Waste rubber is abundant worldwide and threatens to be an environmental hazard for decades to come. This has led to an interest in the use of recycled rubber materials in value-added products. One such possible use is in the wood products industry. The research analyzed the strength and acoustic properties of composite pine particleboard that contained 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent micronized rubber powder, a dry powdered elastomeric crumb rubber, by weight. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate was used as the bonding adhesive to produce five particleboard samples, including a control board. Test samples were cut from the five parent boards for use in strength and acoustic testing. Measured displacement values for a simply loaded and simply supported load scenario were used to calculate the modulus of rupture and apparent modulus of elasticity for each composite particleboard. Acoustic measurement by impedance tube provided comparisons of the sound absorption coefficient for frequencies ranging from 60 to 6,300 Hz. Results revealed that the addition of micronized rubber powder led to a decrease in modulus of elasticity and no significant difference in modulus of rupture values as compared with the control. Statistical analysis indicated a decrease in sound absorption in particleboard that contained micronized rubber powder when compared with the control.
{"title":"Acoustic and Strength Characterization of Particleboard and Micronized Rubber Powder Composites","authors":"J. T. Cole, Jason Street, C. Blake","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Waste rubber is abundant worldwide and threatens to be an environmental hazard for decades to come. This has led to an interest in the use of recycled rubber materials in value-added products. One such possible use is in the wood products industry. The research analyzed the strength and acoustic properties of composite pine particleboard that contained 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent micronized rubber powder, a dry powdered elastomeric crumb rubber, by weight. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate was used as the bonding adhesive to produce five particleboard samples, including a control board. Test samples were cut from the five parent boards for use in strength and acoustic testing. Measured displacement values for a simply loaded and simply supported load scenario were used to calculate the modulus of rupture and apparent modulus of elasticity for each composite particleboard. Acoustic measurement by impedance tube provided comparisons of the sound absorption coefficient for frequencies ranging from 60 to 6,300 Hz. Results revealed that the addition of micronized rubber powder led to a decrease in modulus of elasticity and no significant difference in modulus of rupture values as compared with the control. Statistical analysis indicated a decrease in sound absorption in particleboard that contained micronized rubber powder when compared with the control.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Breyer, Melissa Cannon, Jessica Jennings, Steve Ashley
The lap shear test has been the standard for bond strength testing in plywood for years. Its goal is to predict the long-term durability of the plywood panels. This test has also been used for root cause analysis by mill quality management teams to identify issues. There are several problems with the test, two significant problems being, (1) the only bond tested is the one that is next to the veneer tested, and (2) the test is highly subjective to the accuracy of the kerfing. This paper will address the first problem, which is the larger issue. During the long-term exposure of the panel, the bond lines most likely to fail are the exposed surface or, more likely, the weakest bond. The lap shear test does not test all the bonds simultaneously, so there is no way to ensure the weakest bond is tested on each sample. The data included in this article clearly showed that there was a difference between the bond lines that would be missed in the standard lap shear test. Lastly, the main bonds tested are in the center of the panel; therefore, the result would be biased and may not be an accurate representation of how the panel would perform in the field. These deficiencies are remedied by shifting to the standard internal bond testing common in other wood products.
{"title":"The Value of Transitioning from the Lap Shear to an Internal Bond for Testing Plywood","authors":"R. Breyer, Melissa Cannon, Jessica Jennings, Steve Ashley","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The lap shear test has been the standard for bond strength testing in plywood for years. Its goal is to predict the long-term durability of the plywood panels. This test has also been used for root cause analysis by mill quality management teams to identify issues. There are several problems with the test, two significant problems being, (1) the only bond tested is the one that is next to the veneer tested, and (2) the test is highly subjective to the accuracy of the kerfing. This paper will address the first problem, which is the larger issue. During the long-term exposure of the panel, the bond lines most likely to fail are the exposed surface or, more likely, the weakest bond. The lap shear test does not test all the bonds simultaneously, so there is no way to ensure the weakest bond is tested on each sample. The data included in this article clearly showed that there was a difference between the bond lines that would be missed in the standard lap shear test. Lastly, the main bonds tested are in the center of the panel; therefore, the result would be biased and may not be an accurate representation of how the panel would perform in the field. These deficiencies are remedied by shifting to the standard internal bond testing common in other wood products.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44002470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the largest contributors to the economic loss from floods is the complete or partial destruction of residential buildings, and finding ways to eliminate or minimize this loss is important. Oriented strand board (OSB) is a wood product commonly used in home construction, so a better understanding of how flood water affects its mechanical properties is warranted. In this study, the moduli of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR, respectively) of representative samples removed from full-size (4 by 8-ft [1.2 by 2.4 m]) OSB panels were examined following the submergence of the panels in potable and salt water (surrogates for flood water) for increasing periods of time (i.e., 8, 24, 48, 72, 168, and 336 h). The results of our study show that after 8 hours of panel submersion in potable water, MOR and MOE is reduced by 15 percent and 16 percent, respectively; no significant change was observed in MOR and MOE for panels soaked in salt water. After 168 hours, the MOR loss was 43 percent for panels soaked in potable water and 38 percent for panels soaked in salt water. For MOE, there was a 35 percent loss regardless of water type. Submersion of panels in either water type for an additional 168 hours resulted in no significant change in MOR or MOE. The MOR and MOE of samples removed from the edges of the submerged panels, for both water types, were lower than those of the interior samples. Finally, the decreases in average MOR and MOE following submergence in either water type were approximately independent of brand.
