The metrological verification of log scanners requires logs with accurately known dimensions as test objects. The measurement of the lengths and diameters must be traceable back to the SI (International System of Units) unit of length. The results have to be reported with the corresponding measurement uncertainties. The uncertainties are required to be 5 to 10 times lower than the corresponding maximum permissible errors allowed for the log scanner under test. This article presents a procedure for the reference measurement of logs using an off-the-shelf fringe projection system along with uncertainty budgets for the measured dimensions. The length and diameters are determined from the highly resolved mesh obtained by fringe projection using techniques from computational geometry and coordinate metrology. Corrections are applied to the length and diameter values to remove the systematic effect caused by scattering of projected light below the partially transparent log surface. The influence of the fringe projection system on the measured dimensions is determined by measurements of calibrated artifacts, which also provide the traceability back to the SI unit of length. The measurement is illustrated by the example of a log with a length of 2 m and a diameter of 280 mm. The corresponding uncertainty budgets, confirmed by repeat measurements, result in expanded uncertainties (confidence interval 95%) of 6 mm and 0.13 mm for length and diameter, respectively. These low values qualify the fringe projection measurement along with accompanying evaluation procedure to provide logs as reference objects for the verification of log scanners.
{"title":"Reference Measurement of Roundwood by Fringe Projection","authors":"C. Keck, R. Schödel","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The metrological verification of log scanners requires logs with accurately known dimensions as test objects. The measurement of the lengths and diameters must be traceable back to the SI (International System of Units) unit of length. The results have to be reported with the corresponding measurement uncertainties. The uncertainties are required to be 5 to 10 times lower than the corresponding maximum permissible errors allowed for the log scanner under test. This article presents a procedure for the reference measurement of logs using an off-the-shelf fringe projection system along with uncertainty budgets for the measured dimensions. The length and diameters are determined from the highly resolved mesh obtained by fringe projection using techniques from computational geometry and coordinate metrology. Corrections are applied to the length and diameter values to remove the systematic effect caused by scattering of projected light below the partially transparent log surface. The influence of the fringe projection system on the measured dimensions is determined by measurements of calibrated artifacts, which also provide the traceability back to the SI unit of length. The measurement is illustrated by the example of a log with a length of 2 m and a diameter of 280 mm. The corresponding uncertainty budgets, confirmed by repeat measurements, result in expanded uncertainties (confidence interval 95%) of 6 mm and 0.13 mm for length and diameter, respectively. These low values qualify the fringe projection measurement along with accompanying evaluation procedure to provide logs as reference objects for the verification of log scanners.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48422373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir is a provenance of Cunninghamia lanceolata, with high-value red heartwood, which is widely used in high-quality furniture and construction. Yet, there is still little information on heartwood development of this tree for high-value decorative timber, which is essential to improve one's plantation management strategy. Here, we investigated the horizontal and vertical variation of heartwood and sapwood and simulated heartwood formation process using stem analysis method. We selected 15 sample trees from five plots of 20 m × 30 m in Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir plantations (9, 15, 26, 29, and 34 years old, respectively). The results showed that Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir stems began to form heartwood when the xylem diameter reached 4 to 8 cm. The heartwood diameter and area, as well as the sapwood area, all increased in the different-aged Chenshan red-heart Chinese firs with increasing xylem diameter and decreased with increasing tree height. As tree height increased, the red heartwood formation rate declined at all ages. Relationship analysis showed that xylem diameter was the most important factor influencing heartwood formation. Red heartwood rate at breast height could be modeled by logistic models. We concluded that heartwood formation began at about 7 years old, and the formation rate increased until peaking at 60 percent at 40 years old. In conclusion, it will be imperative to prolong the Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir rotation period from the currently common 25 years to about 40 years to achieve the maximum sustainable yield of high-value decorative timber.
