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Seasonal variation in preference for green roof vegetation 对屋顶绿化植被偏好的季节性变化
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1346397
Petra Thorpert, Åsa Ode Sang, Ishi Buffam
Green roofs are vegetation systems that are particularly well-suited to dense urban environments, and can contribute multiple ecosystem services that support biodiversity, human health, and well-being. Several health benefits are dependent on the way that people perceive the characteristics of the vegetation on the green roof, that is, their environmental appraisal. In this study we set out to explore the effects of different types of green roof vegetation, along with seasonal and successional variations, on visual aesthetical experiences, as well as perceived biodiversity. An online photo elicitation survey was conducted using standardised photographs of a selection of green roofs in Malmö, Sweden, during three different seasons. In the survey, members of the public were asked to evaluate different aesthetic qualities, and to estimate biodiversity and the stress reducing capacity for each photograph. Results showed statistical differences among roof types and by season and successional stage in terms of perceived colour, perceived biodiversity, aesthetic quality, and restorative effects, where the observed differences in perceived values were largely driven by the colour frame of the green roof. Lower scores were associated with a high percentage of red or brown-red shades (p<0.001), while higher scores were associated with a high percentages of green or white (p<0.001). The results of the study therefore have the potential to inform green roof management strategies.
绿色屋顶是一种植被系统,特别适合密集的城市环境,可提供多种生态系统服务,支持生物多样性、人类健康和福祉。一些健康益处取决于人们对绿色屋顶植被特征的感知方式,即对其环境的评价。在这项研究中,我们试图探索不同类型的屋顶绿化植被以及季节和演替变化对视觉审美体验和生物多样性感知的影响。我们使用瑞典马尔默市部分绿色屋顶在三个不同季节的标准化照片,开展了一项在线图片诱导调查。在调查中,公众被要求对每张照片的不同美学品质、生物多样性和减压能力进行评估。结果显示,不同类型的屋顶、不同季节和不同演替阶段的屋顶在感知色彩、感知生物多样性、美学质量和恢复效果方面存在统计差异。得分较低与红色或棕红色色调比例较高有关(p<0.001),而得分较高与绿色或白色比例较高有关(p<0.001)。因此,研究结果有可能为屋顶绿化管理策略提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Developing a DNA metabarcoding method to identify diet taxa in Neotropical foxes 开发一种 DNA 代谢编码方法,以确定新热带狐狸的食物分类群
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1360714
Natalia Mannise, Mariana Cosse, Gonzalo Greif, Nadia Bou, Carlos Robello, Susana González, Andres Iriarte
Pampas and crab-eating foxes are medium-sized canids living in sympatry in the middle east of South America. Studies on the diet composition of these species provide a deep understanding of their ecological roles in the ecosystem structure and regulation. Using the metabarcoding technique, we analyzed the diet of both fox species in order to identify the vertebrate taxa included as food items. A fragment of the 12S ribosomal gene of the mtDNA was amplified using DNA extracted from 27 scat samples collected in south-central Uruguay during cold (June 2015) and warm (January – April 2016) seasons. A fox DNA blocking primer was designed to minimize the host amplicon products, and pooled samples were sequenced through paired-end reads (100 bp library) on a MiSeq Illumina Platform. The generated sequences were compared to a reference database built with sequences available in GenBank. In concordance with previous studies using traditional methods, we found that the most common food taxon were rodents. Qualitative differences in diet composition between both fox species were identified. Armadillo species were only found in pampas fox diet, while a greater variety of amphibians and birds were detected in crab-eating fox feces. Additionally, an innovative approach to differentiate between real and artifact sequences was employed. This method was based on comparing mutations at conserved and non-conserved positions within the secondary structure of the 12S rRNA, combined with network sequence reconstruction. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the methodology in detecting the food species present in both fox diets, enabling the evaluation of intraspecific diversity among these species and facilitating the discarding of sequencing errors. This makes the methodology applicable to a wide range of studies.
