A user-friendly cross-laminated timber (CLT) design tool called SAM-CLT was developed to calculate the minimum design values for custom CLT panels. Custom panels are those made from different species not currently included in APA PRG 320 and include the use of multiple species in a panel. The tool uses the design value of hardwood and softwood lumber published in the national design specification book to design custom CLTs and the standard CLT grade lumber specification values published in PRG 320 standard. SAM-CLT was designed based on the shear analogy model and is intended to assist CLT manufacturers, construction and design companies, and researchers in designing and evaluating CLTs’ deformation when using different lumber types and thicknesses. This project included the calibration and validation of the tool, followed by examples of its use by computing the design value of the softwood, hardwood, and softwood–hardwood hybrid CLTs. The SAM-CLT tool was adjusted to match the published standard design values on PRG 320 and validated by comparing output for standard CLT layups. In the next step, SAM-CLT tool was used to calculate the minimum design value of custom CLTs made from hardwood–yellow poplar lumber and softwood–southern yellow pine lumber. Based on observed validation results of the tool and its application results to determine the design values for various CLT layups, this project concludes that SAM-CLT can be a valuable tool for designing custom CLTs, evaluating CLTs’ strength properties, and promoting heterogeneous lumber types in CLT manufacturing.
{"title":"Design and Evaluation of a Shear Analogy Tool for Custom Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Made from Various Wood Species","authors":"Sailesh Adhikari, Henry Quesada, Brian Bond","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A user-friendly cross-laminated timber (CLT) design tool called SAM-CLT was developed to calculate the minimum design values for custom CLT panels. Custom panels are those made from different species not currently included in APA PRG 320 and include the use of multiple species in a panel. The tool uses the design value of hardwood and softwood lumber published in the national design specification book to design custom CLTs and the standard CLT grade lumber specification values published in PRG 320 standard. SAM-CLT was designed based on the shear analogy model and is intended to assist CLT manufacturers, construction and design companies, and researchers in designing and evaluating CLTs’ deformation when using different lumber types and thicknesses. This project included the calibration and validation of the tool, followed by examples of its use by computing the design value of the softwood, hardwood, and softwood–hardwood hybrid CLTs. The SAM-CLT tool was adjusted to match the published standard design values on PRG 320 and validated by comparing output for standard CLT layups. In the next step, SAM-CLT tool was used to calculate the minimum design value of custom CLTs made from hardwood–yellow poplar lumber and softwood–southern yellow pine lumber. Based on observed validation results of the tool and its application results to determine the design values for various CLT layups, this project concludes that SAM-CLT can be a valuable tool for designing custom CLTs, evaluating CLTs’ strength properties, and promoting heterogeneous lumber types in CLT manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" 677","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. S. A. Franca, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Shmulsky
Southern pine is one of the most important softwood resources in the United States, and the majority of southern pine is for lumber production, more specifically for construction. The lumber used for construction is required to meet strength-specifications as a method of ensuring the strength values within different classes. Most of the southern pine lumber is visually graded, which is based on knot, slope of grain, and wane. However, the presence of pith is not included in the visual grading system. The presence of pith indicates presence of juvenile wood, which has a negative effect on mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pith on rings per inch, percentage of latewood, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) in 292 samples of southern pine No. 2 2 by 8 lumber. Lumber without pith had significantly greater MOE (11.1 vs. 10.0 GPa), MOR (39.7 vs. 36.4 MPa), and specific gravity (12% moisture content [MC]; 0.55 vs. 0.52) than did lumber with pith. The results show that the presence of pith is an important factor that can improve lumber grading, and it could be included in the visual grade system.
