Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1241028
George R. Pess, Mike Mchenry, Keith Denton, Joseph H. Anderson, Martin Liermann, Roger Peters, John Mcmillan, Sam Brenkman, Todd R. Bennett, Jeffrey J. Duda, Karrie Hanson
Large dam removal is being used to restore river systems, but questions remain regarding their outcomes. We examine how the removal of two large dams in the Elwha River, coupled with hatchery production and fishing closures, affected population attributes of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss). Initial responses by returning adult Chinook salmon and steelhead was an increase in the number and spatial extent of natural and hatchery origin fish. Although few naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead outmigrants were observed prior to and during dam removal, abundances increased three years after adult fish passage was restored, suggesting that impacts due to downstream sedimentation after dam removal were reduced. The Chinook salmon population demographics remain dominated by hatchery production, while increases in winter steelhead abundance included both hatchery and natural-origin spawners. The spatial expansion of winter steelhead upstream of former dam sites was predominantly by natural-origin spawners. We also observed a natural “reawakening” of summer steelhead that were in part derived from an up-river resident population that returned to the Upper Elwha. Our results showed that a combination of habitat, hatchery, and harvest actions can result in positive responses for salmonid populations.
{"title":"Frontiers | Initial responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to removal of two dams on the Elwha River, Washington State, U.S.A","authors":"George R. Pess, Mike Mchenry, Keith Denton, Joseph H. Anderson, Martin Liermann, Roger Peters, John Mcmillan, Sam Brenkman, Todd R. Bennett, Jeffrey J. Duda, Karrie Hanson","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1241028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1241028","url":null,"abstract":"Large dam removal is being used to restore river systems, but questions remain regarding their outcomes. We examine how the removal of two large dams in the Elwha River, coupled with hatchery production and fishing closures, affected population attributes of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss). Initial responses by returning adult Chinook salmon and steelhead was an increase in the number and spatial extent of natural and hatchery origin fish. Although few naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead outmigrants were observed prior to and during dam removal, abundances increased three years after adult fish passage was restored, suggesting that impacts due to downstream sedimentation after dam removal were reduced. The Chinook salmon population demographics remain dominated by hatchery production, while increases in winter steelhead abundance included both hatchery and natural-origin spawners. The spatial expansion of winter steelhead upstream of former dam sites was predominantly by natural-origin spawners. We also observed a natural “reawakening” of summer steelhead that were in part derived from an up-river resident population that returned to the Upper Elwha. Our results showed that a combination of habitat, hatchery, and harvest actions can result in positive responses for salmonid populations.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1383362
Ben J. O. Robinson, Kevin A. Hughes, David Seaton, Simon A. Morley
Shallow water Antarctic marine macroepifaunal assemblages live in one of the most naturally disturbed marine environments due to the impact of icebergs scouring the seafloor. They are, however, amongst the least anthropogenically impacted assemblages and are afforded protection under the Antarctic Treaty system. When the British Antarctic Survey’s Rothera Research Station wharf needed extending to accommodate the newly constructed UK polar research vessel, the RRS Sir David Attenborough, a Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE) was conducted to assess the impact. The macroepifaunal likely to be impacted by the construction was surveyed through ROV videos of five transects, centered on the middle of the construction zone, from 10–100 m deep. A pre-construction survey was completed in March 2017, as part of the CEE impact assessment, and a post-build survey in 2022 (delayed from 2021, and reduced in scope, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Sedimentation rates were also measured before and during construction and were high during the second summer when the wharf pilings were being back filled with crushed rock. The measured differences between pre- and post-construction assemblages were minor and were not reflected in the overall number of taxa (operational taxonomic units – OTU), or diversity, but there were subtle shifts in species composition. The largest differences in the macroepifauna were a reduction in the number of the common urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri, and seastar, Odontaster validus, and were within expected variability. The small changes detected in the macroepifauna indicate it was minimally impacted and/or recovered in the subsequent two years, therefore during wharf construction the accompanying mitigation measures were robust.
