Forest products and timber harvesting businesses were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes how forest products companies used Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans to keep over 487,000 workers in the forest industry on payroll through the pandemic. This article also summarizes the Pandemic Assistance for Timber Harvesters and Haulers (PATHH) program, payments provided to timber harvesting and hauling businesses that experienced losses in revenue in 2020. Timber harvesting and hauling companies that received a PATHH payment reported US$1.27 trillion in total revenue lost between 2019 and 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"A Summary of COVID-19 Pandemic Assistance to US Forest Products Companies","authors":"M. Russell","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Forest products and timber harvesting businesses were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes how forest products companies used Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans to keep over 487,000 workers in the forest industry on payroll through the pandemic. This article also summarizes the Pandemic Assistance for Timber Harvesters and Haulers (PATHH) program, payments provided to timber harvesting and hauling businesses that experienced losses in revenue in 2020. Timber harvesting and hauling companies that received a PATHH payment reported US$1.27 trillion in total revenue lost between 2019 and 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49261556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi
{"title":"Report on the Peter and Doris Koch Endowment Funds through 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.bmi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66242354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass ply panels (MPP), a relatively new mass timber product, has been utilized in several construction projects as diaphragm and wall panels. Connection for MPP is a crucial structural component that requires a better understanding. This article presents an experimental investigation into elevated temperature exposure–driven property degradation of MPP nailed connections, which is important for both the design of new structures in terms of fire resistance and the rehabilitation of structures partially damaged by fire. One control group and 32 exposure groups, which were combinations of eight elevated temperatures and four exposure durations, were investigated. The failure modes and yield strength of the nailed connection were analyzed as a function of elevated temperature and exposure time and compared with the prediction from the National Design Specification and existing literature. The results show a decrease of up to 45 percent in initial stiffness and ultimate load; meanwhile, there was no statistical evidence for the change in yield load in the majority of testing groups. Two analytical models, namely, multilinear regression and first-order kinetics model, were proposed to model the degradation of initial stiffness and ultimate strength. The kinetics model provided a better prediction and suggested that the initial stiffness and ultimate strength of the nail connection degraded over time at rates depending on the exposure temperature.
{"title":"Investigation of Thermal Effects on Nailed Connection of Mass Ply Panels","authors":"Tu X. Ho, Detlef C. Laughery, Arijit Sinha","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mass ply panels (MPP), a relatively new mass timber product, has been utilized in several construction projects as diaphragm and wall panels. Connection for MPP is a crucial structural component that requires a better understanding. This article presents an experimental investigation into elevated temperature exposure–driven property degradation of MPP nailed connections, which is important for both the design of new structures in terms of fire resistance and the rehabilitation of structures partially damaged by fire. One control group and 32 exposure groups, which were combinations of eight elevated temperatures and four exposure durations, were investigated. The failure modes and yield strength of the nailed connection were analyzed as a function of elevated temperature and exposure time and compared with the prediction from the National Design Specification and existing literature. The results show a decrease of up to 45 percent in initial stiffness and ultimate load; meanwhile, there was no statistical evidence for the change in yield load in the majority of testing groups. Two analytical models, namely, multilinear regression and first-order kinetics model, were proposed to model the degradation of initial stiffness and ultimate strength. The kinetics model provided a better prediction and suggested that the initial stiffness and ultimate strength of the nail connection degraded over time at rates depending on the exposure temperature.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46504559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wilfried Sailer‐Kronlachner, Catherine Rosenfeld, J. Konnerth, H. V. van Herwijnen
The synthesis of an adhesive composed of fructose, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and bishexamethylene triamine was optimized. The intended application of the adhesive is the production of wood composites such as particleboard or medium-density fiberboard. Adhesives synthesized using HMF-rich precursors produced in continuous and batch systems were compared in regard to their tensile shear strength development; no significant differences could be found. The use of sodium dithionite for HMF stabilization during precursor production led to lower resin viscosities, whereas no significant influence on the adhesive strength development was measured. Variation of the critical synthesis parameters' reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere allowed the production of an adhesive with similar or even faster strength development than commercially used urea–formaldehyde adhesives. The ideal reaction temperature was found to be 60°C. Adhesive synthesis under nitrogen atmosphere shifts the curing reaction to lower temperatures, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, but did not improve the overall strength development of the adhesive system.