{"title":"Impact of Growth Characteristics on Properties of 2 by 8 Southern Yellow Pine Structural Lumber","authors":"T. S. A. Franca, F. França, R. D. Seale, R. Shmulsky","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Southern pine is one of the most important softwood resources in the United States, and the majority of southern pine is for lumber production, more specifically for construction. The lumber used for construction is required to meet strength-specifications as a method of ensuring the strength values within different classes. Most of the southern pine lumber is visually graded, which is based on knot, slope of grain, and wane. However, the presence of pith is not included in the visual grading system. The presence of pith indicates presence of juvenile wood, which has a negative effect on mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pith on rings per inch, percentage of latewood, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) in 292 samples of southern pine No. 2 2 by 8 lumber. Lumber without pith had significantly greater MOE (11.1 vs. 10.0 GPa), MOR (39.7 vs. 36.4 MPa), and specific gravity (12% moisture content [MC]; 0.55 vs. 0.52) than did lumber with pith. The results show that the presence of pith is an important factor that can improve lumber grading, and it could be included in the visual grade system.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"242 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the contact probe measurement technique is excellent for wood surface roughness measurement, it is necessary to reevaluate the advantages and future development direction of optical measurement techniques in this field, given the emergence of optical measurement techniques such as laser technology and the increasing academic interest in wood surface roughness. The traditional review method, due to its rather limited research directions, only provides a macroscopic and qualitative description of certain laws and conclusions. The purpose of this review is to use the bibliometrics theory and method to comprehensively sort out the research hot spots in this field and explore them in depth.
{"title":"Use and Future Development of Optical Measurement Technology in the Study of Wood Surface Roughness CiteSpace-Based Scientometric Analysis (2003 through 2022)","authors":"Na Jia, Wendi Shi, Lei Guo, Jiuqing Liu","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although the contact probe measurement technique is excellent for wood surface roughness measurement, it is necessary to reevaluate the advantages and future development direction of optical measurement techniques in this field, given the emergence of optical measurement techniques such as laser technology and the increasing academic interest in wood surface roughness. The traditional review method, due to its rather limited research directions, only provides a macroscopic and qualitative description of certain laws and conclusions. The purpose of this review is to use the bibliometrics theory and method to comprehensively sort out the research hot spots in this field and explore them in depth.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"96 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138988704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration and development of fashion products and intangible cultural heritage have gradually become the highlight of product design. Following thousands of years of evolution, bamboo weaving patterns offer a rich resource library for use by designers. However, the designers cannot predict which bamboo weaving pattern can be adopted into women’s handbags to satisfy consumers’ aesthetics. Therefore, taking the form design of women’s handbags as an example, this study develops an artificial intelligence-based program through which consumers can codesign with designers to effectively match the bamboo weaving pattern with the design style of women’s handbags. First, based on the coding, selection, and mutation processes of interactive genetic algorithms, consumer preferences, and perception evaluations are effectively incorporated into product design. This ensures that the evolved product solutions meet consumer preferences. Second, considering evaluator fatigue in human–computer interaction evaluation, the decision tree algorithm is used as a proxy for evaluation. Finally, the developed interactive system supports mass-generated bamboo-woven bags of different styles, allowing prediction of consumers’ preferences for the design of women’s handbags. Furthermore, the system can assist designers and bamboo craftsmen in designing other bamboo or wooden products.
{"title":"Interactive Evolutionary Design of Handbag Integrating Bamboo Weaving Material","authors":"Yixiang Wu, Xinghui Han","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The integration and development of fashion products and intangible cultural heritage have gradually become the highlight of product design. Following thousands of years of evolution, bamboo weaving patterns offer a rich resource library for use by designers. However, the designers cannot predict which bamboo weaving pattern can be adopted into women’s handbags to satisfy consumers’ aesthetics. Therefore, taking the form design of women’s handbags as an example, this study develops an artificial intelligence-based program through which consumers can codesign with designers to effectively match the bamboo weaving pattern with the design style of women’s handbags. First, based on the coding, selection, and mutation processes of interactive genetic algorithms, consumer preferences, and perception evaluations are effectively incorporated into product design. This ensures that the evolved product solutions meet consumer preferences. Second, considering evaluator fatigue in human–computer interaction evaluation, the decision tree algorithm is used as a proxy for evaluation. Finally, the developed interactive system supports mass-generated bamboo-woven bags of different styles, allowing prediction of consumers’ preferences for the design of women’s handbags. Furthermore, the system can assist designers and bamboo craftsmen in designing other bamboo or wooden products.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43098494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Reasonable assessment of the environmental benefits of integrating forest products into global value chains (GVCs) is important to promote sustainable development. Based on the forest product sector data for 41 countries from 2002 to 2014, this paper explores the impact of GVC participation on carbon embodied in exports using the 2008 financial crisis, a quasi-natural experiment of negative global value chain shocks. We found that deepening backward participation in forest product value chains led to more substantial increases in carbon emissions than did forward participation. Countries with large decreases in GVC participation reduced more carbon embodied in forest product exports after the financial crisis (relative to countries with small decreases) through a larger reduction in the scale of forest product exports, and a decrease in the growth rate of capital-intensive products as a result of the relative decline in capital investment. They increased the embodied carbon of exports through a decrease in the growth rate of skilled personnel. Strengthening the technology effect of GVCs with the guidance of skilled forestry personnel is a key way to decrease exported embodied carbon.
