The goal of this research was to test the effect of low-moisture-content veneer on the strength and durability of plywood test specimens constructed with a soy-flour adhesive. Soy-flour adhesive systems offer certain environmental and health advantages but research studies and performance data are lacking currently for a variety of wood types and end uses. Soyad adhesive was used in this study due to its natural, renewable soy flour, a novel cross-linking resin, and lack of added formaldehyde. Test specimens were prepared using heartwood of hickory and red oak and sapwood of hickory. These wood types were used to represent some of the most challenging wood adhesion conditions. Analytical tests included determination of select chemical properties of the adhesive and wood veneer, measurement of strength properties of the adhesive bond, and assessment of delamination tendencies of bonded panels following water soaking.
{"title":"Soy-Flour Adhesive Bonding of Low-Moisture Hickory and Red Oak Veneer","authors":"C. J. Wykle, A. Zink-Sharp","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The goal of this research was to test the effect of low-moisture-content veneer on the strength and durability of plywood test specimens constructed with a soy-flour adhesive. Soy-flour adhesive systems offer certain environmental and health advantages but research studies and performance data are lacking currently for a variety of wood types and end uses. Soyad adhesive was used in this study due to its natural, renewable soy flour, a novel cross-linking resin, and lack of added formaldehyde. Test specimens were prepared using heartwood of hickory and red oak and sapwood of hickory. These wood types were used to represent some of the most challenging wood adhesion conditions. Analytical tests included determination of select chemical properties of the adhesive and wood veneer, measurement of strength properties of the adhesive bond, and assessment of delamination tendencies of bonded panels following water soaking.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42222998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sawing variation (SV) describes all variations that exist in the production of lumber due to machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. The necessary oversizing of board thickness due to SV diminishes sawmill profits and hence efforts must be made to reduce the variation. However, such efforts are costly and sawmill personnel generally do not know at which point efforts to reduce (SV) become more costly than oversizing the boards. In an accompanying paper we examined the impact of SV on lumber volume recovery and found that volume recovery increased comparatively more for thinner than for thicker kerfs and that the effect of reduced SV became more pronounced as diameter increased. In this second manuscript, the effect of SV on the quantity of boards sawn for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software was researched and compared with the volume improvement from an earlier paper. Results showed that significant differences in the number of boards obtained was dependent on the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a potential production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. All sawmills can benefit from reducing SV, but mills that saw large-diameter logs might consider pursuing SV reduction more aggressively than a sawmill sawing mostly small-diameter logs.
{"title":"Effect of Sawing Variation on Hardwood Lumber Recovery—Part II: Board Count","authors":"E. Thomas, U. Buehlmann","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sawing variation (SV) describes all variations that exist in the production of lumber due to machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. The necessary oversizing of board thickness due to SV diminishes sawmill profits and hence efforts must be made to reduce the variation. However, such efforts are costly and sawmill personnel generally do not know at which point efforts to reduce (SV) become more costly than oversizing the boards. In an accompanying paper we examined the impact of SV on lumber volume recovery and found that volume recovery increased comparatively more for thinner than for thicker kerfs and that the effect of reduced SV became more pronounced as diameter increased. In this second manuscript, the effect of SV on the quantity of boards sawn for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software was researched and compared with the volume improvement from an earlier paper. Results showed that significant differences in the number of boards obtained was dependent on the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a potential production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. All sawmills can benefit from reducing SV, but mills that saw large-diameter logs might consider pursuing SV reduction more aggressively than a sawmill sawing mostly small-diameter logs.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42681486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Elias, J. Dees, B. Cabiyo, P. Saksa, D. L. Sanchez
Traditional funding strategies of grants, congressional appropriations, and income from timber sales are insufficient to complete the level of forest restoration necessary throughout California. Stimulating investment into markets for low-value biomass—such as tops and branches of trees, small trees, and dead trees—will add value to forest raw materials and provide additional revenue streams to pay for forest restoration. We evaluate the investment potential of products made from low-value biomass using a discounted cash-flow analysis of several possible forest products including fuels and nonfuels under various climate policy and market scenarios. We demonstrate the carbon benefits provided by these products, attributed to their substitution for fossil-fuel feedstocks and long-term carbon storage. Our work finds that there is an opportunity to develop several highly profitable products, most notably fuels, many of which are eligible for energy and climate policy programs such as California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the federal Renewable Fuel Standard. Nonfuel products have an average internal rate of return (IRR) of 13 percent, whereas fuels have an average IRR of 19 percent in our baseline scenario. Although products ineligible for government incentives are generally less profitable, income from the voluntary carbon market greatly increases the IRR. Fostering investment into these products can encourage critically needed funding for forest management while developing a high-impact carbon removal solution enabled by state, federal, and voluntary climate initiatives. On this basis, we conclude that climate policy can support forest restoration in California.