陈山红心杉木是杉木的种源，具有高价值的红心材，广泛用于优质家具和建筑。然而，关于这种树作为高价值装饰木材的心材开发的信息仍然很少，这对改善人工林管理策略至关重要。本文采用茎干分析方法，研究了心材和边材的水平和垂直变化，模拟了心材的形成过程。选取陈山红心杉木人工林5块样地，面积为20 m × 30 m，分别为9、15、26、29和34年树龄，共15棵。结果表明，陈山红心杉木茎在木质部直径达到4 ~ 8 cm时开始形成心材。不同树龄陈山红心杉木的心材直径、面积和边材面积均随木质部直径的增加而增加，随树高的增加而减少。随着树高的增加，红心材形成率在各年龄段均呈下降趋势。关系分析表明，木质部直径是影响心材形成的最重要因素。胸高红心材率可用logistic模型建模。我们得出结论，心材的形成始于7岁左右，形成率逐渐增加，在40岁时达到60%的峰值。综上所述，为了实现高价值装饰木材的最大可持续产量，必须将陈山红心杉木的轮作周期从目前常见的25年延长到40年左右。
{"title":"Heartwood and Sapwood Variation and Development in Chenshan Red-Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook)","authors":"Huiling Kang, X. Wen, X. Deng, Liang Chen, Fuming Xiao","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir is a provenance of Cunninghamia lanceolata, with high-value red heartwood, which is widely used in high-quality furniture and construction. Yet, there is still little information on heartwood development of this tree for high-value decorative timber, which is essential to improve one's plantation management strategy. Here, we investigated the horizontal and vertical variation of heartwood and sapwood and simulated heartwood formation process using stem analysis method. We selected 15 sample trees from five plots of 20 m × 30 m in Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir plantations (9, 15, 26, 29, and 34 years old, respectively). The results showed that Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir stems began to form heartwood when the xylem diameter reached 4 to 8 cm. The heartwood diameter and area, as well as the sapwood area, all increased in the different-aged Chenshan red-heart Chinese firs with increasing xylem diameter and decreased with increasing tree height. As tree height increased, the red heartwood formation rate declined at all ages. Relationship analysis showed that xylem diameter was the most important factor influencing heartwood formation. Red heartwood rate at breast height could be modeled by logistic models. We concluded that heartwood formation began at about 7 years old, and the formation rate increased until peaking at 60 percent at 40 years old. In conclusion, it will be imperative to prolong the Chenshan red-heart Chinese fir rotation period from the currently common 25 years to about 40 years to achieve the maximum sustainable yield of high-value decorative timber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension Rheological Properties Using a Rotational Viscometer","authors":"Yucheng Peng, Changlei Xia, B. Via","doi":"10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41573974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Yang, He Sun, Shuangmao Yang, Wen Sun, Yingfeng Zhao, Bin Li, Wei Wang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Shi-jun Jiang, Qian Xu
{"title":"Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of the Changes in Chemical Composition of Wooden Components: Part II—The Ancient Building of Danxia Temple","authors":"Yan Yang, He Sun, Shuangmao Yang, Wen Sun, Yingfeng Zhao, Bin Li, Wei Wang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Shi-jun Jiang, Qian Xu","doi":"10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48404261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. França, R. Shmulsky, J. Ratcliff, B. Farber, C. A. Senalik, R. Ross, R. D. Seale
When discussing structural southern yellow pine lumber, questions frequently are asked regarding changes over time. This is a significant area of discussion given that structural lumber properties (i.e., design values) were changed around 2012. Climate change, forest management, genetics, processing, and others are listed among the many possible contributing factors. Of interest are these questions: (1) Are changes in bending properties permanent at some fundamental level, or are they somewhat dynamic and responsive to controllable factors? (2) To what degree have the basic southern pine wood mechanical properties changed over time? Related thereto, this research examines the bending properties of small clear pine specimens from three samples. Sample 1 was pulled from a production-weighted sample of in-grade parent lumber. Sample 2 was pulled from commercially available molding and millwork. Sample 3 was pulled from data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forestry Products Laboratory from the early to mid-1960s. The flexural properties of small clear specimens among the three samples showed some statistically significant differences. However, there was no clear trend regarding these differences. These results appear to support the notion that while the variability of pine's flexural properties is significant and that while many changes in forest management and production have occurred over the past five decades, the basic density and bending strength of clear southern pine appear generally stable over time.
{"title":"Yellow Pine Small Clear Flexural Properties across Five Decades","authors":"F. França, R. Shmulsky, J. Ratcliff, B. Farber, C. A. Senalik, R. Ross, R. D. Seale","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-20-00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When discussing structural southern yellow pine lumber, questions frequently are asked regarding changes over time. This is a significant area of discussion given that structural lumber properties (i.e., design values) were changed around 2012. Climate change, forest management, genetics, processing, and others are listed among the many possible contributing factors. Of interest are these questions: (1) Are changes in bending properties permanent at some fundamental level, or are they somewhat dynamic and responsive to controllable factors? (2) To what degree have the basic southern pine wood mechanical properties changed over time? Related thereto, this research examines the bending properties of small clear pine specimens from three samples. Sample 1 was pulled from a production-weighted sample of in-grade parent lumber. Sample 2 was pulled from commercially available molding and millwork. Sample 3 was pulled from data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forestry Products Laboratory from the early to mid-1960s. The flexural properties of small clear specimens among the three samples showed some statistically significant differences. However, there was no clear trend regarding these differences. These results appear to support the notion that while the variability of pine's flexural properties is significant and that while many changes in forest management and production have occurred over the past five decades, the basic density and bending strength of clear southern pine appear generally stable over time.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43733246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kojima, T. Makino, Kazuaki Ota, Kazushige Murayama, H. Kobori, K. Aoki, Shigehiko Suzuki, Hirokazu Ito
{"title":"Evaluation of the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Insulation Fiberboard with Cellulose Nanofibers","authors":"Y. Kojima, T. Makino, Kazuaki Ota, Kazushige Murayama, H. Kobori, K. Aoki, Shigehiko Suzuki, Hirokazu Ito","doi":"10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-21-00030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44081705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lili Shang, Xinge Liu, Zehui Jiang, Gen-lin Tian, Shumin Yang
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), an apt example of an anisotropic, functionally graded composite material, is the most important commercial bamboo species of China. This species has excellent mechanical properties due to its unique vascular bundle structure. This article examines the variation in mechanical properties of single vascular bundles with respect to their location within a bamboo culm. The mechanical exfoliation method was used to prepare the single vascular bundle. This study found that moso bamboo has superior stiffness and strength. Additionally, the variation in properties was large in the radial direction but minimal in longitudinal direction. The large variation in mechanical properties of vascular bundles can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the fibrous sheath and parenchyma rather than to changes in fibrous sheath properties. This study provides a basis for the structure application for moso bamboo.