{"title":"Strength Properties of Full-Size Oriented Strand Board Panels Following Submergence in Potable and Salt Water","authors":"T. Strayhorn, Phil Mitchell, D. Tilotta","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the largest contributors to the economic loss from floods is the complete or partial destruction of residential buildings, and finding ways to eliminate or minimize this loss is important. Oriented strand board (OSB) is a wood product commonly used in home construction, so a better understanding of how flood water affects its mechanical properties is warranted. In this study, the moduli of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR, respectively) of representative samples removed from full-size (4 by 8-ft [1.2 by 2.4 m]) OSB panels were examined following the submergence of the panels in potable and salt water (surrogates for flood water) for increasing periods of time (i.e., 8, 24, 48, 72, 168, and 336 h). The results of our study show that after 8 hours of panel submersion in potable water, MOR and MOE is reduced by 15 percent and 16 percent, respectively; no significant change was observed in MOR and MOE for panels soaked in salt water. After 168 hours, the MOR loss was 43 percent for panels soaked in potable water and 38 percent for panels soaked in salt water. For MOE, there was a 35 percent loss regardless of water type. Submersion of panels in either water type for an additional 168 hours resulted in no significant change in MOR or MOE. The MOR and MOE of samples removed from the edges of the submerged panels, for both water types, were lower than those of the interior samples. Finally, the decreases in average MOR and MOE following submergence in either water type were approximately independent of brand.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Asafu-Adjaye, A. Alawode, B. Via, Sujit Banerjee
Partial (10% to 30%) substitution of soy flour in polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin substantially reduces platen sticking during hot-pressing of particle mats. Adding the soy flour to a fixed dose of pMDI (instead of substituting it) reduces platen sticking to an even greater extent. The soy decreases the tack of cured pMDI, thereby reducing the propensity of resinated particles to transfer to the platen. The tack reduction effect of soy on cured pMDI contrasts with its effect on uncured pMDI, where the cold tack is increased.
{"title":"Soy Flour Substitution in Polymeric Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Resin Reduces Press Platen Sticking","authors":"O. Asafu-Adjaye, A. Alawode, B. Via, Sujit Banerjee","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00056","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Partial (10% to 30%) substitution of soy flour in polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin substantially reduces platen sticking during hot-pressing of particle mats. Adding the soy flour to a fixed dose of pMDI (instead of substituting it) reduces platen sticking to an even greater extent. The soy decreases the tack of cured pMDI, thereby reducing the propensity of resinated particles to transfer to the platen. The tack reduction effect of soy on cured pMDI contrasts with its effect on uncured pMDI, where the cold tack is increased.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66253559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on designing a methodological workflow to fill a knowledge gap for determining the cost of capital for commercial forestry projects. Upon reviewing the literature, a method to determine the cost of capital for profit-oriented forestry seems to be lacking. Accordingly, we selected and analyzed 42 companies that do businesses worldwide, are present on the stock exchange, and possess or lease forest land. Based on their business activities (growing forest, sawmilling, final production, paper production), these companies are classified into four subgroups. An algorithm has been devised using the concept of risk diversification and the capital asset pricing model for three groups of investors and four forestry subgroups. In doing so, the real risk-free rate (0.43%) is set as the difference between an average return on 10-year US government bonds (2.59% nominal) and the 10-year average US inflation rate (2.16%). The measure of forestry systematic risk (beta coefficient) varies between 0.83 and 1.41, while the equity (stock exchange market) risk premium is set to 6%. Unsystematic risk is determined using a process of mapping which takes into account all risk elements marked as relevant for the forestry sector. This approach provides results that reveal the cost of capital varying between 5.41% and 16.55% based on the current level of an investor's portfolio diversification and the risk characteristics of the forestry subgroup. Finally, the forestry companies meeting the investor's expectations are noted as preferable investment opportunities.