潘帕斯狐和食蟹狐是生活在南美洲中东部的中型犬科动物。对这两种狐狸食物组成的研究有助于深入了解它们在生态系统结构和调节中的作用。我们利用代谢编码技术分析了两种狐狸的食物,以确定作为食物的脊椎动物类群。我们使用从乌拉圭中南部寒冷季节(2015年6月)和温暖季节(2016年1月至4月)采集的27份粪便样本中提取的DNA,扩增了mtDNA的12S核糖体基因片段。设计了一种狐狸 DNA 阻断引物,以尽量减少宿主扩增产物,并在 MiSeq Illumina 平台上通过成对末端读数(100 bp 文库)对汇集的样本进行测序。生成的序列与根据 GenBank 中的序列建立的参考数据库进行了比较。与之前使用传统方法进行的研究一致,我们发现最常见的食物分类群是啮齿类动物。我们发现两种狐狸的食物组成存在质的差异。在潘帕斯狐的食物中只发现了犰狳类,而在食蟹狐的粪便中发现了更多种类的两栖动物和鸟类。此外,还采用了一种创新方法来区分真实序列和伪造序列。该方法基于比较 12S rRNA 二级结构中保守和非保守位置的突变,并结合网络序列重建。我们的研究结果表明,该方法能有效地检测出两种狐狸食物中的食物种类,从而评估这些种类的种内多样性,并有助于剔除测序错误。这使得该方法适用于广泛的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Frontiers | The taxonomic and chronological composition of a museum collection of Coleoptera revealed through large-scale digitisation 前沿 | 通过大规模数字化揭示鞘翅目昆虫博物馆藏品的分类和年代构成
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1305931
Beulah Garner, Louise Allan, Robyn Crowther, Lizzy Devenish, Phaedra Kokkini, Laurence Livermore, Nicola Lowndes, Krisztina Lohonya, Ben Price, Peter Wing, Alfried P. Vogler
IntroductionHistoric museum collections hold a wealth of biodiversity data that are essential to our understanding of the rapidly changing natural world. Novel curatorial practices are needed to extract and digitise these data, especially for the innumerable pinned insects whose collecting information is held on small labels.MethodsWe piloted semi-automated specimen imaging and digitisation of specimen labels for a collection of ~29,000 pinned insects of ground beetles (Carabidae: Lebiinae) held at the Natural History Museum, London. Raw transcription data were curated against literature sources and non-digital collection records. The primary data were subjected to statistical analyses to infer trends in collection activities and descriptive taxonomy over the past two centuries.ResultsThis work produced research-ready digitised records for 2,546 species (40% of known species of Lebiinae). Label information was available on geography in 91% of identified specimens, and the time of collection in 39.8% of specimens and could be approximated for nearly all specimens. Label data revealed the great age of this collection (average age 91.4 years) and the peak period of specimen acquisition between 1880 and 1930, with little differences among continents. Specimen acquisition declined greatly after about 1950. Early detected species generally were present in numerous specimens but were missing records from recent decades, while more recently acquired species (after 1950) were represented mostly by singleton specimens only. The slowing collection growth was mirrored by the decreasing rate of species description, which was affected by huge time lags of several decades to formal description after the initial specimen acquisition.DiscussionHistoric label information provides a unique resource for assessing the state of biodiversity backwards to pre-industrial times. Many species held in historical collections especially from tropical super-diverse areas may not be discovered ever again, and if they do, their recognition requires access to digital resources and more complete levels of species description. A final challenge is to link the historical specimens to contemporary collections that are mostly conducted with mechanical trapping of specimens and DNA-based species recognition.
