L. Khademibami, Keith B. Ward, R. D. Seale, R. Shmulsky, J. Ratcliff
In the current study, three-ply bolt-laminated southern pine (Pinus sp.) 244 by 427 cm (8 by 14 ft) mats were evaluated. Mats were destructively tested in ⅓-point bending on a universal testing machine according to ASTM International standards. Twenty-eight unique specimens were destructively tested, and mean modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were calculated. According to the results both MOR and MOE values for the specimens were highly uniform. The mean MOR was 11.74 MPa (1,704 psi) and the mean MOE was 1,144 MPa (0.166 × 106 psi). Additionally, the values of parametric and nonparametric Fb (design fiber stress in bending values ) were reported as 4.05 MPa and 4.54 MPa (588 psi and 659 psi), respectively. The mechanical properties of these three-ply pine mats were also compared with other studies of mats from other species groups and design architectures.
{"title":"Flexural Properties of Three-Ply Bolt-Laminated Pine Mats","authors":"L. Khademibami, Keith B. Ward, R. D. Seale, R. Shmulsky, J. Ratcliff","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00075","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the current study, three-ply bolt-laminated southern pine (Pinus sp.) 244 by 427 cm (8 by 14 ft) mats were evaluated. Mats were destructively tested in ⅓-point bending on a universal testing machine according to ASTM International standards. Twenty-eight unique specimens were destructively tested, and mean modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were calculated. According to the results both MOR and MOE values for the specimens were highly uniform. The mean MOR was 11.74 MPa (1,704 psi) and the mean MOE was 1,144 MPa (0.166 × 106 psi). Additionally, the values of parametric and nonparametric Fb (design fiber stress in bending values ) were reported as 4.05 MPa and 4.54 MPa (588 psi and 659 psi), respectively. The mechanical properties of these three-ply pine mats were also compared with other studies of mats from other species groups and design architectures.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44085626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alawode, F. Owofadeju, M. Musah, O. Asafu-Adjaye, B. Via
This study investigated the feasibility of using wood flour (WF) as a partial substitute in polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin and compared its performance with soy flour (SF) substituted in pMDI resin. The physical and mechanical properties of experimental particleboards made with WF and SF substituted in pMDI resin at different substitution percentages were evaluated. The viscosity for the WF at different substitution ratios (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) ranged from 314.7 to 6,256.3 cP, whereas SF-substituted resin ranged from 249.7 to 1,291.8 cP. During the production of the boards, it was observed that because of the high viscosity of WF substituted in pMDI resin above 10 percent, it was exceedingly difficult to apply it through spraying and brushing, either to wood particles or veneers. Dimensional stability test results established that the incorporation of SF assisted in mitigating board thickness swelling. The results from the study showed that panels made with SF substituted in pMDI resin at 5 and 10 percent exhibited the overall best performance in all the properties considered compared with panels made with WF substituted in pMDI resin.