{"title":"Influence of Critical Synthesis Parameters and Precursor Stabilization on the Development of Adhesive Strength in Fructose–HMF–Amine Adhesives*","authors":"Wilfried Sailer‐Kronlachner, Catherine Rosenfeld, J. Konnerth, H. V. van Herwijnen","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00040","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis of an adhesive composed of fructose, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and bishexamethylene triamine was optimized. The intended application of the adhesive is the production of wood composites such as particleboard or medium-density fiberboard. Adhesives synthesized using HMF-rich precursors produced in continuous and batch systems were compared in regard to their tensile shear strength development; no significant differences could be found. The use of sodium dithionite for HMF stabilization during precursor production led to lower resin viscosities, whereas no significant influence on the adhesive strength development was measured. Variation of the critical synthesis parameters' reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere allowed the production of an adhesive with similar or even faster strength development than commercially used urea–formaldehyde adhesives. The ideal reaction temperature was found to be 60°C. Adhesive synthesis under nitrogen atmosphere shifts the curing reaction to lower temperatures, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, but did not improve the overall strength development of the adhesive system.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46398173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the wood adhesives industry as discussed at the International Conference on Wood Adhesives in May 2022. The authors have organized the points made during the discussion and added further facts, assumptions, and conclusions to provide context and perspective, even surpassing the outcome of the discussion. The biggest themes of the discussion were the unprecedented opportunity for adhesives to enable forest products to supply society's surging demand for renewable materials and the challenges in meeting those demands. We see excellent opportunities for wood-based panels and with this, for wood adhesives. The abundant challenges to bio-based adhesives for wood products are highlighted by the large amount of research and commercial effort compared with the small volumes of bio-based adhesives in use. Other threats to the adhesive and bonded products industries include aversion to any chemicals (even stable adhesives), and lack of experienced work force. Wood adhesives underwent significant changes in the past decades, mainly focused on reducing emissions during panel use. Wood use in construction will be boosted by efforts to fulfil the European Green Deal, as implemented in the New European Bauhaus and European Renovation Wave.
{"title":"Analysis of Future Prospects and Opportunities for Wood Adhesives: A Review*","authors":"C. Hunt, M. Dunky","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the wood adhesives industry as discussed at the International Conference on Wood Adhesives in May 2022. The authors have organized the points made during the discussion and added further facts, assumptions, and conclusions to provide context and perspective, even surpassing the outcome of the discussion. The biggest themes of the discussion were the unprecedented opportunity for adhesives to enable forest products to supply society's surging demand for renewable materials and the challenges in meeting those demands. We see excellent opportunities for wood-based panels and with this, for wood adhesives. The abundant challenges to bio-based adhesives for wood products are highlighted by the large amount of research and commercial effort compared with the small volumes of bio-based adhesives in use. Other threats to the adhesive and bonded products industries include aversion to any chemicals (even stable adhesives), and lack of experienced work force. Wood adhesives underwent significant changes in the past decades, mainly focused on reducing emissions during panel use. Wood use in construction will be boosted by efforts to fulfil the European Green Deal, as implemented in the New European Bauhaus and European Renovation Wave.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42388593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Asafu-Adjaye, A. Alawode, B. Via, Sujit Banerjee
Soy flour can be substituted in polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin for bonding plywood. Resin bleed-through is avoided by prepressing at 95°C. The boards have greater wet and dry strength than do those prepared from melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin. Soy flour can also be substituted in emulsion polymer isocyanates for cold-press applications. The soy increases dry strength but keeps the wet strength unchanged. The optimal level of soy flour substitution is about 20 percent in all cases as determined by infrared spectroscopy.