{"title":"Financial Analysis of Innovative Wood Products and Carbon Finance to Support Forest Restoration in California","authors":"M. Elias, J. Dees, B. Cabiyo, P. Saksa, D. L. Sanchez","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Traditional funding strategies of grants, congressional appropriations, and income from timber sales are insufficient to complete the level of forest restoration necessary throughout California. Stimulating investment into markets for low-value biomass—such as tops and branches of trees, small trees, and dead trees—will add value to forest raw materials and provide additional revenue streams to pay for forest restoration. We evaluate the investment potential of products made from low-value biomass using a discounted cash-flow analysis of several possible forest products including fuels and nonfuels under various climate policy and market scenarios. We demonstrate the carbon benefits provided by these products, attributed to their substitution for fossil-fuel feedstocks and long-term carbon storage. Our work finds that there is an opportunity to develop several highly profitable products, most notably fuels, many of which are eligible for energy and climate policy programs such as California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the federal Renewable Fuel Standard. Nonfuel products have an average internal rate of return (IRR) of 13 percent, whereas fuels have an average IRR of 19 percent in our baseline scenario. Although products ineligible for government incentives are generally less profitable, income from the voluntary carbon market greatly increases the IRR. Fostering investment into these products can encourage critically needed funding for forest management while developing a high-impact carbon removal solution enabled by state, federal, and voluntary climate initiatives. On this basis, we conclude that climate policy can support forest restoration in California.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48004201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sawing variation (SV), the degree of deviation from a specified target lumber size, is an unavoidable component of the sawing process. SV is influenced by several factors such as machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. To account for these factors resulting in deviations from the desired target size, the target thickness of the lumber cut must be increased such that only a minimal number of boards is less than target thickness. Thus, the greater the amount of SV, the larger the target thickness must be such that a minimal quantity of undersized lumber is produced. Hence, with larger amounts of SV come greater waste and decreased opportunities for optimizing lumber recovery. However, the decrease in material loss due to a reduction in SV may not necessarily translate into a statistically significant increase in lumber product recovery by volume. This study explored the effect of varying degrees of SV on lumber recovery by volume for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. Results indicate that the recovery gains realized by volume depend upon the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV.
{"title":"Effect of Sawing Variation on Hardwood Lumber Recovery—Part I: Volume","authors":"E. Thomas, U. Buehlmann","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00059","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sawing variation (SV), the degree of deviation from a specified target lumber size, is an unavoidable component of the sawing process. SV is influenced by several factors such as machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. To account for these factors resulting in deviations from the desired target size, the target thickness of the lumber cut must be increased such that only a minimal number of boards is less than target thickness. Thus, the greater the amount of SV, the larger the target thickness must be such that a minimal quantity of undersized lumber is produced. Hence, with larger amounts of SV come greater waste and decreased opportunities for optimizing lumber recovery. However, the decrease in material loss due to a reduction in SV may not necessarily translate into a statistically significant increase in lumber product recovery by volume. This study explored the effect of varying degrees of SV on lumber recovery by volume for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. Results indicate that the recovery gains realized by volume depend upon the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43588265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1
S. T. Smith
Creosote, a coal tar distillate product, has been used to preserve wooden utility poles for well over 100 years. Such use began in the late 1800s and continues to this day. Creosote’s efficacy in protecting wood from decay, termite attach, and general weathering has been demonstrated by actual performance of poles in utility service and in documented field and laboratory testing. The American Wood Protection Association has standardized and long recognized the efficacy of creosote preservation. With production of pentachlorophenol ending after 2022, preservation may easily convert to creosote preservative. Creosote preservative also is an environmentally sound choice in that used poles can be used as fuel and otherwise, creosote degrades biologically. Wood is sustainable as new trees are grown to replace poles while the poles are sequestered carbon. Utility service life of creosote preserved wooden poles typically lasts for 70 to over 100 years with inspection and maintenance. Utilities can expect new creosote preserved poles to last into the next century.