{"title":"Comparative Effect of Biofillers in pMDI Resin Performance","authors":"A. Alawode, F. Owofadeju, M. Musah, O. Asafu-Adjaye, B. Via","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigated the feasibility of using wood flour (WF) as a partial substitute in polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin and compared its performance with soy flour (SF) substituted in pMDI resin. The physical and mechanical properties of experimental particleboards made with WF and SF substituted in pMDI resin at different substitution percentages were evaluated. The viscosity for the WF at different substitution ratios (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) ranged from 314.7 to 6,256.3 cP, whereas SF-substituted resin ranged from 249.7 to 1,291.8 cP. During the production of the boards, it was observed that because of the high viscosity of WF substituted in pMDI resin above 10 percent, it was exceedingly difficult to apply it through spraying and brushing, either to wood particles or veneers. Dimensional stability test results established that the incorporation of SF assisted in mitigating board thickness swelling. The results from the study showed that panels made with SF substituted in pMDI resin at 5 and 10 percent exhibited the overall best performance in all the properties considered compared with panels made with WF substituted in pMDI resin.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41781457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To recalibrate the connection between participation in global value chains (GVCs) and carbon embodied in trade is of great importance because it provides significant insights about how China's forest products industry should integrate into GVCs and promotes the reduction of carbon embodied in trade. This paper obtains panel data related to the GVC participation of, and carbon embodied in, the trade between China and 43 of its trading partners from 2000 to 2018, and uses fixed effects and quantile regressions to explore the impact of China's participation in the value chains of its trading partners on the carbon embodied in the trade of forest products from the perspective of bilateral trade. It is found that (1) China's participation in the value chains of its trading partners significantly reduces the carbon embodied in forest product trade, especially that of pollution-intensive products (e.g., paper and its products); (2) China's participation in the value chains of high-income countries reduces the carbon embodied in forest product trade; (3) foreign direct investment (FDI) in trading partners weakly suppresses the carbon embodied in the trade of Chinese forest products; (4) the effect on the carbon embodied in the trade of Chinese forest products is only suppressive when China's degree of participation in the value chain is higher; and (5) China's forward participation in the forest product value chains of its trading partners reduces its overall carbon embodied in trade, while the backward participation has the opposite effect.
{"title":"The Impact of China's Participation in the Value Chains of its Trading Partners on the Carbon Embodied in the Bilateral Trade of Forest Products","authors":"Ling Guo, Liqiang Xiao, Wenlan Wang, Xuanmeng Shi, Shuangshuang Wu","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To recalibrate the connection between participation in global value chains (GVCs) and carbon embodied in trade is of great importance because it provides significant insights about how China's forest products industry should integrate into GVCs and promotes the reduction of carbon embodied in trade. This paper obtains panel data related to the GVC participation of, and carbon embodied in, the trade between China and 43 of its trading partners from 2000 to 2018, and uses fixed effects and quantile regressions to explore the impact of China's participation in the value chains of its trading partners on the carbon embodied in the trade of forest products from the perspective of bilateral trade. It is found that (1) China's participation in the value chains of its trading partners significantly reduces the carbon embodied in forest product trade, especially that of pollution-intensive products (e.g., paper and its products); (2) China's participation in the value chains of high-income countries reduces the carbon embodied in forest product trade; (3) foreign direct investment (FDI) in trading partners weakly suppresses the carbon embodied in the trade of Chinese forest products; (4) the effect on the carbon embodied in the trade of Chinese forest products is only suppressive when China's degree of participation in the value chain is higher; and (5) China's forward participation in the forest product value chains of its trading partners reduces its overall carbon embodied in trade, while the backward participation has the opposite effect.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45607262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we used the conventional wet papermaking process and the solution casting procedure to make paper sheets and optimized the relative content of eucalyptus and Simao pine pulps using the mechanical properties of the paper sheet as the evaluation index. The chemical composition, water retention value, zeta potential, carboxyl content, and drainage behavior of the pulp created using the optimal mass ratio for each method were measured, and the resulting paper sheets were characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. We found that for a ratio of eucalyptus to Simao pine pulps of 94:6 using the wet papermaking process, the mechanical properties of sheets took their optimal values, and the tear, tensile, and burst indexes and the folding endurance were equal to 4.43 mN·m2·g−1, 27.47 N·m·g−1, 1.13 kPa·m2·g−1, and 11.38 times, respectively, whereas the ratio leading to the best possible mechanical performance in the solution casting process was 88:12, and the corresponding paper sheets had tear, tensile, and burst indexes and the folding endurance of 11.73 mN·m2·g−1, 23.03 N·m·g−1, 0.68 kPa·m2·g−1, and 25.50 times, respectively. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of the pulp treated by the solution casting method were lower by 1.88, 3.11, and 2.67 percent, respectively, compared to that obtained via the wet papermaking process. However, the water retention value, zeta potential, and carboxyl content of the pulp obtained via solution casting were higher by 50.31, 123.41, and 50.15, percent, respectively, compared to that obtained via the wet papermaking process. The drainage time obtained via the solution casting method was one-fifth of that obtained via the wet forming process. The paper sheet prepared via the solution casting method was found to exhibit weaker hydrogen bonding, a decreased level of crystallinity (26.64% lower), and an increased compactness and N2 gas adsorption capacity (19.55% and 66.7% higher, respectively) compared to the sheet obtained via the wet papermaking process. This work shows that the physical properties of the paper prepared via the two processes considered here, using their respective optimal weight ratios of the different types of pulp, have their own advantages.