{"title":"How to Determine the Cost of Capital for a Commercial Forestry","authors":"K. Beljan, Denis Dolinar, D. Hodges","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper focuses on designing a methodological workflow to fill a knowledge gap for determining the cost of capital for commercial forestry projects. Upon reviewing the literature, a method to determine the cost of capital for profit-oriented forestry seems to be lacking. Accordingly, we selected and analyzed 42 companies that do businesses worldwide, are present on the stock exchange, and possess or lease forest land. Based on their business activities (growing forest, sawmilling, final production, paper production), these companies are classified into four subgroups. An algorithm has been devised using the concept of risk diversification and the capital asset pricing model for three groups of investors and four forestry subgroups. In doing so, the real risk-free rate (0.43%) is set as the difference between an average return on 10-year US government bonds (2.59% nominal) and the 10-year average US inflation rate (2.16%). The measure of forestry systematic risk (beta coefficient) varies between 0.83 and 1.41, while the equity (stock exchange market) risk premium is set to 6%. Unsystematic risk is determined using a process of mapping which takes into account all risk elements marked as relevant for the forestry sector. This approach provides results that reveal the cost of capital varying between 5.41% and 16.55% based on the current level of an investor's portfolio diversification and the risk characteristics of the forestry subgroup. Finally, the forestry companies meeting the investor's expectations are noted as preferable investment opportunities.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44925452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firms engaged in producing, processing, marketing, or using lumber and lumber products always invest in futures markets to reduce the risk of lumber price volatility. The accurate prediction of real-time prices can help companies and investors hedge risks and make correct market decisions. This paper explores whether Internet browsing habits can accurately nowcast the lumber futures price. The predictors are Google Trends index data related to lumber prices. This study offers a fresh perspective on nowcasting the lumber price accurately. The novel outlook of employing both machine learning and deep learning methods shows that despite the high predictive power of both the methods, on average, deep learning models can better capture trends and provide more accurate predictions than machine learning models. The artificial neural network model is the most competitive, followed by the recurrent neural network model.
{"title":"Nowcasting of Lumber Futures Price with Google Trends Index Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models","authors":"M. He, WenYing Li, B. Via, Yaoqi Zhang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Firms engaged in producing, processing, marketing, or using lumber and lumber products always invest in futures markets to reduce the risk of lumber price volatility. The accurate prediction of real-time prices can help companies and investors hedge risks and make correct market decisions. This paper explores whether Internet browsing habits can accurately nowcast the lumber futures price. The predictors are Google Trends index data related to lumber prices. This study offers a fresh perspective on nowcasting the lumber price accurately. The novel outlook of employing both machine learning and deep learning methods shows that despite the high predictive power of both the methods, on average, deep learning models can better capture trends and provide more accurate predictions than machine learning models. The artificial neural network model is the most competitive, followed by the recurrent neural network model.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44746699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Utilization of low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber would provide for alternative structural lumber sources and promote the growth of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing facilities within the Appalachian Region. A significant amount of low-grade yellow-poplar lumber (i.e., National Hardwood Lumber Association [NHLA] No. 2A and Below Grade) is utilized for wood pallets. In practice, this material is not graded for structural purposes. Additionally, research on yellow-poplar for structural use has focused on grading lumber from a small population of selected logs, not by regrading NHLA lumber from manufacturing facilities. Therefore, the research's objective was to investigate the structural grades of a typical population of NHLA graded No. 2 and lower lumber and evaluate their potential to meet structural grades necessary for CLT panels. NHLA graded lumber was regraded and assigned to visual structural grades following Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association rules and evaluated for flatwise bending modulus of elasticity (MOEb) by nondestructive proof loading. The results of the study indicated that 54.6 percent of the boards possessed a minimal structural visual grade required for CLT panels according to American National Standards Institutes/The Engineered Wood Association (ANSI/APA) PRG 320-2019 (2020). Splits were the most common limiting defect that downgraded boards to nonstructural grades. Also, 96.6 percent of the boards evaluated had a MOEb above the required minimal board value of 1.2 ×106 psi (8,274 MPa) listed in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 (2020). The results of the study indicated that a majority of NHLA low-grade yellow-poplar, when regraded for structural purposes, meets or exceeds minimum lumber grade values necessary for use in CLT panel production.
