate and paleoenvironments of these two regions throughout the Early Pleistocene. This provides a holistic framework for understanding the paleoecology of the <jats:italic>C. nihowanensis.</jats:italic> The isotopic results of the <jats:italic>C. nihowanensis</jats:italic> in the Linxia and Nihewan basins suggested varied foraging ecologies across different sites and time spans during the Early Pleistocene. This underscores the adaptability of the <jats:italic>C. nihowanensis</jats:italic> to diverse environments from west to east in northern China. By scrutinizing the evolutionary ecological history of the woolly rhinoceroses from its ancestor, <jats:italic>Coelodonta thibetana</jats:italic>, to its final form, <jats:italic>Coelodonta antiquitatis</jats:italic>, this study sheds light on the ecological adaptation of this genus from the Pliocene to Late Pleistocene, spanning its migration from the Tibetan Plateau to northern Eurasia.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140561170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1319829
Kai Fischer, Nayden Chakarov
IntroductionBottleneck events are crucial for the strength of genetic drift, selection and speed of evolution. They are believed to play a particularly prominent role for parasitic infrapopulations, inhabiting single host individuals, which are often established by very few parasite individuals during transmission. In vector-borne pathogens, the bottlenecking effects can even be serialized through repeated filtering of parasitic stages at different tissues and organs of the vector. Using qPCR we aimed to quantify the number of potentially transmittable sporozoites of the hemosporidian blood parasite Haemoproteus columbae in the specialized vector louse flies Pseudolynchia canariensis which transmit these parasites between house pigeon hosts Columba livia.ResultsBased on qPCR measurements of organ-derived DNA of individual louse flies, we estimate that the midgut of these vectors contains on average 20 parasites, the hindgut and other intestines ca. 50 parasites and the salivary glands ca. 5 parasite cells. Nearly one third of all vector individuals appeared to lack parasite DNA, despite having only infected hosts as blood meal sources. The magnitude of parasite numbers in midgut and salivary glands tended to correlate positively.DiscussionOur results indicate, potential severe bottlenecking of parasite populations during individual transmission events and a probable effect of individual vector immunity on this variable. However, this may be partly alleviated by the coloniality of house pigeons, the frequency of louse flies and their daily feeding events in most populations, leading to repeated transmission opportunities, decreased quasi-vertical transmission between parents and offspring and probable panmixia of Haemoproteus columbae lineages. Many of these mechanisms might not apply in other host-vector systems. We propose several additional molecular and microscopical tools to improve the accuracy of estimating parasite population sizes in vectors and call for more estimations in different vector species to better understand the co-evolution between malaria-like blood parasites and their avian and insect hosts.
{"title":"Genetic infrapopulation sizes in blood parasites: a pilot quantification of the bottleneck in louse fly vectors","authors":"Kai Fischer, Nayden Chakarov","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1319829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1319829","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionBottleneck events are crucial for the strength of genetic drift, selection and speed of evolution. They are believed to play a particularly prominent role for parasitic infrapopulations, inhabiting single host individuals, which are often established by very few parasite individuals during transmission. In vector-borne pathogens, the bottlenecking effects can even be serialized through repeated filtering of parasitic stages at different tissues and organs of the vector. Using qPCR we aimed to quantify the number of potentially transmittable sporozoites of the hemosporidian blood parasite <jats:italic>Haemoproteus columbae</jats:italic> in the specialized vector louse flies <jats:italic>Pseudolynchia canariensis</jats:italic> which transmit these parasites between house pigeon hosts <jats:italic>Columba livia</jats:italic>.ResultsBased on qPCR measurements of organ-derived DNA of individual louse flies, we estimate that the midgut of these vectors contains on average 20 parasites, the hindgut and other intestines ca. 50 parasites and the salivary glands ca. 5 parasite cells. Nearly one third of all vector individuals appeared to lack parasite DNA, despite having only infected hosts as blood meal sources. The magnitude of parasite numbers in midgut and salivary glands tended to correlate positively.DiscussionOur results indicate, potential severe bottlenecking of parasite populations during individual transmission events and a probable effect of individual vector immunity on this variable. However, this may be partly alleviated by the coloniality of house pigeons, the frequency of louse flies and their daily feeding events in most populations, leading to repeated transmission opportunities, decreased quasi-vertical transmission between parents and offspring and probable panmixia of <jats:italic>Haemoproteus columbae</jats:italic> lineages. Many of these mechanisms might not apply in other host-vector systems. We propose several additional molecular and microscopical tools to improve the accuracy of estimating parasite population sizes in vectors and call for more estimations in different vector species to better understand the co-evolution between malaria-like blood parasites and their avian and insect hosts.