{"title":"Physical Properties of Pulp and Paper: A Comparison of Forming Procedures","authors":"Yingju Miao, Siyu Xiang, Yingfen Wei, Xiaohui Long, J. Qiu, Yingchun Miao","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-23-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work, we used the conventional wet papermaking process and the solution casting procedure to make paper sheets and optimized the relative content of eucalyptus and Simao pine pulps using the mechanical properties of the paper sheet as the evaluation index. The chemical composition, water retention value, zeta potential, carboxyl content, and drainage behavior of the pulp created using the optimal mass ratio for each method were measured, and the resulting paper sheets were characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. We found that for a ratio of eucalyptus to Simao pine pulps of 94:6 using the wet papermaking process, the mechanical properties of sheets took their optimal values, and the tear, tensile, and burst indexes and the folding endurance were equal to 4.43 mN·m2·g−1, 27.47 N·m·g−1, 1.13 kPa·m2·g−1, and 11.38 times, respectively, whereas the ratio leading to the best possible mechanical performance in the solution casting process was 88:12, and the corresponding paper sheets had tear, tensile, and burst indexes and the folding endurance of 11.73 mN·m2·g−1, 23.03 N·m·g−1, 0.68 kPa·m2·g−1, and 25.50 times, respectively. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of the pulp treated by the solution casting method were lower by 1.88, 3.11, and 2.67 percent, respectively, compared to that obtained via the wet papermaking process. However, the water retention value, zeta potential, and carboxyl content of the pulp obtained via solution casting were higher by 50.31, 123.41, and 50.15, percent, respectively, compared to that obtained via the wet papermaking process. The drainage time obtained via the solution casting method was one-fifth of that obtained via the wet forming process. The paper sheet prepared via the solution casting method was found to exhibit weaker hydrogen bonding, a decreased level of crystallinity (26.64% lower), and an increased compactness and N2 gas adsorption capacity (19.55% and 66.7% higher, respectively) compared to the sheet obtained via the wet papermaking process. This work shows that the physical properties of the paper prepared via the two processes considered here, using their respective optimal weight ratios of the different types of pulp, have their own advantages.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43797612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam J. Taylor, M. Denavit, J. Lloyd, Jae-Woo Kim, G. Kirker, M. Mankowski
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an increasingly popular wood-based alternative for large building applications. CLT panels are typically not treated due in part to a perceived lack of efficient and effective methods for treating large panels and a lack of information on what effect treatment processes may have on the panels' mechanical properties. We propose that treating CLT panels with borate solution, applied under vacuum in flexible bags, could provide a practical and effective option for providing preservative protection for interior applications. Samples were cut from commercially produced CLT panels and treated with borate solution using vacuum. The samples were then evaluated for preservative retention, swelling, and degradation of mechanical properties. Initial treatments resulted in a wide range of preservative retentions and property effects among the products tested. In subsequent adjustments, the treatment parameters were changed to provide consistent and sufficient retention among the products. The vacuum treatment method effectively penetrated cracks in the lumber and the bond lines (adhesive joint between adjacent lamellae). Swelling and effects on mechanical properties were minimal in the adjusted samples. In addition to these samples that were treated in a rigid pressure vessel, a larger sample was successfully treated in a flexible plastic bag. Data from this study support the concept that vacuum treatment of CLT panels with borate can provide sufficient levels of preservative retention, can be adjusted to the material being treated, and has minimal effects on mechanical properties.