{"title":"Coal Tar Distillate (Creosote)—The First and Still Great Choice to Preserve Utility Poles","authors":"S. T. Smith","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-73.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Creosote, a coal tar distillate product, has been used to preserve wooden utility poles for well over 100 years. Such use began in the late 1800s and continues to this day. Creosote’s efficacy in protecting wood from decay, termite attach, and general weathering has been demonstrated by actual performance of poles in utility service and in documented field and laboratory testing. The American Wood Protection Association has standardized and long recognized the efficacy of creosote preservation. With production of pentachlorophenol ending after 2022, preservation may easily convert to creosote preservative. Creosote preservative also is an environmentally sound choice in that used poles can be used as fuel and otherwise, creosote degrades biologically. Wood is sustainable as new trees are grown to replace poles while the poles are sequestered carbon. Utility service life of creosote preserved wooden poles typically lasts for 70 to over 100 years with inspection and maintenance. Utilities can expect new creosote preserved poles to last into the next century.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Ross, C. A. Senalik
The objective of this study was to assess the flexural and tensile properties of 702 pieces of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber using nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. Longitudinal and transverse vibration techniques were used to test each specimen. The mean dynamic modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction was 11,246 MPa, and the mean transverse vibration dynamic modulus of elasticity was 11,491 MPa. Proof-loading bending tests were conducted on each specimen. The mean bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 10,615 MPa. Each specimen was then destructively tested in tension parallel to the grain to determine tension MOE (Et) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS). The overall mean for Et was 11,339 MPa and the UTS mean was 28.54 MPa. Correlations between growth characteristics, and physical and mechanical properties were analyzed. From the linear regression analysis, a strong relationship between Et and dynamic MOE was found using both NDT tools. Multivariable regression models were developed to improve UTS estimation. NDT techniques are recommended for the estimation of mechanical properties of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber.
{"title":"Assessing 2 by 6 Southern Pine Lumber Flexural and Tensile Properties with Nondestructive Techniques","authors":"M. G. C. Uzcategui, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Ross, C. A. Senalik","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00055","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the flexural and tensile properties of 702 pieces of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber using nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. Longitudinal and transverse vibration techniques were used to test each specimen. The mean dynamic modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction was 11,246 MPa, and the mean transverse vibration dynamic modulus of elasticity was 11,491 MPa. Proof-loading bending tests were conducted on each specimen. The mean bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 10,615 MPa. Each specimen was then destructively tested in tension parallel to the grain to determine tension MOE (Et) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS). The overall mean for Et was 11,339 MPa and the UTS mean was 28.54 MPa. Correlations between growth characteristics, and physical and mechanical properties were analyzed. From the linear regression analysis, a strong relationship between Et and dynamic MOE was found using both NDT tools. Multivariable regression models were developed to improve UTS estimation. NDT techniques are recommended for the estimation of mechanical properties of No. 2 grade 2 by 6 southern pine lumber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42379573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hassler, J. Mcneel, L. Dénes, Jonathan R Norris, Balasz Bencsik
The interest in softwood-based cross-laminated timber (CLT) production has in turn generated a great deal of interest in producing CLT from hardwood species. This prospect of a new market for hardwood lumber is a significant driver behind efforts to gain certification of hardwoods within American Panel Association (APA) PRG 320, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. However, a number of challenges present significant hurdles for gaining acceptance of hardwoods in CLT manufacturing. These include differences in how softwoods and hardwoods are produced and marketed (e.g., structural lumber markets [softwoods] vs. appearance-grade markets [hardwoods]), lumber grading differences, available sizes of hardwood lumber, drying differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and gluing particularities with hardwoods. This paper identifies the various issues involved with introducing hardwoods into a softwood-dominated market and what it will take to be competitive within the overall CLT market.
{"title":"Challenges Facing the Development and Market Introduction of Hardwood Cross-Laminated Timbers","authors":"C. Hassler, J. Mcneel, L. Dénes, Jonathan R Norris, Balasz Bencsik","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The interest in softwood-based cross-laminated timber (CLT) production has in turn generated a great deal of interest in producing CLT from hardwood species. This prospect of a new market for hardwood lumber is a significant driver behind efforts to gain certification of hardwoods within American Panel Association (APA) PRG 320, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. However, a number of challenges present significant hurdles for gaining acceptance of hardwoods in CLT manufacturing. These include differences in how softwoods and hardwoods are produced and marketed (e.g., structural lumber markets [softwoods] vs. appearance-grade markets [hardwoods]), lumber grading differences, available sizes of hardwood lumber, drying differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and gluing particularities with hardwoods. This paper identifies the various issues involved with introducing hardwoods into a softwood-dominated market and what it will take to be competitive within the overall CLT market.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226
Heather Stegner, N. Fotheringham
Simply substituting wood for conventional building materials could provide almost a tenth of the global carbon emission reductions needed to meet 2030 goals. However, while structural light-frame wood products are the go-to building material in the United States for low-rise residential construction, capturing over 90 percent of the market, any kind of wood-frame construction at the time under examination was limited to 5 stories and 85 feet in height. These story and height limitations dated back decades and prevented the design and construction of larger and taller buildings. In 2014, the American Wood Council (AWC) began developing a plan to expand these limits, but recognized it would require the International Building Code, the predominant model code adopted in most local and state jurisdictions in the United States, to embrace a new type of construction: fire-resistance-rated tall mass timber.