{"title":"The Effect of Global Value Chain Participation on Carbon Embodied in Forest Product Exports: A Quasi-Natural Experiment from the Financial Crisis Shock","authors":"Ling Guo, Liqiang Xiao, Wenlan Wang, Jiachen Yin, Wanting Huang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reasonable assessment of the environmental benefits of integrating forest products into global value chains (GVCs) is important to promote sustainable development. Based on the forest product sector data for 41 countries from 2002 to 2014, this paper explores the impact of GVC participation on carbon embodied in exports using the 2008 financial crisis, a quasi-natural experiment of negative global value chain shocks. We found that deepening backward participation in forest product value chains led to more substantial increases in carbon emissions than did forward participation. Countries with large decreases in GVC participation reduced more carbon embodied in forest product exports after the financial crisis (relative to countries with small decreases) through a larger reduction in the scale of forest product exports, and a decrease in the growth rate of capital-intensive products as a result of the relative decline in capital investment. They increased the embodied carbon of exports through a decrease in the growth rate of skilled personnel. Strengthening the technology effect of GVCs with the guidance of skilled forestry personnel is a key way to decrease exported embodied carbon.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Louis Lepetit N'Guessan, Bobelé Florence Niamké, N’guessan Jean-Claude Yao, Nadine Amusant
The extractives contained in wood are compounds with a very high added value in various fields (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agri-food). These extractives can be classified into four groups: lipid components (terpenes and terpenoids), waxes and fats, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. This review is particularly focused on the description of the main families of extractives contained in wood waste, with their properties and the potential applications made to date. It also makes a brief report on some conventional techniques for extracting wood extractives, with an eye toward recovering wood waste in our country. These extractives, particularly phenolic compounds, fall into several categories: simple phenols, lignans, flavonoids and tannins. They have chemical and biological properties such as antioxidants, antiradicals, anti-termites, antifungals, anticancer, inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus, antimutagenics, and antimicrobial properties. They are also used in food preservation as well as wood protection. This review sums up the interest that should be focused on the availability in large quantities of wood waste in our environment, which, far from being a problem, could be the solution to certain current and future problems.
{"title":"Wood Extractives: Main Families, Functional Properties, Fields of Application and Interest of Wood Waste","authors":"Jean Louis Lepetit N'Guessan, Bobelé Florence Niamké, N’guessan Jean-Claude Yao, Nadine Amusant","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The extractives contained in wood are compounds with a very high added value in various fields (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agri-food). These extractives can be classified into four groups: lipid components (terpenes and terpenoids), waxes and fats, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. This review is particularly focused on the description of the main families of extractives contained in wood waste, with their properties and the potential applications made to date. It also makes a brief report on some conventional techniques for extracting wood extractives, with an eye toward recovering wood waste in our country. These extractives, particularly phenolic compounds, fall into several categories: simple phenols, lignans, flavonoids and tannins. They have chemical and biological properties such as antioxidants, antiradicals, anti-termites, antifungals, anticancer, inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus, antimutagenics, and antimicrobial properties. They are also used in food preservation as well as wood protection. This review sums up the interest that should be focused on the availability in large quantities of wood waste in our environment, which, far from being a problem, could be the solution to certain current and future problems.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42068349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood density is an important attribute that is positively correlated with many wood quality parameters. How to express wood density with drill resistance is a challenge. In this study, we determined the optimal resistance expression using the current, voltage, and power of the DC (Direct-Current) motor. Nine wood blocks crossing over the pith, with widths and heights of 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, were obtained from three larch (Larix spp.) trees. The microdensity of each wood block at every 0.1-mm length was measured, and the average current, voltage, and power of the DC motor was recorded when the drill fed forward at every 0.1 mm by a self-manufactured resistance drill. The drill path was parallel to the lengthwise direction of the block. The linear models between the current, voltage, and power of the DC motor and wood microdensity were subsequently established, and the model with the highest R2adj was selected to express the resistance. The adjusted R2adj of the forward stepwise regression models between the current, voltage, and power of the DC motor and wood microdensity were determined as 0.2943. This suggests that the drilling needle resistance expressed with the current, voltage, and power or other combination may be optimal.