{"title":"Measuring the impact of wharf construction on the Antarctic benthos","authors":"Ben J. O. Robinson, Kevin A. Hughes, David Seaton, Simon A. Morley","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1383362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1383362","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow water Antarctic marine macroepifaunal assemblages live in one of the most naturally disturbed marine environments due to the impact of icebergs scouring the seafloor. They are, however, amongst the least anthropogenically impacted assemblages and are afforded protection under the Antarctic Treaty system. When the British Antarctic Survey’s Rothera Research Station wharf needed extending to accommodate the newly constructed UK polar research vessel, the RRS <jats:italic>Sir David Attenborough</jats:italic>, a Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE) was conducted to assess the impact. The macroepifaunal likely to be impacted by the construction was surveyed through ROV videos of five transects, centered on the middle of the construction zone, from 10–100 m deep. A pre-construction survey was completed in March 2017, as part of the CEE impact assessment, and a post-build survey in 2022 (delayed from 2021, and reduced in scope, due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Sedimentation rates were also measured before and during construction and were high during the second summer when the wharf pilings were being back filled with crushed rock. The measured differences between pre- and post-construction assemblages were minor and were not reflected in the overall number of taxa (operational taxonomic units – OTU), or diversity, but there were subtle shifts in species composition. The largest differences in the macroepifauna were a reduction in the number of the common urchin, <jats:italic>Sterechinus neumayeri</jats:italic>, and seastar, <jats:italic>Odontaster validus</jats:italic>, and were within expected variability. The small changes detected in the macroepifauna indicate it was minimally impacted and/or recovered in the subsequent two years, therefore during wharf construction the accompanying mitigation measures were robust.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1417619
Şerban Procheş
Nature observations are at the core of both nature-based tourism and citizen science. The movement limitations associated with the Covid-19 pandemic have created a window during which tourism nose-dived, but online citizen science platforms flourished primarily through the posting of ‘backyard’ observations. Beyond citizen science, a return to nature during this period appears to have been important in supporting mental health, especially in city dwellers, and this has resulted in a renewed interest in studying nature appreciation. Here I attempt to bring together these different facets of nature watching research, defined by divergent philosophical underpinning and following different methodologies. I use the findings of tourism and citizen science studies to summarize observer motivations, and place these in a nature appreciation framework. I argue that this framework can be used towards maintaining a balance between diverse goals: reducing observer biases in citizen science, enhancing observer experience in nature-based tourism, and maximizing the therapeutic effects of being exposed to nature.
{"title":"Nature observations between tourism, scientific data and pure appreciation","authors":"Şerban Procheş","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1417619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1417619","url":null,"abstract":"Nature observations are at the core of both nature-based tourism and citizen science. The movement limitations associated with the Covid-19 pandemic have created a window during which tourism nose-dived, but online citizen science platforms flourished primarily through the posting of ‘backyard’ observations. Beyond citizen science, a return to nature during this period appears to have been important in supporting mental health, especially in city dwellers, and this has resulted in a renewed interest in studying nature appreciation. Here I attempt to bring together these different facets of nature watching research, defined by divergent philosophical underpinning and following different methodologies. I use the findings of tourism and citizen science studies to summarize observer motivations, and place these in a nature appreciation framework. I argue that this framework can be used towards maintaining a balance between diverse goals: reducing observer biases in citizen science, enhancing observer experience in nature-based tourism, and maximizing the therapeutic effects of being exposed to nature.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141530682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1409743
Sofia Casasa
Phenotypic plasticity is a fundamental property of developing organisms and is thought to play an important role in diversification. Plastic responses themselves are remarkably diverse and respond to a wide range of environmental factors. Here I focus on plasticity in response to variation in nutrition in insects since 1) nutrition is a widespread factor that impacts most organisms, and 2) insects are important models to study phenotypic plasticity. First, I provide a brief overview of our current mechanistic understanding of the regulation of nutritionally cued plasticity in insects, in both traditional as well as emerging model systems. Then, I explore evolutionary mechanisms enabling the diversification of regulation across taxa, emphasizing the role of gene duplication and gene regulatory network co-option. Furthermore, I examine nutrition-responsive phenotypes as suites of multiple traits that develop in a coordinated manner. I argue that understanding how these traits are integrated at the molecular level can shed light on the evolution of complex phenotypes. Finally, I discuss potential challenges and opportunities to further our understanding of nutrition-responsive plasticity, its regulation, and its evolution.