{"title":"Research and Testing Lead to Historic Code Change","authors":"Heather Stegner, N. Fotheringham","doi":"10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/2376-9637-72.4.226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Simply substituting wood for conventional building materials could provide almost a tenth of the global carbon emission reductions needed to meet 2030 goals. However, while structural light-frame wood products are the go-to building material in the United States for low-rise residential construction, capturing over 90 percent of the market, any kind of wood-frame construction at the time under examination was limited to 5 stories and 85 feet in height. These story and height limitations dated back decades and prevented the design and construction of larger and taller buildings.\u0000 In 2014, the American Wood Council (AWC) began developing a plan to expand these limits, but recognized it would require the International Building Code, the predominant model code adopted in most local and state jurisdictions in the United States, to embrace a new type of construction: fire-resistance-rated tall mass timber.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46320086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a primitive furniture with the longest history in China, the screen (pingfeng) originated in the western Zhou Dynasty and went through the Han and Tang dynasties, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing dynasties and is still being used to date. This paper aims to explore the modern aesthetics contained in the traditional screen line and measure the contribution of some linear elements to the overall modern characteristics of the screen. By adopting the method of Kansei engineering, quantitative research is carried out on the Kansei image and the linear patterns of the traditional Chinese screens. The results show that the factors affecting the modern aesthetics of the screen have three linear elements: the top section (pingmao), the upright brackets (zhanya), and the base (dunzuo), with the top section and the base having the greatest influence on the “modern” kansei image of the screen. On the basis of these linear features, the style of the screen can be determined, and the quantitative data can provide reference for the design of modern screens.
{"title":"Study on the Kansei Image of Linear Elements of Wooden Screens on the Basis of Modern Aesthetics","authors":"Shun An, Zhongning Guo, Hai Fang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As a primitive furniture with the longest history in China, the screen (pingfeng) originated in the western Zhou Dynasty and went through the Han and Tang dynasties, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing dynasties and is still being used to date. This paper aims to explore the modern aesthetics contained in the traditional screen line and measure the contribution of some linear elements to the overall modern characteristics of the screen. By adopting the method of Kansei engineering, quantitative research is carried out on the Kansei image and the linear patterns of the traditional Chinese screens. The results show that the factors affecting the modern aesthetics of the screen have three linear elements: the top section (pingmao), the upright brackets (zhanya), and the base (dunzuo), with the top section and the base having the greatest influence on the “modern” kansei image of the screen. On the basis of these linear features, the style of the screen can be determined, and the quantitative data can provide reference for the design of modern screens.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44224552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial medium-density fiberboard (MDF) products, specifically manufactured for water resistance, were evaluated over 8 days under three water exposure regimes: 90 percent relative humidity, one-sided water spray, and one-sided wet pad. A three-cycle wet-pad and drying exposure test was also performed. Rate of swelling, extent of swelling, and irreversible thickness swelling were determined. Acetylated MDF (AMDF) had the best overall performance, followed by steam-injection pressed MDF (SMDF) and polymeric methylene-diphenyl-diisocyanate–bonded moisture-resistant MDF. The fastest rate of thickness swell and linear expansion occurred with exposure to one-sided water spray and the slowest with 90 percent relative humidity exposure. While AMDF was clearly superior after 24-hour exposure, the other MDF products were nearly identical. Significant difference in thickness swell and water absorption between moisture-resistant MDF and SMDF developed after 24 hours. Regardless of the method of water exposure, the trend of best to worst MDF performance was the same.
{"title":"Comparison of Water Resistance for Modified Medium-Density Fiberboard","authors":"Luis Molina Irribarra, F. Kamke, S. Leavengood","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Commercial medium-density fiberboard (MDF) products, specifically manufactured for water resistance, were evaluated over 8 days under three water exposure regimes: 90 percent relative humidity, one-sided water spray, and one-sided wet pad. A three-cycle wet-pad and drying exposure test was also performed. Rate of swelling, extent of swelling, and irreversible thickness swelling were determined. Acetylated MDF (AMDF) had the best overall performance, followed by steam-injection pressed MDF (SMDF) and polymeric methylene-diphenyl-diisocyanate–bonded moisture-resistant MDF. The fastest rate of thickness swell and linear expansion occurred with exposure to one-sided water spray and the slowest with 90 percent relative humidity exposure. While AMDF was clearly superior after 24-hour exposure, the other MDF products were nearly identical. Significant difference in thickness swell and water absorption between moisture-resistant MDF and SMDF developed after 24 hours. Regardless of the method of water exposure, the trend of best to worst MDF performance was the same.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43393701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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