{"title":"Evaluation of Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) as Raw Material for Cross-Laminated Timber Panel Production","authors":"Rafael da Rosa Azambuja, D. DeVallance, J. Mcneel","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Utilization of low-grade yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber would provide for alternative structural lumber sources and promote the growth of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufacturing facilities within the Appalachian Region. A significant amount of low-grade yellow-poplar lumber (i.e., National Hardwood Lumber Association [NHLA] No. 2A and Below Grade) is utilized for wood pallets. In practice, this material is not graded for structural purposes. Additionally, research on yellow-poplar for structural use has focused on grading lumber from a small population of selected logs, not by regrading NHLA lumber from manufacturing facilities. Therefore, the research's objective was to investigate the structural grades of a typical population of NHLA graded No. 2 and lower lumber and evaluate their potential to meet structural grades necessary for CLT panels. NHLA graded lumber was regraded and assigned to visual structural grades following Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association rules and evaluated for flatwise bending modulus of elasticity (MOEb) by nondestructive proof loading. The results of the study indicated that 54.6 percent of the boards possessed a minimal structural visual grade required for CLT panels according to American National Standards Institutes/The Engineered Wood Association (ANSI/APA) PRG 320-2019 (2020). Splits were the most common limiting defect that downgraded boards to nonstructural grades. Also, 96.6 percent of the boards evaluated had a MOEb above the required minimal board value of 1.2 ×106 psi (8,274 MPa) listed in ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019 (2020). The results of the study indicated that a majority of NHLA low-grade yellow-poplar, when regraded for structural purposes, meets or exceeds minimum lumber grade values necessary for use in CLT panel production.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48198572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existing forest resource accounting system is limited to the valuation of wood and forest products; the service value of the forest resource ecosystem is not yet included. This study adopts an empirical approach to studying the rationality and influencing factors of compiling a forest resource balance sheet (FRBS). An FRBS can systematically reflect the contribution of forest resources to the economy, ecology, and society in terms of both physical quantity and value quantity. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the data. We found that the determination and measurement of forest resource assets and liabilities and the calculation of the service value of the ecosystem had a supporting effect on the rationality of compiling an FRBS. This study expands the field and scope of forest resource accounting, facilitates the compilation of natural resources and government balance sheets, and presents the practical significance for the theory and practice behind the development of an FRBS.
{"title":"The Rationality of Compiling a Forest Resource Balance Sheet","authors":"Lijun Jin, Meng Lin, Guoshuang Tian","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The existing forest resource accounting system is limited to the valuation of wood and forest products; the service value of the forest resource ecosystem is not yet included. This study adopts an empirical approach to studying the rationality and influencing factors of compiling a forest resource balance sheet (FRBS). An FRBS can systematically reflect the contribution of forest resources to the economy, ecology, and society in terms of both physical quantity and value quantity. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the data. We found that the determination and measurement of forest resource assets and liabilities and the calculation of the service value of the ecosystem had a supporting effect on the rationality of compiling an FRBS. This study expands the field and scope of forest resource accounting, facilitates the compilation of natural resources and government balance sheets, and presents the practical significance for the theory and practice behind the development of an FRBS.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41663541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fang-Da Zhang, Jilei Wang, L. Guo, An-min Huang, Wenna Wang
Dalbergia cochinchinensis can be distinguished from Dalbergia retusa, Dalbergia bariensis, and Dalbergia oliveri quickly using infrared spectrum characteristic peaks as shown in a previous study. To investigate the components corresponding to the infrared characteristic peaks of Dalbergia cochinchinensis, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and butyl alcohol were sequentially used to extract the dispersion liquid of D. cochinchinensis. The petroleum ether extracts were further fractionated by column chromatography, using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to track the characteristic components during separation. FTIR spectra of petroleum ether extractives indicated the presence of aromatic ketones and olefin compounds. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry research showed some main components and gave possible structure. Furthermore, their detailed structures were characterized thorough a nuclear magnetic resonance approach, and then two possible components (3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one) were identified.