{"title":"Variation in Tensile Properties of Single Vascular Bundles in Moso Bamboo","authors":"Lili Shang, Xinge Liu, Zehui Jiang, Gen-lin Tian, Shumin Yang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), an apt example of an anisotropic, functionally graded composite material, is the most important commercial bamboo species of China. This species has excellent mechanical properties due to its unique vascular bundle structure. This article examines the variation in mechanical properties of single vascular bundles with respect to their location within a bamboo culm. The mechanical exfoliation method was used to prepare the single vascular bundle. This study found that moso bamboo has superior stiffness and strength. Additionally, the variation in properties was large in the radial direction but minimal in longitudinal direction. The large variation in mechanical properties of vascular bundles can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the fibrous sheath and parenchyma rather than to changes in fibrous sheath properties. This study provides a basis for the structure application for moso bamboo.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41504681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flame-retardant reed inorganic particleboard was prepared by hot-pressing with reed particles as a reinforcing material and using magnesite cement as an inorganic adhesive. The effects of inorganic sizing amount, density, and hot-pressing temperature and time on the properties of reed inorganic particleboard were investigated by orthogonal testing. Particleboard properties were tested and characterized by means of a universal mechanical testing machine, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cone calorimetry. The results showed that the mechanical properties of particleboard prepared under conditions of 60 percent sizing capacity, 100°C hot-pressing temperature, 15 minutes hot-pressing time, and 1.2 g/cm3 density were the best, reaching the national standard for cement particleboard. At 60 percent sizing, the characteristic peak value of inorganic adhesive hydrate crystal phase was the largest, the crystallization area dense and orderly, and the coating effect on shavings good; these attributes confirmed the trend of mechanical properties of reed shavings board increasing with sizing amount. Thus, the sizing amount had a significant influence on flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of this particleboard. With an increased application amount, the heat release and total heat release rates of the particleboard and total smoke generation rate showed decreasing trends. Additionally, when the ignition time was delayed, the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of the particleboard was enhanced.
{"title":"Study on Performance of Flame Retardant and Smokeless Reed/Magnesite Cement Inorganic Particleboard","authors":"Zheng Xia, Li Peiqi, Lin Yunfei, Li Xingong","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-20-00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Flame-retardant reed inorganic particleboard was prepared by hot-pressing with reed particles as a reinforcing material and using magnesite cement as an inorganic adhesive. The effects of inorganic sizing amount, density, and hot-pressing temperature and time on the properties of reed inorganic particleboard were investigated by orthogonal testing. Particleboard properties were tested and characterized by means of a universal mechanical testing machine, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cone calorimetry. The results showed that the mechanical properties of particleboard prepared under conditions of 60 percent sizing capacity, 100°C hot-pressing temperature, 15 minutes hot-pressing time, and 1.2 g/cm3 density were the best, reaching the national standard for cement particleboard. At 60 percent sizing, the characteristic peak value of inorganic adhesive hydrate crystal phase was the largest, the crystallization area dense and orderly, and the coating effect on shavings good; these attributes confirmed the trend of mechanical properties of reed shavings board increasing with sizing amount. Thus, the sizing amount had a significant influence on flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of this particleboard. With an increased application amount, the heat release and total heat release rates of the particleboard and total smoke generation rate showed decreasing trends. Additionally, when the ignition time was delayed, the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of the particleboard was enhanced.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44092725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Shmulsky, F. França, J. Ratcliff, B. Farber, Adam Senalik, R. Ross, R. D. Seale
Southern yellow pine (SYP) is one of the most used softwood species in the world. Most of this raw material come from fast-grown plantation trees. It is of interest to determine if SYP clear wood properties may have changed over the long term, in particular whether such properties may have declined. Herein, specific gravity (SG), ultimate compression strength parallel to grain (UCS‖), and UCS perpendicular to grain (UCS⊥) from three samples were compared: Sample 1 tested in 2014; Sample 2 from molding and millwork producers tested in 2017–2019; and Sample 3 from a study conducted in the mid-1960s. With respect to specific gravity (SG), the wood in Sample 1 was significantly lower than that from Samples 2 and 3. With respect to UCS‖, all three samples were statistically different. Adjusting to 12 percent moisture content had no influence on the mean separation of UCS‖. With respect to UCS⊥, no statistically significant differences were detected among the test data from any of the three samples. However, for the UCS data generated from the SG and moisture content–related model, Sample 2 was higher than Sample 3, and Sample 3 was higher than Sample 1, and these differences were statistically significant. Overall, these findings do not suggest that broad or consistent changes or declines of these wood strength properties have occurred during the past five decades.