导言历史博物馆藏品拥有丰富的生物多样性数据,这些数据对于我们了解瞬息万变的自然世界至关重要。我们对伦敦自然历史博物馆收藏的约 29,000 种地甲虫(Carabidae: Lebiinae)标本标签进行了试验性的半自动化标本成像和标本标签数字化。原始转录数据根据文献资料和非数字收藏记录进行了整理。对原始数据进行了统计分析,以推断过去两个世纪中收集活动和描述性分类的趋势。结果这项工作为 2546 个物种(占已知甲虫物种的 40%)生成了可供研究的数字化记录。91%的鉴定标本有地理标签信息,39.8%的标本有采集时间,几乎所有标本的采集时间都可以近似估算。标签数据显示,这些标本收藏年代久远(平均年龄 91.4 岁),标本采集的高峰期在 1880 年至 1930 年之间,各大洲之间的差异很小。约 1950 年后,标本采集量大幅下降。早期发现的物种一般都有大量标本,但缺少近几十年的记录,而近期(1950 年以后)发现的物种大多只有单个标本。采集量增长放缓的同时,物种描述的速度也在下降,这是因为在最初采集标本后,正式描述的时间间隔长达数十年。历史收藏中的许多物种,尤其是来自热带超级多样化地区的物种,可能再也不会被发现,即使被发现,其识别也需要数字资源和更完整的物种描述。最后一个挑战是如何将历史标本与当代收藏联系起来,当代收藏大多采用机械诱捕标本和基于 DNA 的物种识别方法。
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引用次数: 0
Dinoflagellate cysts as proxies of environmental, ocean and climate changes in the Atlantic realm during the quaternary 作为第四纪大西洋环境、海洋和气候变化代用指标的甲藻囊蚴
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1378931
Fabienne Marret, Anne de Vernal
Over the last four decades, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts have shown high potential as tracers of past sea-surface conditions during the Quaternary. These microfossils relate to the pelagic productivity of both phototrophic and heterotrophic protist organisms and are recovered in high numbers in almost all marine environment settings from the nearshore and estuarine systems to the distal continental margin. In polar environments, where other conventional proxies are rare or absent, dinoflagellate cysts showed a relatively high diversity of species and a close relationship with sea-ice cover duration, winter and summer temperature, and salinity, enabling quantitative reconstructions of several oceanic variables over time. From the temperate to the tropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean, their modern distribution highlights a response to primary productivity and seasonal contrasts in surface temperature. They also have proven that they could be used as tracers of eutrophication in stratified systems and can also highlight human impact on their distribution. In this paper, we present an overview of dinoflagellate cysts as ecological tracers in recent and past sediments of the Atlantic Ocean, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. We provide examples of their use as proxies in paleoclimatic-palaeoceanographic studies at glacial to interglacial time scales, with emphasis on the last ice age to recent (last 25 kyr), the northern North Atlantic and western-eastern tropic North Atlantic. We also discuss their potential as tracers of anthropogenic stress in coastal environments.
在过去的四十年里,有机壁甲藻囊蚴作为第四纪期间过去海面条件的示踪剂显示出巨大的潜力。这些微化石与光养和异养原生生物的浮游生产力有关,在从近岸和河口系统到远端大陆边缘的几乎所有海洋环境中都有大量发现。在极地环境中,其他常规代用指标很少或不存在,而甲藻囊胞显示出相对较高的物种多样性,并与海冰覆盖持续时间、冬夏温度和盐度有密切关系,可以定量重建多个海洋变量的时间变化。从大西洋的温带纬度到热带纬度,它们的现代分布凸显了对初级生产力和表面温度季节性对比的反应。事实还证明,它们可以用作分层系统富营养化的示踪剂,还可以突出人类对其分布的影响。本文概述了从北极到南极大西洋近期和过去沉积物中作为生态示踪剂的甲藻囊胞。我们举例说明了它们在冰川期到冰期之间的古气候-海洋学研究中作为代用指标的应用,重点是最后一个冰期到近期(过去 25 千年)、北大西洋北部和北大西洋热带地区西部-东部。我们还讨论了它们作为沿海环境人为压力示踪剂的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna 美国东南部松树稀树草原蜜蜂群落和授粉网络的特征
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1403602
Michael D. Ulyshen, Kevin Robertson, Scott Horn, Cinnamon Dixon
Although the fire-maintained pine savannas of the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain are recognized for their plant diversity, pollinators associated with these ecosystems remain comparatively understudied. Here we present the results from a season-long effort to record bee-flower interactions at a single site in Florida. We collected 93 bee species (out of an estimated 117) from 79 flower species, with a total of 446 unique interactions. Bee richness and the number of interactions exhibited a bimodal pattern, dipping in mid-summer before an estimated peak in October. The most important floral resources changed throughout the season as did the composition of bees, with the spring and fall periods being particularly distinct. We found that pollen specialists (that collect pollen from a single family of plants) and pollen generalists accounted for a similar proportion of bee species over the entire season. However, pollen generalists outnumbered pollen specialists in the spring and summer before reversing in the fall. Pollen specialists visited significantly fewer plant species and families than pollen generalists and many were collected exclusively from their host family. This was particularly the case for aster specialists active only during the fall. We estimate that between 18.3-25.8% of the local bee fauna depends directly on the overstory trees for nesting habitat including dead wood and resin. Two management recommendations can be made based on these results. First, because fall is the period of peak floral abundance and bee richness, including many late-season aster specialists, it is probably the least favorable time for prescribed fire. Second, considering that a significant proportion of native bees depend on dead wood for nesting, it is important to retain standing dead trees and fallen wood whenever possible.