{"title":"Borate Treatment of CLT Panels Using Vacuum: A Proof of Concept","authors":"Adam J. Taylor, M. Denavit, J. Lloyd, Jae-Woo Kim, G. Kirker, M. Mankowski","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an increasingly popular wood-based alternative for large building applications. CLT panels are typically not treated due in part to a perceived lack of efficient and effective methods for treating large panels and a lack of information on what effect treatment processes may have on the panels' mechanical properties. We propose that treating CLT panels with borate solution, applied under vacuum in flexible bags, could provide a practical and effective option for providing preservative protection for interior applications. Samples were cut from commercially produced CLT panels and treated with borate solution using vacuum. The samples were then evaluated for preservative retention, swelling, and degradation of mechanical properties. Initial treatments resulted in a wide range of preservative retentions and property effects among the products tested. In subsequent adjustments, the treatment parameters were changed to provide consistent and sufficient retention among the products. The vacuum treatment method effectively penetrated cracks in the lumber and the bond lines (adhesive joint between adjacent lamellae). Swelling and effects on mechanical properties were minimal in the adjusted samples. In addition to these samples that were treated in a rigid pressure vessel, a larger sample was successfully treated in a flexible plastic bag. Data from this study support the concept that vacuum treatment of CLT panels with borate can provide sufficient levels of preservative retention, can be adjusted to the material being treated, and has minimal effects on mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48170090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estimating industrial carbon dioxide emissions at the national scale is crucial for China's carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets, as well as the low-carbon development of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry. For this purpose, in this study the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier-2 methodology was used to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry at the national scale. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions increased from 219.50 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2000 to 850.68 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2019. Moreover, carbon dioxide emission intensity decreased from 9.50 tons of CO2 per million dollars to 1.73 tons of CO2 per million dollars in this period. Moreover, electricity and raw coal were observed to have a significant influence on carbon dioxide emissions, followed by diesel oil, gasoline, heat energy, and natural gas. The results reveal that the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry has generally realized low-carbon development over the past two decades. This work proposes several suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry, including promoting the use of clean electricity, the installation of photovoltaic cells, industrial transformation and upgrading, the optimization of transport modes for product delivery and material supply, and the employment of low-carbon raw materials.
{"title":"Carbon Dioxide Emission Evaluations in the Chinese Furniture Manufacturing Industry Using the IPCC Tier-2 Methodology","authors":"Wan-li Lao, Xiao-Ling Li, Yingyu Gong, Xin-Fang Duan","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Estimating industrial carbon dioxide emissions at the national scale is crucial for China's carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets, as well as the low-carbon development of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry. For this purpose, in this study the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier-2 methodology was used to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry at the national scale. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions increased from 219.50 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2000 to 850.68 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2019. Moreover, carbon dioxide emission intensity decreased from 9.50 tons of CO2 per million dollars to 1.73 tons of CO2 per million dollars in this period. Moreover, electricity and raw coal were observed to have a significant influence on carbon dioxide emissions, followed by diesel oil, gasoline, heat energy, and natural gas. The results reveal that the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry has generally realized low-carbon development over the past two decades. This work proposes several suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry, including promoting the use of clean electricity, the installation of photovoltaic cells, industrial transformation and upgrading, the optimization of transport modes for product delivery and material supply, and the employment of low-carbon raw materials.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41635262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood has thousands of uses and the industry plays an important role in the US economy. There are many sectors within the industry such as the lumber, engineered wood products, pulp and paper products, and reclaimed lumber sectors. However, most consumers are unaware of the importance and the diversity of the industry. Reclaimed lumber is one particular sector that can have a great economic and environmental impact among communities. In 2021, an online survey was conducted to assess consumer knowledge of the reclaimed lumber sector and perceptions and attitudes toward the sector and reclaimed lumber products. Of the 1,516 respondents, 59 percent indicated being somewhat knowledgeable of the wood products industry but only 44 percent felt they were knowledgeable of reclaimed lumber. Caucasian and male respondents were more likely to indicate they were knowledgeable. Although respondents had somewhat negative responses toward the environmentally friendliness of the industry, their responses toward the environmental and economic benefits of reclaimed lumber products were positive. The information obtained from this study will be beneficial to companies that are interested in creating strategies to market new or innovative products to reach new or existing customers.