{"title":"Evolution of regulatory mechanisms underlying nutrition-responsive plasticity in insects","authors":"Sofia Casasa","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1409743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1409743","url":null,"abstract":"Phenotypic plasticity is a fundamental property of developing organisms and is thought to play an important role in diversification. Plastic responses themselves are remarkably diverse and respond to a wide range of environmental factors. Here I focus on plasticity in response to variation in nutrition in insects since 1) nutrition is a widespread factor that impacts most organisms, and 2) insects are important models to study phenotypic plasticity. First, I provide a brief overview of our current mechanistic understanding of the regulation of nutritionally cued plasticity in insects, in both traditional as well as emerging model systems. Then, I explore evolutionary mechanisms enabling the diversification of regulation across taxa, emphasizing the role of gene duplication and gene regulatory network co-option. Furthermore, I examine nutrition-responsive phenotypes as suites of multiple traits that develop in a coordinated manner. I argue that understanding how these traits are integrated at the molecular level can shed light on the evolution of complex phenotypes. Finally, I discuss potential challenges and opportunities to further our understanding of nutrition-responsive plasticity, its regulation, and its evolution.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1381539
Artai A. Santos, Stephen McLoughlin, Marco A. Rubalcaba-Knoth, Ana L. Hernández-Damian, Uxue Villanueva-Amadoz, Sergio R. Cevallos-Ferriz
Plants and insects are two of the more diverse and abundant organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. The fossil record of plant-insect interactions offers crucial insights into the coevolutionary dynamics between these groups, shedding light on the intricate relationships that have shaped terrestrial ecosystems. The study of fossil interactions is especially relevant in mid-Cretaceous ecosystems, a time of dramatic changes in the composition of floras and, consequently, in plant-insect relationships. Here, we describe the first suite of plant-insect interactions from the mid-Cretaceous of Mexico. We studied 554 plant fossils from the El Chango Lagerstätte (Cintalapa Formation, Chiapas, Mexico), including vegetative (leaves) and reproductive structures (fruits and seeds). The flora was dominated by gymnosperms (89.3%) followed by angiosperms (10.7%); other groups, such as pteridophytes and bryophytes, were absent. In total, 5.4% of the plant specimens hosted some damage. Angiosperms (all broad-leafed forms), despite being much less common than gymnosperms, expressed more evidence of damage by herbivores (35.6% of specimens damaged). In contrast, the narrow-leafed gymnosperms, the dominant group in the flora, hosted a much lower proportion of herbivory damage (1.8% of specimens damaged). The diversity of damage types (DTs) was relatively low: 14 DTs were identified, corresponding to seven FFGs, including margin feeding, hole feeding, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, oviposition, galling, and mining. Comparison with the other mid-Cretaceous plant-insect assemblages reveals a similar richness of DTs for angiosperms but a lower richness and diversity of DTs on gymnosperms from El Chango. These results indicate preferential herbivory on angiosperms (rather than on the available gymnosperms in the assemblage) by terrestrial arthropods during a period of major changes in the structure of terrestrial ecosystems. However, it is challenging to resolve whether this apparent preference is because insects particularly targeted angiosperms or if the herbivores simply targeted broad leaves in general, since most of the available gymnosperms from El Chango are scale-leafed forms.