{"title":"Investigating the Resistance Expression Method of Wood Resistance Drill Instruments","authors":"Jianfeng Yao, Jun Lu, Xilong Ding","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wood density is an important attribute that is positively correlated with many wood quality parameters. How to express wood density with drill resistance is a challenge. In this study, we determined the optimal resistance expression using the current, voltage, and power of the DC (Direct-Current) motor. Nine wood blocks crossing over the pith, with widths and heights of 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively, were obtained from three larch (Larix spp.) trees. The microdensity of each wood block at every 0.1-mm length was measured, and the average current, voltage, and power of the DC motor was recorded when the drill fed forward at every 0.1 mm by a self-manufactured resistance drill. The drill path was parallel to the lengthwise direction of the block. The linear models between the current, voltage, and power of the DC motor and wood microdensity were subsequently established, and the model with the highest R2adj was selected to express the resistance. The adjusted R2adj of the forward stepwise regression models between the current, voltage, and power of the DC motor and wood microdensity were determined as 0.2943. This suggests that the drilling needle resistance expressed with the current, voltage, and power or other combination may be optimal.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yang, Kendhl W Seabright, Theresa Garrison, A. Taylor, S. Myers, J. Juzwik
The phaseout of methyl bromide (MB) fumigation creates an urgent need for an alternative phytosanitary treatment to limit the risk of international spread of the oak wilt fungus, Bretziella fagacearum. Fumigation with ethanedinitrile (EDN) is considered a potential alternative to MB fumigation to eradicate wood-inhabiting pests and pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of EDN fumigation by comparing the rate of B. fagacearum isolation before and after fumigation of red oak (Quercus rubra or Quercus ellipsoidalis) log sections from oak wilt–affected trees. Logs (range 15.2 to 98.0 cm long; diameter 9.1 to 46.1 cm) were obtained from red oak trees that were naturally infected (NI) or artificially inoculated (AI) with B. fagacearum. The logs were fumigated for 24, 48, and/or 72 hours with 120 g/m3 EDN. Frequencies of pathogen isolation from the sapwood before treatment were higher for AI logs than for NI logs. EDN treatments greatly reduced the frequency of viable pathogen recovery, but eradication occurred only in experiments using the smallest log diameters (9 to 14 cm). Our results suggest that EDN may have limited penetration in oak logs with intact bark, similar to fumigants currently used on wood products, such as MB and sulfuryl fluoride. Results of future work may help in the understanding of the limitations for consistent and full efficacy of EDN against B. fagacearum in logs harvested from diseased trees.
{"title":"Oak Wilt Fungus (Bretziella fagacearum) Survival in Logs Following Fumigation with Ethanedinitrile","authors":"A. Yang, Kendhl W Seabright, Theresa Garrison, A. Taylor, S. Myers, J. Juzwik","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The phaseout of methyl bromide (MB) fumigation creates an urgent need for an alternative phytosanitary treatment to limit the risk of international spread of the oak wilt fungus, Bretziella fagacearum. Fumigation with ethanedinitrile (EDN) is considered a potential alternative to MB fumigation to eradicate wood-inhabiting pests and pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of EDN fumigation by comparing the rate of B. fagacearum isolation before and after fumigation of red oak (Quercus rubra or Quercus ellipsoidalis) log sections from oak wilt–affected trees. Logs (range 15.2 to 98.0 cm long; diameter 9.1 to 46.1 cm) were obtained from red oak trees that were naturally infected (NI) or artificially inoculated (AI) with B. fagacearum. The logs were fumigated for 24, 48, and/or 72 hours with 120 g/m3 EDN. Frequencies of pathogen isolation from the sapwood before treatment were higher for AI logs than for NI logs. EDN treatments greatly reduced the frequency of viable pathogen recovery, but eradication occurred only in experiments using the smallest log diameters (9 to 14 cm). Our results suggest that EDN may have limited penetration in oak logs with intact bark, similar to fumigants currently used on wood products, such as MB and sulfuryl fluoride. Results of future work may help in the understanding of the limitations for consistent and full efficacy of EDN against B. fagacearum in logs harvested from diseased trees.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47087085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hakim Abdel Aziz Ouattara, F. Niamké, Jean Claude N'guessan Yao, Nadine Amusant, B. Garnier
Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is widely used for the production of charcoal, pyroligneous liquid, and noncondensable gases. All three are value-added products that are exploited in several fields. However, this review focuses on three main areas: wood vinegar production methods, its physicochemical properties, and the use of wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid in agriculture and the environment. Wood vinegar is a liquid derived from wood by the condensation of gases and vapors released during the carbonization process, which is the transformation of wood into charcoal. It is mainly composed of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols, and ethers. Wood vinegar has antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties and is used in agriculture as an antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticide, and plant germination and growth agent. It is also used in food preservation, in medicine, and in the ecological preservation of wood. This review also examines the state of the art in pyroligneous liquid production techniques and factors that could potentially affect its quality.