{"title":"From Refuse to Reuse: How Much do Consumers Know about the Reclaimed Lumber Industry?","authors":"Iris B. Montague, Mia Craig, R. Shmulsky","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Wood has thousands of uses and the industry plays an important role in the US economy. There are many sectors within the industry such as the lumber, engineered wood products, pulp and paper products, and reclaimed lumber sectors. However, most consumers are unaware of the importance and the diversity of the industry. Reclaimed lumber is one particular sector that can have a great economic and environmental impact among communities. In 2021, an online survey was conducted to assess consumer knowledge of the reclaimed lumber sector and perceptions and attitudes toward the sector and reclaimed lumber products. Of the 1,516 respondents, 59 percent indicated being somewhat knowledgeable of the wood products industry but only 44 percent felt they were knowledgeable of reclaimed lumber. Caucasian and male respondents were more likely to indicate they were knowledgeable. Although respondents had somewhat negative responses toward the environmentally friendliness of the industry, their responses toward the environmental and economic benefits of reclaimed lumber products were positive. The information obtained from this study will be beneficial to companies that are interested in creating strategies to market new or innovative products to reach new or existing customers.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47497697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet is a powerful tool that can be leveraged to explore user search behavior. Google Trends is a compelling database that tracks the frequency with which all users search any given word. There is thus an opportunity to see if the search histories obtained from Google Trends can be merged with data analytics to tease out underlying relationships with similar searches for cross-laminated timber (CLT). In this study, multiple linear regression was used to predict the search strength of the term cross laminated timber from 60 possible variables that may be directly or indirectly associated with CLT. This study was able to model the search term CLT (R2 = 0.76) using a reduced model of 20 variables. However, while prediction strength was strong, our primary interest was to statistically classify and rank important variables that might be important to CLT. To achieve this, the Mallow's Cp statistic was used to build the most robust model possible. To confirm with the literature, we also compared our study with another Web-based study and found a significant linear relationship between the t statistic in our study and the frequency of the same or similar search term in their study (R2 = 0.76). This agreement between studies helps to support our hypothesis that multiple linear regression coupled with Google Trends is a new tool that may assist marketers to identify emerging trends important to CLT.
{"title":"Modeling Internet Search Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber","authors":"B. Via, David Kennedy, M. Peresin","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00057","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Internet is a powerful tool that can be leveraged to explore user search behavior. Google Trends is a compelling database that tracks the frequency with which all users search any given word. There is thus an opportunity to see if the search histories obtained from Google Trends can be merged with data analytics to tease out underlying relationships with similar searches for cross-laminated timber (CLT). In this study, multiple linear regression was used to predict the search strength of the term cross laminated timber from 60 possible variables that may be directly or indirectly associated with CLT. This study was able to model the search term CLT (R2 = 0.76) using a reduced model of 20 variables. However, while prediction strength was strong, our primary interest was to statistically classify and rank important variables that might be important to CLT. To achieve this, the Mallow's Cp statistic was used to build the most robust model possible. To confirm with the literature, we also compared our study with another Web-based study and found a significant linear relationship between the t statistic in our study and the frequency of the same or similar search term in their study (R2 = 0.76). This agreement between studies helps to support our hypothesis that multiple linear regression coupled with Google Trends is a new tool that may assist marketers to identify emerging trends important to CLT.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43454729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this research was to test the effect of low-moisture-content veneer on the strength and durability of plywood test specimens constructed with a soy-flour adhesive. Soy-flour adhesive systems offer certain environmental and health advantages but research studies and performance data are lacking currently for a variety of wood types and end uses. Soyad adhesive was used in this study due to its natural, renewable soy flour, a novel cross-linking resin, and lack of added formaldehyde. Test specimens were prepared using heartwood of hickory and red oak and sapwood of hickory. These wood types were used to represent some of the most challenging wood adhesion conditions. Analytical tests included determination of select chemical properties of the adhesive and wood veneer, measurement of strength properties of the adhesive bond, and assessment of delamination tendencies of bonded panels following water soaking.