{"title":"Frontiers | Plant-insect interactions in the mid-Cretaceous paleotropical El Chango Lagerstätte (Cintalapa Fm., Mexico)-patterns of herbivory during the Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution","authors":"Artai A. Santos, Stephen McLoughlin, Marco A. Rubalcaba-Knoth, Ana L. Hernández-Damian, Uxue Villanueva-Amadoz, Sergio R. Cevallos-Ferriz","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1381539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1381539","url":null,"abstract":"Plants and insects are two of the more diverse and abundant organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. The fossil record of plant-insect interactions offers crucial insights into the coevolutionary dynamics between these groups, shedding light on the intricate relationships that have shaped terrestrial ecosystems. The study of fossil interactions is especially relevant in mid-Cretaceous ecosystems, a time of dramatic changes in the composition of floras and, consequently, in plant-insect relationships. Here, we describe the first suite of plant-insect interactions from the mid-Cretaceous of Mexico. We studied 554 plant fossils from the El Chango Lagerstätte (Cintalapa Formation, Chiapas, Mexico), including vegetative (leaves) and reproductive structures (fruits and seeds). The flora was dominated by gymnosperms (89.3%) followed by angiosperms (10.7%); other groups, such as pteridophytes and bryophytes, were absent. In total, 5.4% of the plant specimens hosted some damage. Angiosperms (all broad-leafed forms), despite being much less common than gymnosperms, expressed more evidence of damage by herbivores (35.6% of specimens damaged). In contrast, the narrow-leafed gymnosperms, the dominant group in the flora, hosted a much lower proportion of herbivory damage (1.8% of specimens damaged). The diversity of damage types (DTs) was relatively low: 14 DTs were identified, corresponding to seven FFGs, including margin feeding, hole feeding, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, oviposition, galling, and mining. Comparison with the other mid-Cretaceous plant-insect assemblages reveals a similar richness of DTs for angiosperms but a lower richness and diversity of DTs on gymnosperms from El Chango. These results indicate preferential herbivory on angiosperms (rather than on the available gymnosperms in the assemblage) by terrestrial arthropods during a period of major changes in the structure of terrestrial ecosystems. However, it is challenging to resolve whether this apparent preference is because insects particularly targeted angiosperms or if the herbivores simply targeted broad leaves in general, since most of the available gymnosperms from El Chango are scale-leafed forms.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141575990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1409296
Daniela Martinelli Marín, Carlos A. Lasso Alcala, Susana Caballero
The development of fast, cost-effective, non-invasive, and efficient sampling alternatives, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), is crucial for understanding the changes in species biodiversity and distributions worldwide, particularly for low abundance, cryptic, and threatened species. This study utilized environmental eDNA to analyze the variety of aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial vertebrates in the Colombian Amazon and Orinoco basins. The study focused on four main subregions: Bojonawi Natural Reserve and adjacent areas (Vichada Department), Sierra de la Macarena National Park and Tillavá (Meta Department), Puerto Nariño and adjacent areas (Amazonas Department), and the Municipality of Solano (Caquetá Department). A total of 709 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across all sampling locations. The Orinoco River had the highest number of fish genera (68), while the Guayabero River had the highest number of tetrapod genera (13). New taxonomic records were found for all locations, with the highest number of previously undetected fish diversity being found in the Bita, Orinoco, and Tillavá rivers, compared to traditional surveys. Likewise, the study identified two fish species, four mammal species, and one reptile species as vulnerable. Additionally, four mammal species were identified as endangered, including the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), two subspecies of the Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis and Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana), and the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Standardizing the methodology and improving current DNA sequence databases for the Neotropics is essential to develop future eDNA studies and enhance our understanding of the region’s diversity.