尽管美国东南部沿海平原的火烧松树稀树草原因其植物多样性而闻名,但与这些生态系统相关的传粉昆虫的研究却相对不足。在此,我们介绍了在佛罗里达州一个地点进行的为期一个季度的蜜蜂与花卉互动记录工作的结果。我们从 79 种花中收集了 93 种蜜蜂(估计有 117 种),共有 446 次独特的相互作用。蜜蜂的丰富度和相互作用的数量呈现出双峰模式,在夏季中期下降,然后在 10 月份达到估计的峰值。最重要的花卉资源在整个季节都会发生变化,蜜蜂的组成也是如此,春季和秋季尤其明显。我们发现,在整个季节中,花粉专家(从单一植物科中采集花粉)和花粉通才占蜜蜂种类的比例相似。然而,在春季和夏季,花粉通才蜂的数量超过了花粉专才蜂,而到了秋季,情况发生了逆转。花粉专采集者所采集的植物种类和科属明显少于花粉通采集者,许多花粉专采集者只采集其寄主科属的花粉。只在秋季活动的翠菊专类植物尤其如此。我们估计,当地有 18.3-25.8% 的蜜蜂动物群直接依赖上层树木(包括枯木和树脂)作为筑巢栖息地。根据这些结果,可以提出两项管理建议。首先,由于秋季是花卉和蜜蜂(包括许多晚季翠菊专家)最繁盛的时期,因此秋季可能是最不适合使用规定火种的时期。其次,考虑到很大一部分本地蜜蜂依靠枯木筑巢,因此尽可能保留立木和倒木非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrological and climate intensification induces conservative behavior in the Hydrochorea corymbosa xylem production in a Central Amazon floodplain forest 亚马逊中部洪泛平原森林的水文和气候强化诱导了 Hydrochorea corymbosa 木质部生产的保守行为
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1292132
Priscila Amaral de Sá, Jochen Schöngart, Florian Wittmann, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Mario Tomazello-Filho, Rafael S. Oliveira, Viviana Horna, Pia Parolin, Flavia Machado Durgante
IntroductionTrees from flooded forests have to adjust their xylem hydraulic structure to face the annual flooding and the climatic conditions of the atmosphere. Usually, this adjustment of anatomical tissues in the tropics is driven by drought events inducing conservative behavior and can be recorded annually in tree rings. However, how the flood pulse and the climatic conditions influence the xylem hydraulic structure in floodplain trees is unknown.MethodsTo fill this gap, we explore if flooded periods and monthly climate variation affect the annual tree growth and xylem anatomy structure for the tree species Hydrochorea corymbosa (Fabaceae) from the várzea flooded forest in the Central Amazon. We developed a 41-year ring width chronology (1971–2018) and a 30-year time series of xylem anatomy parameters (1988–2018) as mean hydraulic vessel diameter (Dh), vessel frequency (VF), and parenchyma quantity (PQ). We correlated the series with monthly hydrological and climatic data.ResultsThe hydrological regime did not correlate with annual tree growth in that species as we previously expected but showed correlations with the xylem anatomical structure. High flood levels during the end of the flooding period induced conservative patterns of the anatomical structure, with a negative correlation with Dh (rho June = −0.40, p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with the PQ (rho September/October = 0.42, p < 0.05). These responses show that these trees are responding to flooding similar to the tree responses to drought. Regarding the climatic variation, the annual tree growth showed a negative correlation with the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), after the second half of the flooded period with the strongest correlation happening during the non-flooded period (rho December = −0.66, p < 0. 01). These conservative patterns in tree behavior also happened when the maximum temperature negatively affected the vessel diameter (rho September = −0.42, p < 0.05).DiscussionIn that case, we recognized two different moments that the environment is inducing conservative patterns in the xylem structure of those trees: 1) increasing the flood levels and 2) the high evaporative demand during the non-flooded period. In this way, the intensification of the hydrological regime, as well as the strong drought conditions during the non-flooded periods, can be a risk for H. corymbosa in the Central Amazonian floodplains.