{"title":"Wood Vinegars: Production Processes, Properties, and Valorization","authors":"Hakim Abdel Aziz Ouattara, F. Niamké, Jean Claude N'guessan Yao, Nadine Amusant, B. Garnier","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is widely used for the production of charcoal, pyroligneous liquid, and noncondensable gases. All three are value-added products that are exploited in several fields. However, this review focuses on three main areas: wood vinegar production methods, its physicochemical properties, and the use of wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid in agriculture and the environment. Wood vinegar is a liquid derived from wood by the condensation of gases and vapors released during the carbonization process, which is the transformation of wood into charcoal. It is mainly composed of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols, and ethers. Wood vinegar has antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties and is used in agriculture as an antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticide, and plant germination and growth agent. It is also used in food preservation, in medicine, and in the ecological preservation of wood. This review also examines the state of the art in pyroligneous liquid production techniques and factors that could potentially affect its quality.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46699673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat tensioning was proposed and proved to be effective for improving the dynamic stability of circular saw blades with ideal disk structure by a previous scholar. With the diversification of circular saw blade structure, circular saw blades with external scrapers are widely favored by the market because of their excellent resistance to sawing thermal stress. For circular saw blades with external scrapers, the effect of heat tensioning on the dynamic stability of the blades needs to be further studied. Therefore, the heat tensioning process of circular saw blades with external scrapers was built by the finite element method. The stress field and critical rotational speed of circular saw blades with a different structure after the heat tensioning process were calculated and analyzed. The relationships between circular saw blade structure, the dynamic stability of circular saw blades, and the heat tensioning process are clarified in this article. The results show that heat tensioning is not valid for all types of circular saw blades. For circular saw blades with external scrapers, the effect of heat tensioning on improving the critical rotation speed of the blades is gradually decreased with the number of external scrapers. When circular saw blades are heat tensioned, the average tangential stress of the outer edge of the blades and the critical rotation speed of the blades are higher.
{"title":"Research on the Effect of Heat Tensioning on the Dynamic Stability of Circular Saw Blades with External Scrapers","authors":"Bo Li, Mingyang Yu, Qingdong Zhang","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Heat tensioning was proposed and proved to be effective for improving the dynamic stability of circular saw blades with ideal disk structure by a previous scholar. With the diversification of circular saw blade structure, circular saw blades with external scrapers are widely favored by the market because of their excellent resistance to sawing thermal stress. For circular saw blades with external scrapers, the effect of heat tensioning on the dynamic stability of the blades needs to be further studied. Therefore, the heat tensioning process of circular saw blades with external scrapers was built by the finite element method. The stress field and critical rotational speed of circular saw blades with a different structure after the heat tensioning process were calculated and analyzed. The relationships between circular saw blade structure, the dynamic stability of circular saw blades, and the heat tensioning process are clarified in this article. The results show that heat tensioning is not valid for all types of circular saw blades. For circular saw blades with external scrapers, the effect of heat tensioning on improving the critical rotation speed of the blades is gradually decreased with the number of external scrapers. When circular saw blades are heat tensioned, the average tangential stress of the outer edge of the blades and the critical rotation speed of the blades are higher.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48077138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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