{"title":"Frontiers | eDNA metabarcoding: an effective tool for vertebrate diversity studies in the Colombian Amazon and Orinoco basins","authors":"Daniela Martinelli Marín, Carlos A. Lasso Alcala, Susana Caballero","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1409296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1409296","url":null,"abstract":"The development of fast, cost-effective, non-invasive, and efficient sampling alternatives, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), is crucial for understanding the changes in species biodiversity and distributions worldwide, particularly for low abundance, cryptic, and threatened species. This study utilized environmental eDNA to analyze the variety of aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial vertebrates in the Colombian Amazon and Orinoco basins. The study focused on four main subregions: Bojonawi Natural Reserve and adjacent areas (Vichada Department), Sierra de la Macarena National Park and Tillavá (Meta Department), Puerto Nariño and adjacent areas (Amazonas Department), and the Municipality of Solano (Caquetá Department). A total of 709 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across all sampling locations. The Orinoco River had the highest number of fish genera (68), while the Guayabero River had the highest number of tetrapod genera (13). New taxonomic records were found for all locations, with the highest number of previously undetected fish diversity being found in the Bita, Orinoco, and Tillavá rivers, compared to traditional surveys. Likewise, the study identified two fish species, four mammal species, and one reptile species as vulnerable. Additionally, four mammal species were identified as endangered, including the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), two subspecies of the Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis and Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana), and the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Standardizing the methodology and improving current DNA sequence databases for the Neotropics is essential to develop future eDNA studies and enhance our understanding of the region’s diversity.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376
Claudia S. Maturana, Tamara Contador, Felipe L. Simões, Moisés A. Valladares, PAULA M. VIDAL, Melisa Gañán, Claudio A. González-Wevar, Elie Poulin, Chester J. Sands, Edgar C. Turner, Peter Convey
The terrestrial fauna of Antarctica consists of a limited number of species, notably insects, small crustaceans and other micro-invertebrates. Over long periods of evolutionary isolation, these organisms have developed varying degrees of tolerance to multifaceted environmental stresses. Recent molecular biogeographical research highlights the enduring persistence of much of Antarctica’s current terrestrial fauna, with estimates spanning from hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Parochlus steinenii, commonly known as the Antarctic winged midge, stands out as one of the only two insect species native to Antarctica. Distributed across three biogeographic regions, southern South America and the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, sub-Antarctic South Georgia and the Maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands, this midge raises questions about the temporal isolation of its populations and their divergence. Employing mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, we conducted phylogeographic and demographic analyses on 151 individuals of P. steinenii obtained across the three main biogeographic regions including the Magellanic sub-Antarctic Ecoregion (MSE) of southern South America, the sub-Antarctic Island of South Georgia (SG) and the South Shetland Islands (SSI) within the Maritime Antarctic (MA). Our data support the diversification of P. steinenii during the mid-Pleistocene around 1.46 Mya. This period included a branching event between a clade containing only specimens from the MSE and a clade containing individuals from a broader range of locations including the SSI and SG. Based on intraspecific phylogeographic and demographic inferences, we detected strong evolutionary divergence between the three main biogeographic regions. We also detected a signal of population growth during the deglaciation process in SSI and SG, contrary to the pattern seen in the MSE. The different demographic and phylogeographic histories between the sampled biogeographic regions could result from the MA and SG experiencing a strong genetic bottleneck due to a reduction in population size during the Last Glacial Maximum, while the MSE maintained a significant effective population size. The high level of divergence detected between individuals from the MSE and the remaining biogeographic regions supports the hypothesis of a speciation process taking place in P. steinenii.
{"title":"Frontiers | Ancient diversification in extreme environments: Exploring the historical biogeography of the Antarctic winged midge Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae)","authors":"Claudia S. Maturana, Tamara Contador, Felipe L. Simões, Moisés A. Valladares, PAULA M. VIDAL, Melisa Gañán, Claudio A. González-Wevar, Elie Poulin, Chester J. Sands, Edgar C. Turner, Peter Convey","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376","url":null,"abstract":"The terrestrial fauna of Antarctica consists of a limited number of species, notably insects, small crustaceans and other micro-invertebrates. Over long periods of evolutionary isolation, these organisms have developed varying degrees of tolerance to multifaceted environmental stresses. Recent molecular biogeographical research highlights the enduring persistence of much of Antarctica’s current terrestrial fauna, with estimates spanning from hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Parochlus steinenii, commonly known as the Antarctic winged midge, stands out as one of the only two insect species native to Antarctica. Distributed across three biogeographic regions, southern South America and the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, sub-Antarctic South Georgia and the Maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands, this midge raises questions about the temporal isolation of its populations and their divergence. Employing mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, we conducted phylogeographic and demographic analyses on 151 individuals of P. steinenii obtained across the three main biogeographic regions including the Magellanic sub-Antarctic Ecoregion (MSE) of southern South America, the