B. Karlsen, Dhurba Adhikari, T. E. Jørgensen, I. K. Hanssen, T. Moum, J. T. Nordeide, Steinar Daae Johansen
A subarctic Norwegian watercourse is known for its population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758) with unusual pelvic spine polymorphism; the upper lake contains a mixture of specimens that are normal-spined, asymmetric-spined, and spineless. In contrast, the downstream lakes and the nearby marine site contain only the normal spined morph. We investigated the maternal-line genetic structure in the watercourse using mitogenomics. A total of 242 sticklebacks representing two lakes and a marine site were assessed based on individual and pooled DNA sequencing. While two distinct mitogenome clades were detected in the upper lake (Lake Storvatnet), only one of these clades was present in the downstream lake. The marine site pooled DNA sample, however, contained several mitogenome haplotypes. We present mitogenome sequence features that include gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, molecular phylogeny, and genetic differentiation assessments based on pairwise comparisons of pooled population samples from each site. The Lake Storvatnet mitogenomes belong to two distinct Euro-North American (ENA) clades; one of the ancestral lineages likely corresponds to the original maternal lineage in the watercourse, and the other was introduced more recently. We hypothesize that the second invader carried nuclear genomic features responsible for the observed present-day pelvic spine polymorphism in Lake Storvatnet.
挪威的一条亚北极水道因其三刺鱼群（Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758）具有不寻常的骨盆脊柱多态性而闻名；上游湖泊中混有正常脊柱、不对称脊柱和无脊柱的标本。相比之下，下游湖泊和附近海域的标本只有正常脊柱形态。我们利用有丝分裂基因组学研究了水道中的母系遗传结构。我们对代表两个湖泊和一个海域的 242 条棍尾鱼进行了个体和集合 DNA 测序评估。在上游湖泊（Storvatnet 湖）中发现了两个不同的有丝分裂基因组支系，而在下游湖泊中只发现了其中一个支系。然而，海洋站点的集合 DNA 样本中包含多个有丝分裂基因组单倍型。我们介绍了有丝分裂基因组的序列特征，包括基因特异性单核苷酸多态性、分子系统发育以及基于每个地点的集合种群样本配对比较的遗传分化评估。Storvatnet湖的有丝分裂基因组属于两个不同的欧洲-北美（ENA）支系；其中一个祖系可能与水道中的原始母系相对应，而另一个祖系则是最近引入的。我们推测，第二个入侵者携带的核基因组特征导致了今天在 Storvatnet 湖观察到的骨盆脊柱多态性。
{"title":"Two Distinct Maternal Lineages of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a Small Norwegian Subarctic Lake","authors":"B. Karlsen, Dhurba Adhikari, T. E. Jørgensen, I. K. Hanssen, T. Moum, J. T. Nordeide, Steinar Daae Johansen","doi":"10.3390/fishes9070285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070285","url":null,"abstract":"A subarctic Norwegian watercourse is known for its population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758) with unusual pelvic spine polymorphism; the upper lake contains a mixture of specimens that are normal-spined, asymmetric-spined, and spineless. In contrast, the downstream lakes and the nearby marine site contain only the normal spined morph. We investigated the maternal-line genetic structure in the watercourse using mitogenomics. A total of 242 sticklebacks representing two lakes and a marine site were assessed based on individual and pooled DNA sequencing. While two distinct mitogenome clades were detected in the upper lake (Lake Storvatnet), only one of these clades was present in the downstream lake. The marine site pooled DNA sample, however, contained several mitogenome haplotypes. We present mitogenome sequence features that include gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, molecular phylogeny, and genetic differentiation assessments based on pairwise comparisons of pooled population samples from each site. The Lake Storvatnet mitogenomes belong to two distinct Euro-North American (ENA) clades; one of the ancestral lineages likely corresponds to the original maternal lineage in the watercourse, and the other was introduced more recently. We hypothesize that the second invader carried nuclear genomic features responsible for the observed present-day pelvic spine polymorphism in Lake Storvatnet.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kolanczyk, Laura E. Solem, Patricia K. Schmieder, James M. McKim
The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 °C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubations were optimized for time, cofactor concentration, pH, and microsomal protein concentration. Formation of Phase I ring-hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation metabolites was quantified using HPLC with dual-channel electrochemical and UV detection. The biotransformation of phenol over a range of substrate concentrations (1 to 180 mM) was quantified, and the Michaelis–Menten kinetics constants, Km and Vmax, for the formation of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenylglucuronide (PG) were calculated. Species differences were noted in the Km values for Phase I enzyme production of HQ and CAT, with the following rank order of apparent enzyme affinity for substrate: RBT > BKT = LKT. However, no apparent differences in the Km for Phase II metabolism of phenol to PG were detected. Conversely, while there were no apparent