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140561308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1375412
David J. Newstead, Stephen J. Dinsmore, Bart M. Ballard, Lawrence J. Niles, Joanna Burger
Highly migratory shorebirds are among the fastest declining avian guilds, so determining causes of mortality is critically important for their conservation. Most of these species depend on a specific geographic arrangement of suitable sites that reliably provide resources needed to fuel physiologically demanding life histories. Long-term mark-resight projects allow researchers to investigate specific potential sources of variation in demographic rates between populations. Red Knots (Calidris canutus) occur in three relatively distinct regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico, and two of these areas have been experiencing episodic harmful algal blooms (red tide) with increased frequency in recent decades. Since knots are mostly molluscivorous during the nonbreeding season in the Gulf, they are potentially exposed to red tide toxins at high concentrations via their filter-feeding prey. We used long-term mark-resight data from Texas, Louisiana, and Florida (USA) to estimate apparent survival, and to assess the effects of red tides on survival of Red Knots. We also assessed effects of tracking devices deployed in conjunction with the projects over the years. While overall apparent annual survival rates were similar across the three locations (0.768 – 0.819), several red tide events were associated with catastrophically low seasonal (fall) survival in Florida (as low as 0.492) and Texas (as low as 0.510). Leg-mounted geolocators, but not temporary glued-on VHF tags, were associated with a reduction in apparent survival (~8%/year). Movement of knots between the three areas was rare and site fidelity is known to be high. Harmful algal blooms are predicted to increase in frequency and severity with climate change and increased anthropogenic degradation of coastal habitats, which may further endanger these as well as other shorebird populations around the world.
{"title":"Survival of red knots in the northern Gulf of Mexico","authors":"David J. Newstead, Stephen J. Dinsmore, Bart M. Ballard, Lawrence J. Niles, Joanna Burger","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1375412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1375412","url":null,"abstract":"Highly migratory shorebirds are among the fastest declining avian guilds, so determining causes of mortality is critically important for their conservation. Most of these species depend on a specific geographic arrangement of suitable sites that reliably provide resources needed to fuel physiologically demanding life histories. Long-term mark-resight projects allow researchers to investigate specific potential sources of variation in demographic rates between populations. Red Knots (<jats:italic>Calidris canutus</jats:italic>) occur in three relatively distinct regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico, and two of these areas have been experiencing episodic harmful algal blooms (red tide) with increased frequency in recent decades. Since knots are mostly molluscivorous during the nonbreeding season in the Gulf, they are potentially exposed to red tide toxins at high concentrations via their filter-feeding prey. We used long-term mark-resight data from Texas, Louisiana, and Florida (USA) to estimate apparent survival, and to assess the effects of red tides on survival of Red Knots. We also assessed effects of tracking devices deployed in conjunction with the projects over the years. While overall apparent annual survival rates were similar across the three locations (0.768 – 0.819), several red tide events were associated with catastrophically low seasonal (fall) survival in Florida (as low as 0.492) and Texas (as low as 0.510). Leg-mounted geolocators, but not temporary glued-on VHF tags, were associated with a reduction in apparent survival (~8%/year). Movement of knots between the three areas was rare and site fidelity is known to be high. Harmful algal blooms are predicted to increase in frequency and severity with climate change and increased anthropogenic degradation of coastal habitats, which may further endanger these as well as other shorebird populations around the world.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140561174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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