{"title":"Study on the Characteristic Components of Distinguishing Dalbergia cochinchinensis from the Other Three Similar Dalbergia Species","authors":"Fang-Da Zhang, Jilei Wang, L. Guo, An-min Huang, Wenna Wang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dalbergia cochinchinensis can be distinguished from Dalbergia retusa, Dalbergia bariensis, and Dalbergia oliveri quickly using infrared spectrum characteristic peaks as shown in a previous study. To investigate the components corresponding to the infrared characteristic peaks of Dalbergia cochinchinensis, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and butyl alcohol were sequentially used to extract the dispersion liquid of D. cochinchinensis. The petroleum ether extracts were further fractionated by column chromatography, using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to track the characteristic components during separation. FTIR spectra of petroleum ether extractives indicated the presence of aromatic ketones and olefin compounds. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry research showed some main components and gave possible structure. Furthermore, their detailed structures were characterized thorough a nuclear magnetic resonance approach, and then two possible components (3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenylchroman-4-one) were identified.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43926811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shashika Himandi, Priyan Perera, H. Amarasekera, R. Rupasinghe, R. Vlosky
The Moratuwa Woodworking Industry Cluster (MWIC) is a geographically concentrated cluster of over 1,600 small-to-medium scale wood-based manufacturing and retail facilities in Sri Lanka. Firms include furniture manufacturers, carpentry shops, sawmills, and integrated sawmills. The concept of industrial symbiosis explores the synergies between industrial facilities to exchange energy, water, by-products, and waste to achieve a higher efficiency in resource utilization. This research was undertaken to address the lack of quantitative information on wood residues generated within the MWIC. A survey of 180 primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify MWIC firm by-product production and consumption of wood residues to establish a baseline for possible end use and waste synergies. The total population of enterprises generating wood waste is 730; retail facilities are not included. Sawmills produce approximately 66% of the 6,490 MT of MWIC's monthly wood residue generation, with the balance produced by carpentry and integrated enterprises. Teak (Tectona grandis) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) are the dominant species used in the MWIC, accounting for most of the wood waste. Three main types of wood waste were identified in the survey: sawdust (76.5%), boards with significant wane (16.5%) unusable for further products, and offcuts (6.9%). Only 55% of the wood waste generated in MWIC is currently used; the remaining 45% is taken to landfills or disposed of in other ways, such as discarded in waterways or other nonapproved locations. Improved wood waste sorting by type at the mill level and aggregated wood waste within the MWIC was determined to increase the usability of wood waste as potential inputs in other wood manufacturing sectors in the MWIC.
{"title":"Wood Residues in the Moratuwa Woodworking Industry Cluster of Sri Lanka: Potential for Sector Synergies and Value-Added Products","authors":"Shashika Himandi, Priyan Perera, H. Amarasekera, R. Rupasinghe, R. Vlosky","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-21-00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Moratuwa Woodworking Industry Cluster (MWIC) is a geographically concentrated cluster of over 1,600 small-to-medium scale wood-based manufacturing and retail facilities in Sri Lanka. Firms include furniture manufacturers, carpentry shops, sawmills, and integrated sawmills. The concept of industrial symbiosis explores the synergies between industrial facilities to exchange energy, water, by-products, and waste to achieve a higher efficiency in resource utilization. This research was undertaken to address the lack of quantitative information on wood residues generated within the MWIC. A survey of 180 primary and secondary wood product manufacturers was undertaken to quantify MWIC firm by-product production and consumption of wood residues to establish a baseline for possible end use and waste synergies. The total population of enterprises generating wood waste is 730; retail facilities are not included. Sawmills produce approximately 66% of the 6,490 MT of MWIC's monthly wood residue generation, with the balance produced by carpentry and integrated enterprises. Teak (Tectona grandis) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) are the dominant species used in the MWIC, accounting for most of the wood waste. Three main types of wood waste were identified in the survey: sawdust (76.5%), boards with significant wane (16.5%) unusable for further products, and offcuts (6.9%). Only 55% of the wood waste generated in MWIC is currently used; the remaining 45% is taken to landfills or disposed of in other ways, such as discarded in waterways or other nonapproved locations. Improved wood waste sorting by type at the mill level and aggregated wood waste within the MWIC was determined to increase the usability of wood waste as potential inputs in other wood manufacturing sectors in the MWIC.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42753815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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