differences in Vmax between species for HQ or CAT formation, the apparent maximum capacity for PG formation was significantly less in LKT than that observed for RBT and BKT. These experiments provide a means to quantify metabolic activation and deactivation of xenobiotics in fish, to compare activation and deactivation reactions across species, and to act as a guide for future predictions of new chemical biotransformation pathways and rates in fish. These experiments provided the necessary rate and capacity (Km and Vmax) inputs that are required to parameterize a fish physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for a reactive chemical that is readily biotransformed, such as phenol. In the future, an extensive database of these rate and capacity parameters on important fish species for selected chemical structures will be needed to allow the effective use of predictive models for reactive, biotransformation chemicals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Phase I and II Hepatic Microsomal Biotransformation of Phenol in Three Species of Salmonidae: Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenylglucuronide Formation","authors":"R. Kolanczyk, Laura E. Solem, Patricia K. Schmieder, James M. McKim","doi":"10.3390/fishes9070284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070284","url":null,"abstract":"The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 °C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubations were optimized for time, cofactor concentration, pH, and microsomal protein concentration. Formation of Phase I ring-hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation metabolites was quantified using HPLC with dual-channel electrochemical and UV detection. The biotransformation of phenol over a range of substrate concentrations (1 to 180 mM) was quantified, and the Michaelis–Menten kinetics constants, Km and Vmax, for the formation of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenylglucuronide (PG) were calculated. Species differences were noted in the Km values for Phase I enzyme production of HQ and CAT, with the following rank order of apparent enzyme affinity for substrate: RBT > BKT = LKT. However, no apparent differences in the Km for Phase II metabolism of phenol to PG were detected. Conversely, while there were no apparent differences in Vmax between species for HQ or CAT formation, the apparent maximum capacity for PG formation was significantly less in LKT than that observed for RBT and BKT. These experiments provide a means to quantify metabolic activation and deactivation of xenobiotics in fish, to compare activation and deactivation reactions across species, and to act as a guide for future predictions of new chemical biotransformation pathways and rates in fish. These experiments provided the necessary rate and capacity (Km and Vmax) inputs that are required to parameterize a fish physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for a reactive chemical that is readily biotransformed, such as phenol. In the future, an extensive database of these rate and capacity parameters on important fish species for selected chemical structures will be needed to allow the effective use of predictive models for reactive, biotransformation chemicals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. A. Ferrari, Leonardo Mantovani Favero, C. T. Facimoto, A. M. Dall Agnol, Marcos Letaif Gaeta, T. E. S. de Oliveira, Daniela Dib Gonçalves, N. Lopera-Barrero, U. P. Pereira, Giovana Wingeter Di Santis
Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly invasive bacterium that causes significant economic losses in tilapia aquaculture around the world. Furthermore, it is a pathogen for mammals, including humans, emphasizing its importance in One Health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the evolution of clinical and histopathological lesions caused by acute infection with two serotypes of S. agalactiae. For this, two strains isolated from natural outbreaks in Brazilian aquaculture farms (S13, serotype Ib; S73, serotype III) were used to challenge juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intraperitoneally. Target organ samples were collected ten times, between 1 and 96 h post-infection, for microbiological and histopathological analyses. Anorexia was the first clinical sign and the first death occurred at 24 and 30 h in the fish infected with strains S13 and S73, respectively. Serotype Ib initially caused more pronounced lesions in the nervous system; however, serotype III lesions progressed more aggressively, reaching the same severity as those of serotype Ib. This trend was repeated in the mortality curve after 32 h. These results elucidated the important stages in the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae serotypes Ib and III in tilapia and suggest “tips and tricks” to improve the positive culture rate in the clinical diagnosis of infections in some tissues.