引言 洪水淹没森林中的树木必须调整木质部水力结构,以适应每年的洪水和大气的气候条件。通常,在热带地区,这种解剖组织的调整是由干旱事件引起的保守行为所驱动的,并可在树木年轮中记录下来。为了填补这一空白,我们探讨了洪水期和月度气候变化是否会影响亚马逊中部瓦尔泽亚洪泛森林中的树种 Hydrochorea corymbosa(豆科)的树木年生长和木质部解剖结构。我们建立了 41 年的年轮宽度年表(1971-2018 年)和 30 年的木质部解剖参数时间序列(1988-2018 年),包括平均水力血管直径(Dh)、血管频率(VF)和实质物质数量(PQ)。我们将这些时间序列与每月的水文和气候数据进行了关联。结果水文系统与该树种的树木年生长量并不像我们之前预期的那样相关,但却与木质部解剖结构相关。洪水末期的高洪水位诱导了解剖结构的保守模式,与 Dh 呈负相关(6 月 rho = -0.40,p < 0.05),与 PQ 呈正相关(9 月/10 月 rho = 0.42,p < 0.05)。这些反应表明,这些树木对洪水的反应与树木对干旱的反应类似。在气候变异方面,树木的年生长量与水汽压差(VPD)呈负相关,在洪水期的后半期之后,与非洪水期的相关性最强(12 月的 rho = -0.66,p < 0.01)。在这种情况下,我们认识到环境在两个不同的时刻诱导这些树木木质部结构的保守模式:1)洪水水位上升;2)非洪水期的高蒸发需求。因此,水文系统的加剧以及非洪水期的严重干旱可能会对亚马逊中部洪泛平原的 H. corymbosa 造成危害。
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引用次数: 0
Global diversity and biogeography of Lyophyllum inferred from amplicon datasets 从扩增子数据集推断叶绿体的全球多样性和生物地理学
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1328569
Shuwei Wei, Bao Qi, Xiaozhuo Zhang, Zhanwu Peng, Yu Li, Qi Wang
Lyophyllum consists of rare edible and medicinal mushrooms. Considering this group’s economic and ecological significance, understanding its biodiversity could be strategically important. Our analysis involved an extensive examination of publicly available ITS sequences from NCBI-GenBank and fungal amplicon sequencing data obtained from NCBI-SRA. At a 98% sequence similarity level, we deliminated 88 Lyophyllum OTUs, 49 of which were not categorized as ‘known species’. The diversity of Lyophyllum is predominantly concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere and tends to display endemic distribution, and Europe is particularly notable for its high diversity of Lyophyllum. Given the escalating volume of data produced by amplicon sequencing, employing the amplicon dataset can facilitate an accurate survey of species diversity in Lyophyllum taxonomy. By using data from amplicon datasets, the fieldwork time and research funding for taxonomists can be saved, thereby significantly advancing the progress of the entire field of biodiversity research.
狼尾菇由稀有的食用和药用蘑菇组成。考虑到该菌类的经济和生态意义,了解其生物多样性具有重要的战略意义。我们的分析涉及对 NCBI-GenBank 公开的 ITS 序列和 NCBI-SRA 的真菌扩增子测序数据的广泛研究。在 98% 的序列相似度水平上,我们划分出了 88 个狼尾草 OTUs,其中 49 个未被归类为 "已知物种"。Lyophyllum的多样性主要集中在北半球,并呈地方性分布,欧洲的Lyophyllum多样性尤为突出。鉴于扩增子测序产生的数据量不断增加,使用扩增子数据集有助于准确调查茄属植物分类中的物种多样性。通过使用扩增子数据集的数据,可以节省分类学家的野外工作时间和研究经费,从而大大推动整个生物多样性研究领域的进展。
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引用次数: 0
Vaccinium dwarf shrubs responses to experimental warming and herbivory resistance treatment are species- and context dependent 蔓越橘矮灌木对实验性升温和抗食草动物处理的反应取决于物种和环境
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1347837
Stein Joar Hegland, Mark A. K. Gillespie
Climate change impacts on species and ecosystem functioning may depend on climatic context and study systems. Climate warming and intensified herbivory are two stressors to plants that often appear in combination and are predicted to increase in cold environments. Effects of multiple drivers on plant performance are difficult to predict and warrant studies that use experimental manipulations along climatic gradients to produce more realistic knowledge. Our three study sites by the Sognefjord in Norway, that differed mainly in climatic conditions (ca. 5°C growing season difference), ranged from hemi-boreal lowland (100 masl, Low), via boreal mid-montane (500 masl) to alpine timberline (900 masl, High) bioclimates. At each site, in a randomized block design, we simulated growing-season warming using open-top chambers (OTCs) and experimentally induced herbivory resistance using the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). We recorded growth, mortality, flower and fruit numbers, and insect herbivory on tagged ramets in permanent plots across three years (2016-2018) in three open woodland populations of two functionally important plant species with contrasting traits, Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and V. vitis-idaea (lingonberry). Growth of both dwarf shrubs decreased with warming in the warm lowland populations (Low) but increased in the alpine populations (High). Shoot mortality increased most with warming at Low but was reduced at High. Reproduction, both flowering and fruiting, decreased with induced resistance treatment, but the effect was larger when warmed for bilberry and increased with elevation for both species. Leaf herbivory in bilberry increased with warming at Low but decreased at High. The combined warming and resistance treatment had only synergistic negative interaction effects on fruit numbers in bilberry. The clear context- and species-dependent effects of climate warming and increased resistance in this study may predict a potential decline in performance, as well as abundance and distribution, of these functionally important Vaccinium species at our lowest site. Bilberry reproduction appeared to be particularly susceptible to both climate warming and induced resistance in the manipulated populations. Such combined negative effects on plant performance are likely to have considerable knock-on effects via altered species’ interactions and ecosystem functioning.