{"title":"Soy-Flour Adhesive Bonding of Low-Moisture Hickory and Red Oak Veneer","authors":"C. J. Wykle, A. Zink-Sharp","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The goal of this research was to test the effect of low-moisture-content veneer on the strength and durability of plywood test specimens constructed with a soy-flour adhesive. Soy-flour adhesive systems offer certain environmental and health advantages but research studies and performance data are lacking currently for a variety of wood types and end uses. Soyad adhesive was used in this study due to its natural, renewable soy flour, a novel cross-linking resin, and lack of added formaldehyde. Test specimens were prepared using heartwood of hickory and red oak and sapwood of hickory. These wood types were used to represent some of the most challenging wood adhesion conditions. Analytical tests included determination of select chemical properties of the adhesive and wood veneer, measurement of strength properties of the adhesive bond, and assessment of delamination tendencies of bonded panels following water soaking.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42222998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sawing variation (SV) describes all variations that exist in the production of lumber due to machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. The necessary oversizing of board thickness due to SV diminishes sawmill profits and hence efforts must be made to reduce the variation. However, such efforts are costly and sawmill personnel generally do not know at which point efforts to reduce (SV) become more costly than oversizing the boards. In an accompanying paper we examined the impact of SV on lumber volume recovery and found that volume recovery increased comparatively more for thinner than for thicker kerfs and that the effect of reduced SV became more pronounced as diameter increased. In this second manuscript, the effect of SV on the quantity of boards sawn for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software was researched and compared with the volume improvement from an earlier paper. Results showed that significant differences in the number of boards obtained was dependent on the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a potential production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. All sawmills can benefit from reducing SV, but mills that saw large-diameter logs might consider pursuing SV reduction more aggressively than a sawmill sawing mostly small-diameter logs.
{"title":"Effect of Sawing Variation on Hardwood Lumber Recovery—Part II: Board Count","authors":"E. Thomas, U. Buehlmann","doi":"10.13073/fpj-d-22-00058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sawing variation (SV) describes all variations that exist in the production of lumber due to machine, material, set works, feed works, and cutting parameters. The necessary oversizing of board thickness due to SV diminishes sawmill profits and hence efforts must be made to reduce the variation. However, such efforts are costly and sawmill personnel generally do not know at which point efforts to reduce (SV) become more costly than oversizing the boards. In an accompanying paper we examined the impact of SV on lumber volume recovery and found that volume recovery increased comparatively more for thinner than for thicker kerfs and that the effect of reduced SV became more pronounced as diameter increased. In this second manuscript, the effect of SV on the quantity of boards sawn for a range of hardwood log diameters using the US Forest Service's LOg ReCovery Analysis Tool sawmill simulation software was researched and compared with the volume improvement from an earlier paper. Results showed that significant differences in the number of boards obtained was dependent on the log diameters sawn, the lumber target thickness, and the change (reduction) in SV. A minimal average recovery improvement of 3 percent due to reduced SV was observed across all kerf thicknesses, equating to a potential production value improvement of $336,000 for an 8 million board feet mill. All sawmills can benefit from reducing SV, but mills that saw large-diameter logs might consider pursuing SV reduction more aggressively than a sawmill sawing mostly small-diameter logs.","PeriodicalId":12387,"journal":{"name":"Forest Products Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42681486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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