无乳链球菌是一种高度入侵性细菌，给世界各地的罗非鱼养殖业造成了重大经济损失。此外，它还是包括人类在内的哺乳动物的病原体，这突出了它在 "一体健康 "中的重要性。这项工作的目的是评估急性感染两种血清型的 S. agalactiae 导致的临床和组织病理学病变的演变。为此，从巴西水产养殖场自然爆发的疾病中分离出两株菌株（S13，血清型 Ib；S73，血清型 III），对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）进行腹腔注射。在感染后 1 至 96 小时内，采集 10 次目标器官样本，进行微生物学和组织病理学分析。鱼类感染 S13 和 S73 菌株后，分别在 24 小时和 30 小时出现厌食和死亡。血清 Ib 型最初在神经系统造成的病变更明显；然而，血清 III 型的病变发展得更严重，达到了与血清 Ib 型相同的严重程度。这些结果阐明了罗非鱼中 S. agalactiae 血清型 Ib 和 III 发病的重要阶段，并提出了提高临床诊断某些组织感染的阳性培养率的 "小窍门"。
{"title":"Clinical and Histopathological Evolution of Acute Intraperitoneal Infection by Streptococcus agalactiae Serotypes Ib and III in Nile Tilapia","authors":"N. A. Ferrari, Leonardo Mantovani Favero, C. T. Facimoto, A. M. Dall Agnol, Marcos Letaif Gaeta, T. E. S. de Oliveira, Daniela Dib Gonçalves, N. Lopera-Barrero, U. P. Pereira, Giovana Wingeter Di Santis","doi":"10.3390/fishes9070279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070279","url":null,"abstract":"Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly invasive bacterium that causes significant economic losses in tilapia aquaculture around the world. Furthermore, it is a pathogen for mammals, including humans, emphasizing its importance in One Health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the evolution of clinical and histopathological lesions caused by acute infection with two serotypes of S. agalactiae. For this, two strains isolated from natural outbreaks in Brazilian aquaculture farms (S13, serotype Ib; S73, serotype III) were used to challenge juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intraperitoneally. Target organ samples were collected ten times, between 1 and 96 h post-infection, for microbiological and histopathological analyses. Anorexia was the first clinical sign and the first death occurred at 24 and 30 h in the fish infected with strains S13 and S73, respectively. Serotype Ib initially caused more pronounced lesions in the nervous system; however, serotype III lesions progressed more aggressively, reaching the same severity as those of serotype Ib. This trend was repeated in the mortality curve after 32 h. These results elucidated the important stages in the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae serotypes Ib and III in tilapia and suggest “tips and tricks” to improve the positive culture rate in the clinical diagnosis of infections in some tissues.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141834162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, including vegetable ingredients in fish diets without growth effects is common; however, their intestinal oxidative status under these conditions is less known. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with 75% vegetable oil (VO) inclusion were formulated for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). As VO, one diet contained palm oil (diet P), another rapeseed oil (diet R), and the other three included linseed oil (L) combined with the above-mentioned VOs (named PL, RL and RPL diets). After 18 weeks, pyloric caeca (PC) and proximal intestine (PI) were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and gene expression. Dietary linseed oil diminished the superoxide dismutase activity in both intestinal regions, catalase in PC and glutathione reductase in PI; rapeseed oil reduced the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase activities in PC, and palm oil upregulated GPx activity in PI. The PL diet triggered LPO levels in the PI, and RPL-fed fish showed the highest levels of LPO in the PC due to lower antioxidant activities, while RL-fed fish presented the best oxidative status. The results suggest that the dietary amount of n-6 and the unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio are factors to be considered in aquafeed formulation, including VOs, to improve the intestinal oxidative status in fish.