气候变化对物种和生态系统功能的影响可能取决于气候环境和研究系统。气候变暖和食草动物增加是植物面临的两种压力,它们经常同时出现,而且预计在寒冷环境中会增加。多重驱动因素对植物表现的影响难以预测,因此有必要进行研究,利用气候梯度进行实验操作,以获得更真实的知识。我们在挪威索格讷峡湾的三个研究地点进行了研究,这三个地点的主要气候条件不同(生长季节相差约 5°C),生物气候从半滨海低地(100 海拔,低)、北方中山(500 海拔)到高山林木线(900 海拔,高)不等。在每个地点,我们都采用随机区组设计,使用敞篷室(OTC)模拟生长季节升温,并使用植物激素茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)实验性地诱导草食性抗性。我们用三年时间(2016-2018 年)记录了两个性状截然不同的重要功能植物物种--山桑子(Vaccinium myrtillus)和越橘(V. vitis-idaea)的生长、死亡率、花果数量以及永久性地块中标记的柱头上的昆虫食草情况。在温暖的低地种群(低)中,这两种矮小灌木的生长量随着气候变暖而减少,但在高山种群(高)中却有所增加。在低地,嫩枝死亡率随气候变暖而增加,但在高地则有所降低。繁殖,包括开花和结果,随着诱导抗性处理的进行而减少,但对山桑子来说,升温的影响更大,对这两个物种来说,升温的影响都会增加。在低海拔地区,山桑子的叶片食草量随升温而增加,但在高海拔地区则减少。加温和抗性处理对山桑子的果实数量只有协同的负交互作用。在这项研究中,气候变暖和抗性增强对环境和物种的明显影响可能预示着,在我们的最低地点,这些具有重要功能的越橘物种的表现以及丰度和分布可能会下降。山桑子的繁殖似乎特别容易受到气候变暖和诱导抗性的影响。这种对植物性能的综合负面影响很可能会通过改变物种的相互作用和生态系统功能而产生巨大的连锁反应。
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引用次数: 0
Detailed analysis of skull morphology and brain size in crested Padovana chicken (Gallus gallus f.d.) 凤头帕多瓦纳鸡(Gallus gallus f.d.)头骨形态和大脑大小的详细分析
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1389382
Michael Wolf-Vollenbröker, Stefanie Petow, Max Schmidbauer, Mareike Fellmin, Reiner Ulrich, Julia Mehlhorn
IntroductionCrested chickens show abnormalities in their anatomy of the skull, endocranium, and brain (including cerebral elongation) and can be appropriate model systems for neuroanatomical evolution, brain–skull integration, and skull and brain deformities. Here, we give a detailed comprehensive description of the skull of crested chickens using the example of the Padovana chicken, including ontogenetic aspects and an allometric analysis of their brain size.MethodsIn total, 109 chickens of two different strains of the Padovana chicken were hatched together. All animals were X-rayed weekly during growth. Nine juvenile (ready for hatch) and 22 adult skulls were processed for histology and morphological descriptions, and a further 20 individuals were processed for brain analysis.ResultsAt hatching, all chicks were already crested, and a distinctive bony protuberance was first observed at the age of 4 weeks. Juvenile chickens exhibit either an open neurocranium or a protuberance. In the adult skull, foramina of different sizes can be found in the frontal bone, but no completely open neurocrania are observed in juveniles. Particularly in Padovana with cranial protuberances, several peculiarities can be observed in the os mesethmoidale, os nasale, os praemaxillare, orbit, and cranial fossae. Additionally, the brain of Padovana with cranial protuberances looks drawn in length with the shape of an hourglass and showed significantly larger encephalization indices than plain-headed breeds, topped only by another crested chicken breed.DiscussionInvestigations on chickens with cerebral elongation may facilitate the understanding of skull and brain dysplasia and may provide meaningful insights into cerebral hernia development. Additionally, crested breeds, combined with standard chickens, form a promising comparative system for investigating the emergence of novel brain and skull morphologies.