sub-Antarctic Island of South Georgia (SG) and the South Shetland Islands (SSI) within the Maritime Antarctic (MA). Our data support the diversification of P. steinenii during the mid-Pleistocene around 1.46 Mya. This period included a branching event between a clade containing only specimens from the MSE and a clade containing individuals from a broader range of locations including the SSI and SG. Based on intraspecific phylogeographic and demographic inferences, we detected strong evolutionary divergence between the three main biogeographic regions. We also detected a signal of population growth during the deglaciation process in SSI and SG, contrary to the pattern seen in the MSE. The different demographic and phylogeographic histories between the sampled biogeographic regions could result from the MA and SG experiencing a strong genetic bottleneck due to a reduction in population size during the Last Glacial Maximum, while the MSE maintained a significant effective population size. The high level of divergence detected between individuals from the MSE and the remaining biogeographic regions supports the hypothesis of a speciation process taking place in P. steinenii.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141587116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1372096
Sophie M. Dupont, Paco Bustamante, David J. Duffy, Jérôme Fort, Guillaume Le Loc'h, Pierre Lelong, Damien Chevallier, Mathieu Giraudeau
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating tumoral disease affecting sea turtles worldwide. While mainly afflicting immature individuals and potentially altering vital functions, the precise impact of this panzootic on turtle health and survival remains unclear. Moreover, the etiological factors implicated in the FP emergence, development and transmission are not yet definitively identified. Among them, an infection by a spreading herpesvirus and the contamination by pollutants (either organic pollutants and trace elements) are suspected. Here, we provide an overview of discoveries, knowledge and propose hypotheses related to FP within five key FP research areas, i.e., virology studies, transmission studies, contamination studies, host genomic studies, and veterinary treatment assays. Moreover, we recommend urgent research avenues to develop at the interface of virology, epidemiology, ecotoxicology, oncology, physiology, immunology, cellular and evolutionary biology, in order to characterize the dynamics of FP and to predict its consequences on sea turtle populations. Importantly, extending the implementation and development of strong collaborations between rehabilitation centers, field biologists and research laboratories at large geographical scale is required to rapidly increase our knowledge on FP and work towards its effective management.
{"title":"Frontiers | Future research avenues for the study of fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles","authors":"Sophie M. Dupont, Paco Bustamante, David J. Duffy, Jérôme Fort, Guillaume Le Loc'h, Pierre Lelong, Damien Chevallier, Mathieu Giraudeau","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1372096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1372096","url":null,"abstract":"Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a debilitating tumoral disease affecting sea turtles worldwide. While mainly afflicting immature individuals and potentially altering vital functions, the precise impact of this panzootic on turtle health and survival remains unclear. Moreover, the etiological factors implicated in the FP emergence, development and transmission are not yet definitively identified. Among them, an infection by a spreading herpesvirus and the contamination by pollutants (either organic pollutants and trace elements) are suspected. Here, we provide an overview of discoveries, knowledge and propose hypotheses related to FP within five key FP research areas, i.e., virology studies, transmission studies, contamination studies, host genomic studies, and veterinary treatment assays. Moreover, we recommend urgent research avenues to develop at the interface of virology, epidemiology, ecotoxicology, oncology, physiology, immunology, cellular and evolutionary biology, in order to characterize the dynamics of FP and to predict its consequences on sea turtle populations. Importantly, extending the implementation and development of strong collaborations between rehabilitation centers, field biologists and research laboratories at large geographical scale is required to rapidly increase our knowledge on FP and work towards its effective management.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141577963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1409618
Chester J. Sands, William P. Goodall-Copestake, Sabine Stöhr, Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Peter Convey
The Southern Ocean benthos is remarkably rich and diverse, and managed under a complexity of treaties and conventions, further complicated by geopolitical boundaries. Traditionally, conservation management is largely informed by species lists augmented, when data are available, by known vulnerability of the taxa. Species presence absence database resources are valuable tools with proven and positive management outcomes, however, in a vast, difficult to access and thus understudied region such as the Southern Ocean, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding the ecology, ecophysiology, life history and even species identity. Conservation biogeography identifies regions of conservation concern, rather than a species-by-species approach, but also relies on the availability of high-quality presence data from species lists and thus both approaches are undermined when species lists are inaccurate or species in general are poorly described. In addition, the data provide a snapshot of the current species diversity and have inadequate power to identify the processes underlying the patterns uncovered. Identifying historical processes common to shaping diversity (species or genetic) can be generalized across assemblages and regions, providing a more robust basis for conservation policy and decisions. In this study, largely based on consideration of Southern Ocean ophiuroids, we discuss the challenges inherent in using species lists, the power and limitations of genetic analyses, and revisit previous suggestions of building a spatial model of diversity that includes underlying evolutionary relationships transcending the simple species diversity approach, and that is applicable to assemblages, rather than just to individual taxa.