{"title":"Application of Soy Flour Modified Resins to Hot and Cold Pressed Veneer*","authors":"O. Asafu-Adjaye, A. Alawode, B. Via, Sujit Banerjee","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Soy flour can be substituted in polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin for bonding plywood. Resin bleed-through is avoided by prepressing at 95°C. The boards have greater wet and dry strength than do those prepared from melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin. Soy flour can also be substituted in emulsion polymer isocyanates for cold-press applications. The soy increases dry strength but keeps the wet strength unchanged. The optimal level of soy flour substitution is about 20 percent in all cases as determined by infrared spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48792451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filiz Guneysu Atasoy, Daowei Zhang, Jeffrey P. Prestemon
The US wood pellet exports—mostly to Europe, Japan, and South Korea—comprised 85 percent of its wood pellet production in the past 20+ years. In this article, we estimate the regional excess supply of wood pellets in the United States using annual data from 1996 to 2021.We use Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis in a profit maximization framework for the South, North, and West regions of the United States. We also include some clean energy policies of the European Union (EU) to examine their potential impact on US wood pellet export volume. Our results show that after application of the low-carbon energy target in the EU, the export volume of the United States has increased, especially in the South region. Elasticity of excess wood pellet supply from the United States was approximately 0.15 in all three regions, and interest rates and energy costs have negative impacts on regional excess supply. Therefore, the recent increase in interest rates and energy costs could slow down the growth of excess supply of wood pellets in the United States.
{"title":"An Examination of Excess Wood Pellet Supply in the United States","authors":"Filiz Guneysu Atasoy, Daowei Zhang, Jeffrey P. Prestemon","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The US wood pellet exports—mostly to Europe, Japan, and South Korea—comprised 85 percent of its wood pellet production in the past 20+ years. In this article, we estimate the regional excess supply of wood pellets in the United States using annual data from 1996 to 2021.We use Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis in a profit maximization framework for the South, North, and West regions of the United States. We also include some clean energy policies of the European Union (EU) to examine their potential impact on US wood pellet export volume. Our results show that after application of the low-carbon energy target in the EU, the export volume of the United States has increased, especially in the South region. Elasticity of excess wood pellet supply from the United States was approximately 0.15 in all three regions, and interest rates and energy costs have negative impacts on regional excess supply. Therefore, the recent increase in interest rates and energy costs could slow down the growth of excess supply of wood pellets in the United States.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43080682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The variation of wood properties between different geographical origin and tree species has an important influence on end use applications. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of wood origin and species classification based on visible and near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. The influence of geographical origin on tree species identification also was analyzed. A total of 530 samples with 2 origins and 5 tree species were collected for analysis. The raw reflectance spectra were preprocessed by spectral transformation technique, and nonlinear discrimination models were built by support vector machine (SVM) using various spectral forms. Three algorithms—grid search (GS), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)—were applied to optimize the parameters of SVM models, respectively. Regardless of spectral forms and optimization techniques, the prediction accuracy was lower than that of the calibration set for wood origin and tree species identification. Except for reflectance spectra, prediction accuracy of 100 percent was obtained based on SVM in combination with three algorithms for origin discrimination. However, SVM in combination with reflectance spectra and GS technique achieved the best prediction accuracy (93.18%) for tree species identification. These results demonstrated that visible and near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques can be used for geographical origin and tree species determination.