引言嵴椎鸡的头骨、颅骨内膜和大脑(包括脑伸长)解剖结构异常,可作为神经解剖进化、脑-头骨整合以及头骨和大脑畸形的适当模型系统。在此,我们以帕多瓦纳鸡为例,对冠鸡的头骨进行了详细全面的描述,包括其本体进化方面以及脑部大小的计量分析。所有动物在生长期间每周接受一次 X 射线检查。对 9 只幼鸡(准备孵化)和 22 只成年鸡的头骨进行了组织学和形态学描述,并对另外 20 只鸡的头骨进行了脑分析。幼鸡的神经颅骨要么是开放的,要么是突起的。在成年鸡的头骨中,可以在额骨中发现不同大小的孔,但在幼鸡中没有观察到完全开放的神经颅。特别是在有颅骨突起的 Padovana 身上,可以在中鄂骨、鼻骨、前鄂骨、眼眶和颅窝中观察到一些特殊之处。此外,有颅骨突起的 Padovana 的大脑在长度上呈沙漏状,其脑化指数明显高于平头鸡种,仅次于另一种冠状鸡种。此外,鸡冠品种与标准鸡结合在一起,形成了一个很有前景的比较系统,可用于研究新型脑和头骨形态的出现。
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引用次数: 0
Local factors influence the wild bee functional community at the urban-forest interface 当地因素对城市-森林交界处野生蜜蜂功能群落的影响
IF 3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1389619
Miriam Edelkind-Vealey, Michael D. Ulyshen, S. Kristine Braman
IntroductionUrban forests provide necessary habitat for many forest-associated bee species amidst development and fragmentation. These forest fragments provide a variety of important floral and non-floral resources for bees that encompass a diversity of functional guilds characterized by size, diet breadth, nesting, sociality, origin, and seasonality. The relative importance of forest edge vs. interior habitats to these organisms is not well understood.MethodsHere, we compare bee communities between forest edge and interior locations at eight locations in Athens, GA, USA. We also explore the effects of stand structure, tree composition, ground cover type, and the presence of snags and downed wood on these organisms.ResultsWe found bee abundance and richness to be higher at the forest edge than interior with distinct community compositions at both locations. Canopy cover, invasive shrub cover, ground cover, and tree diversity influenced the observed community composition. We also determined that the most impactful functional traits influencing bee community structure in urban forest fragments were nesting substrate, origin (native or exotic to North America), sociality, and diet breadth.DiscussionOur findings will help establish the effects of local forest characteristics on the community composition, diversity, and abundance of wild bees and further our knowledge of the conservation value of urban forests for preserving wild bee communities.
引言城市森林在发展和破碎化的过程中为许多与森林相关的蜜蜂物种提供了必要的栖息地。这些森林片段为蜜蜂提供了各种重要的花卉和非花卉资源,其中包括多种多样的功能区,这些功能区的特点是大小、食性广度、筑巢、社会性、起源和季节性。在这里,我们比较了美国佐治亚州雅典市八个地点的森林边缘和内部的蜜蜂群落。我们还探讨了林分结构、树木组成、地被类型以及杉木和倒木的存在对这些生物的影响。结果我们发现,森林边缘的蜜蜂丰度和丰富度均高于森林内部,两地的群落组成各不相同。树冠覆盖率、入侵灌木覆盖率、地面覆盖率和树木多样性影响了观察到的群落组成。讨论我们的研究结果将有助于确定当地森林特征对野生蜜蜂群落组成、多样性和丰度的影响,并进一步了解城市森林对保护野生蜜蜂群落的保护价值。
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引用次数: 0
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Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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