{"title":"Frontiers | Comparative phylogeography, a tool to increase assessment efficiency of polar assemblage resilience and vulnerability","authors":"Chester J. Sands, William P. Goodall-Copestake, Sabine Stöhr, Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Peter Convey","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1409618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1409618","url":null,"abstract":"The Southern Ocean benthos is remarkably rich and diverse, and managed under a complexity of treaties and conventions, further complicated by geopolitical boundaries. Traditionally, conservation management is largely informed by species lists augmented, when data are available, by known vulnerability of the taxa. Species presence absence database resources are valuable tools with proven and positive management outcomes, however, in a vast, difficult to access and thus understudied region such as the Southern Ocean, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding the ecology, ecophysiology, life history and even species identity. Conservation biogeography identifies regions of conservation concern, rather than a species-by-species approach, but also relies on the availability of high-quality presence data from species lists and thus both approaches are undermined when species lists are inaccurate or species in general are poorly described. In addition, the data provide a snapshot of the current species diversity and have inadequate power to identify the processes underlying the patterns uncovered. Identifying historical processes common to shaping diversity (species or genetic) can be generalized across assemblages and regions, providing a more robust basis for conservation policy and decisions. In this study, largely based on consideration of Southern Ocean ophiuroids, we discuss the challenges inherent in using species lists, the power and limitations of genetic analyses, and revisit previous suggestions of building a spatial model of diversity that includes underlying evolutionary relationships transcending the simple species diversity approach, and that is applicable to assemblages, rather than just to individual taxa.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141720219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1384291
G. L. Wingard, Chris L. Schneider, G. Dietl, Damien A. Fordham
Conservation paleobiology is a cross-disciplinary field that utilizes the geohistorical record of past life on Earth to inform present-day decisions in conservation and restoration and assist in planning for future natural resource management. However, information on how past ecosystems and species responded to environmental change over decadal to millennial timescales is rarely incorporated into conservation and restoration decision-making. To heighten awareness among conservation and restoration practitioners of the relevance of geohistorical data and to bridge the gap between research and implementation in conservation paleobiology, we proposed a Research Topic titled “Integrating Conservation Biology and Paleobiology to Manage Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World”. The 21 articles subsequently published demonstrate the diversity and breadth of geohistorical information available to resource management and the challenges of translating these results into conservation practice and policy. Here we discuss the lessons we learned from editing the Research Topic and suggest a pathway forward for conservation paleobiologists who aspire to generate actionable research results to solve current problems in biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.
{"title":"Turning setbacks into stepping-stones for growth in conservation paleobiology","authors":"G. L. Wingard, Chris L. Schneider, G. Dietl, Damien A. Fordham","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2024.1384291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1384291","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation paleobiology is a cross-disciplinary field that utilizes the geohistorical record of past life on Earth to inform present-day decisions in conservation and restoration and assist in planning for future natural resource management. However, information on how past ecosystems and species responded to environmental change over decadal to millennial timescales is rarely incorporated into conservation and restoration decision-making. To heighten awareness among conservation and restoration practitioners of the relevance of geohistorical data and to bridge the gap between research and implementation in conservation paleobiology, we proposed a Research Topic titled “Integrating Conservation Biology and Paleobiology to Manage Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World”. The 21 articles subsequently published demonstrate the diversity and breadth of geohistorical information available to resource management and the challenges of translating these results into conservation practice and policy. Here we discuss the lessons we learned from editing the Research Topic and suggest a pathway forward for conservation paleobiologists who aspire to generate actionable research results to solve current problems in biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.","PeriodicalId":12367,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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