{"title":"Determination of Geographical Origin and Tree Species Using Vis-NIR and Chemometric Methods","authors":"Ying Li, B. Via, Yaoxiang Li, Guozhong Wang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The variation of wood properties between different geographical origin and tree species has an important influence on end use applications. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of wood origin and species classification based on visible and near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. The influence of geographical origin on tree species identification also was analyzed. A total of 530 samples with 2 origins and 5 tree species were collected for analysis. The raw reflectance spectra were preprocessed by spectral transformation technique, and nonlinear discrimination models were built by support vector machine (SVM) using various spectral forms. Three algorithms—grid search (GS), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)—were applied to optimize the parameters of SVM models, respectively. Regardless of spectral forms and optimization techniques, the prediction accuracy was lower than that of the calibration set for wood origin and tree species identification. Except for reflectance spectra, prediction accuracy of 100 percent was obtained based on SVM in combination with three algorithms for origin discrimination. However, SVM in combination with reflectance spectra and GS technique achieved the best prediction accuracy (93.18%) for tree species identification. These results demonstrated that visible and near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques can be used for geographical origin and tree species determination.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chi-Jui (Barry) Kuo, Mark J. Kimsey, D. Page-Dumroese, G. Kirker, A. Fu, Lili Cai
Soil physical and chemical properties play important roles in mass loss during soil–block tests but the relationship between soil properties and the decay caused by brown-rot and white-rot fungi remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the soil effects on the decay resistance of pine (Pinus spp.) and poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) blocks. The properties of soil from nine different sources (six from Idaho, one from Mississippi, one from Wisconsin, and one from Oregon) were characterized for soil texture, sieved bulk density, water-holding capacity, pH, organic matter, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations. The moisture content and mass loss of decayed wood samples after 8 weeks of fungal exposure were measured. At the end of the study, block moisture ranged from 30 to 200 percent and mass loss ranged from 20 to 60 percent. Despite using a range of soils, there were no direct correlations between soil properties and wood-block moisture content or mass loss. Moreover, among all the soil properties examined, no significant effect of a single soil property on wood-block moisture content and mass loss was measured. Instead, the combined effects of soil physical and chemical properties may interact to govern the decay of wood blocks in the laboratory soil–block test.
{"title":"Investigating Soil Effects on Outcomes of a Standardized Soil–Block Test","authors":"Chi-Jui (Barry) Kuo, Mark J. Kimsey, D. Page-Dumroese, G. Kirker, A. Fu, Lili Cai","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Soil physical and chemical properties play important roles in mass loss during soil–block tests but the relationship between soil properties and the decay caused by brown-rot and white-rot fungi remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the soil effects on the decay resistance of pine (Pinus spp.) and poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) blocks. The properties of soil from nine different sources (six from Idaho, one from Mississippi, one from Wisconsin, and one from Oregon) were characterized for soil texture, sieved bulk density, water-holding capacity, pH, organic matter, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations. The moisture content and mass loss of decayed wood samples after 8 weeks of fungal exposure were measured. At the end of the study, block moisture ranged from 30 to 200 percent and mass loss ranged from 20 to 60 percent. Despite using a range of soils, there were no direct correlations between soil properties and wood-block moisture content or mass loss. Moreover, among all the soil properties examined, no significant effect of a single soil property on wood-block moisture content and mass loss was measured. Instead, the combined effects of soil physical and chemical properties may interact to govern the decay of wood blocks in the laboratory soil–block test.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44131225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hughes, J. Juzwik, Zhang-jing Chen, B. Luiz, L. Keith
Phytosanitary heat treatments of Ceratocystis lukuohia and Ceratocystis huliohia-colonized Metrosideros polymorpha wood were evaluated using kilns. Wood poles subjected to a 22- to 34-day dehumidification kiln schedule with a heat treatment to 60°C to the poles' core. In vacuum kiln trials, logs were heated to 56°C at 70 percent log radius depth and the temperature maintained for 30 minutes. Neither Ceratocystis species was isolated from heat-treated wood using carrot baiting, whereas both fungi were isolated from control logs held at ambient temperature. Results of this study offer kiln-heating as a way to eradicate Ceratocystis fungi from M. polymorpha wood.
{"title":"Evaluation of Kiln Heating as a Phytosanitary Treatment for Ceratocystis-Infested ‘Ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) Wood","authors":"M. Hughes, J. Juzwik, Zhang-jing Chen, B. Luiz, L. Keith","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Phytosanitary heat treatments of Ceratocystis lukuohia and Ceratocystis huliohia-colonized Metrosideros polymorpha wood were evaluated using kilns. Wood poles subjected to a 22- to 34-day dehumidification kiln schedule with a heat treatment to 60°C to the poles' core. In vacuum kiln trials, logs were heated to 56°C at 70 percent log radius depth and the temperature maintained for 30 minutes. Neither Ceratocystis species was isolated from heat-treated wood using carrot baiting, whereas both fungi were isolated from control logs held at ambient temperature. Results of this study offer kiln-heating as a way to eradicate Ceratocystis fungi from M. polymorpha wood.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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