{"title":"Oxidative Status of the Pyloric Caeca and Proximal Intestine in Gilthead Sea Bream Fed Diets Including Different Vegetable Oil Blends from Palm, Rapeseed and Linseed","authors":"Irene García-Meilán, Ramon Fontanillas, Joaquim Gutiérrez, Encarnación Capilla, Isabel Navarro, Á. Gallardo","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060228","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, including vegetable ingredients in fish diets without growth effects is common; however, their intestinal oxidative status under these conditions is less known. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with 75% vegetable oil (VO) inclusion were formulated for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). As VO, one diet contained palm oil (diet P), another rapeseed oil (diet R), and the other three included linseed oil (L) combined with the above-mentioned VOs (named PL, RL and RPL diets). After 18 weeks, pyloric caeca (PC) and proximal intestine (PI) were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and gene expression. Dietary linseed oil diminished the superoxide dismutase activity in both intestinal regions, catalase in PC and glutathione reductase in PI; rapeseed oil reduced the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase activities in PC, and palm oil upregulated GPx activity in PI. The PL diet triggered LPO levels in the PI, and RPL-fed fish showed the highest levels of LPO in the PC due to lower antioxidant activities, while RL-fed fish presented the best oxidative status. The results suggest that the dietary amount of n-6 and the unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio are factors to be considered in aquafeed formulation, including VOs, to improve the intestinal oxidative status in fish.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141343486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Choi, Da-Yeon Choi, Jung-Jin Park, Hye Jin Jung, Bo-Seong Kim, Sung-Chul Hong, Jun-Hwan Kim, Yue Jai Kang
The South Korean aquaculture industry has incurred considerable production losses due to various infectious diseases. Artificially synthesized polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), structurally similar to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytidine–phosphate–guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides, can enhance immune responses and protect against diseases. Here, we investigated dsRNA molecules with different cytidine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) motifs (dsRNA-CpGMix) as fused agents to treat Miamiensis avidus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in olive flounders. We further investigated the efficacy of specific sequence motifs in dsRNA in modulating immunostimulatory effects. Fish treated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix exhibited higher survival rates than the control group. Olive flounder leukocytes stimulated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix showed increased scuticocidal activity in the presence of inactivated immune sera. dsRNA with CpG motif sequences induced higher resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections than dsRNA without CpG motif sequences, and the dsRNA-CpGMix group showed upregulated ISG15 or Mx compared to the dsRNA-GFP group. Thus, dsRNA containing CpG motifs can be used as effective immunostimulants to enhance resistance against viral and parasitic diseases in olive flounder. The specific sequences of the CpG motifs in dsRNA may be important for enhancing immune responses and resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections in olive flounders.
{"title":"Protective Effects of Long Double-Stranded RNA with Different CpG Motifs against Miamiensis avidus and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) Infections in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","authors":"H. Choi, Da-Yeon Choi, Jung-Jin Park, Hye Jin Jung, Bo-Seong Kim, Sung-Chul Hong, Jun-Hwan Kim, Yue Jai Kang","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060227","url":null,"abstract":"The South Korean aquaculture industry has incurred considerable production losses due to various infectious diseases. Artificially synthesized polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), structurally similar to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytidine–phosphate–guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides, can enhance immune responses and protect against diseases. Here, we investigated dsRNA molecules with different cytidine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) motifs (dsRNA-CpGMix) as fused agents to treat Miamiensis avidus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in olive flounders. We further investigated the efficacy of specific sequence motifs in dsRNA in modulating immunostimulatory effects. Fish treated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix exhibited higher survival rates than the control group. Olive flounder leukocytes stimulated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix showed increased scuticocidal activity in the presence of inactivated immune sera. dsRNA with CpG motif sequences induced higher resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections than dsRNA without CpG motif sequences, and the dsRNA-CpGMix group showed upregulated ISG15 or Mx compared to the dsRNA-GFP group. Thus, dsRNA containing CpG motifs can be used as effective immunostimulants to enhance resistance against viral and parasitic diseases in olive flounder. The specific sequences of the CpG motifs in dsRNA may be important for enhancing immune responses and resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections in olive flounders.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Song, Heung-Sik Park, Yun-Hwan Jung, Dong Mun Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Dae-Won Lee
To improve aquaculture practices and husbandry of a variety of gastropods, including small conch species, it is necessary to study the physiological and endocrinological responses of nocturnal conches to light exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect of the light environment on Tegula rustica by exposing it to contrasting light conditions and observing histological changes in the retina and oxidative stress according to photoperiod and light wavelength. We confirmed that the pigment layer was significantly thicker in the group irradiated with light for 24 h (LL), but that its thickness did not differ significantly with light wavelength. Additionally, light wavelength changes did not cause a significant change in H2O2 concentration until 5 days after the change in the light environment. However, a significantly higher H2O2 concentration was observed in the LL test group on the eighth day compared with the other experimental groups. And a significantly higher total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in the LL group on the third day compared with the other experimental groups. Our results indicate that the light environment affects the reaction of conches and that continuous light has a stronger effect on the thickness of the pigment layer than the light wavelength. In addition, continuous light irradiation induces excessive ROS and causes oxidative stress. These results can also be provided as basic data for husbandry when aquaculturing gastropods.