{"title":"Compression Properties of Small Clear Southern Yellow Pine Specimens Tested across Five Decades","authors":"R. Shmulsky, F. França, J. Ratcliff, B. Farber, Adam Senalik, R. Ross, R. D. Seale","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-20-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Southern yellow pine (SYP) is one of the most used softwood species in the world. Most of this raw material come from fast-grown plantation trees. It is of interest to determine if SYP clear wood properties may have changed over the long term, in particular whether such properties may have declined. Herein, specific gravity (SG), ultimate compression strength parallel to grain (UCS‖), and UCS perpendicular to grain (UCS⊥) from three samples were compared: Sample 1 tested in 2014; Sample 2 from molding and millwork producers tested in 2017–2019; and Sample 3 from a study conducted in the mid-1960s. With respect to specific gravity (SG), the wood in Sample 1 was significantly lower than that from Samples 2 and 3. With respect to UCS‖, all three samples were statistically different. Adjusting to 12 percent moisture content had no influence on the mean separation of UCS‖. With respect to UCS⊥, no statistically significant differences were detected among the test data from any of the three samples. However, for the UCS data generated from the SG and moisture content–related model, Sample 2 was higher than Sample 3, and Sample 3 was higher than Sample 1, and these differences were statistically significant. Overall, these findings do not suggest that broad or consistent changes or declines of these wood strength properties have occurred during the past five decades.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44325886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1990, Europe, North America, and the Asian democracies of Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea (JTK) were the major export markets for U.S. hardwood lumber and oak species accounted for 59 percent of total exports. In the 1990s, shipments to Europe and North America increased, while shipments to JTK declined. During the early 2000s, exports to China and Vietnam (CHV) increased. The worldwide recession of 2009 caused exports to decline in all regions, and oak species accounted for 37 percent of total shipments that year. Since 2010, CHV has become the most important export market for all species except maple. In 2020, oak species accounted for 43 percent of total export volume, and walnut ranked third in value of shipments. An examination of imputed prices found that exports tend to be composed of mid- to higher-quality hardwood lumber. Since 1997, real prices of exported lumber have declined for most species, and this decline occurred concurrently with increased U.S. sawtimber volume. In the 1990s, increased exports expanded the market for domestically produced hardwood lumber. Since the early 2000s, increased lumber exports have partially countered reduced domestic demand and have acted as a hedge against greater declines in overall demand for U.S. hardwood lumber.
{"title":"Regional Analysis of U.S. Lumber Exports for Important Hardwood Species from 1990 to 2020","authors":"W. Luppold, M. Bumgardner","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In 1990, Europe, North America, and the Asian democracies of Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea (JTK) were the major export markets for U.S. hardwood lumber and oak species accounted for 59 percent of total exports. In the 1990s, shipments to Europe and North America increased, while shipments to JTK declined. During the early 2000s, exports to China and Vietnam (CHV) increased. The worldwide recession of 2009 caused exports to decline in all regions, and oak species accounted for 37 percent of total shipments that year. Since 2010, CHV has become the most important export market for all species except maple. In 2020, oak species accounted for 43 percent of total export volume, and walnut ranked third in value of shipments. An examination of imputed prices found that exports tend to be composed of mid- to higher-quality hardwood lumber. Since 1997, real prices of exported lumber have declined for most species, and this decline occurred concurrently with increased U.S. sawtimber volume. In the 1990s, increased exports expanded the market for domestically produced hardwood lumber. Since the early 2000s, increased lumber exports have partially countered reduced domestic demand and have acted as a hedge against greater declines in overall demand for U.S. hardwood lumber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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