{"title":"Effects of Various Photoperiods and Specific Wavelengths on Retinal Changes and Oxidative Stress in the Conch Tegula rustica","authors":"J. Song, Heung-Sik Park, Yun-Hwan Jung, Dong Mun Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Dae-Won Lee","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060226","url":null,"abstract":"To improve aquaculture practices and husbandry of a variety of gastropods, including small conch species, it is necessary to study the physiological and endocrinological responses of nocturnal conches to light exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect of the light environment on Tegula rustica by exposing it to contrasting light conditions and observing histological changes in the retina and oxidative stress according to photoperiod and light wavelength. We confirmed that the pigment layer was significantly thicker in the group irradiated with light for 24 h (LL), but that its thickness did not differ significantly with light wavelength. Additionally, light wavelength changes did not cause a significant change in H2O2 concentration until 5 days after the change in the light environment. However, a significantly higher H2O2 concentration was observed in the LL test group on the eighth day compared with the other experimental groups. And a significantly higher total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in the LL group on the third day compared with the other experimental groups. Our results indicate that the light environment affects the reaction of conches and that continuous light has a stronger effect on the thickness of the pigment layer than the light wavelength. In addition, continuous light irradiation induces excessive ROS and causes oxidative stress. These results can also be provided as basic data for husbandry when aquaculturing gastropods.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Li, Ronggang Ding, Jing Zhang, Yongcan Zhou, Chunsheng Liu, Zhenjie Cao, Yun Sun
Abstract: Groupers are valuable economic fish in the southern sea area of China, but the threat of disease is becoming more and more serious. Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) are three important pathogens that cause disease in groupers, and infection with either a single one or a mix of these pathogens poses a serious threat to the healthy development of grouper culture. To enhance the rapid diagnosis and screening in the early stages, it is necessary to develop rapid detection methods of these pathogens. To simultaneously and rapidly detect the three pathogens, in this study, we utilized the TolC of V. harveyi, DNAJ of V. parahaemolyticus, and RAD2 of SGIV as the target genes and established a triple visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. This LAMP method showed a detection time as fast as 30 min and a high sensitivity of 100 fg/μL. Moreover, this method exhibited strong specificity and no cross-reaction with seven types of Vibrio and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as five common viruses in aquatic animals. Then, the LAMP products were enzymically cut, and three characteristic strips were used to identify the pathogen species. The results of the clinical trials demonstrated that the method could accurately and specifically detect V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV in grouper tissues. In summary, this study successfully established a triple visual LAMP rapid detection method for V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV. The method offers several advantages including simple equipment, easy operation, rapid reaction, high specificity, high sensitivity, and visual results. It is suitable for the early and rapid diagnosis of groupers infected with V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV, thereby providing useful technical support for further application in the large-scale disease surveillance of aquaculture animals.
{"title":"The Establishment of the Multi-Visual Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Rapid Detection of Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Singapore grouper iridovirus","authors":"Tao Li, Ronggang Ding, Jing Zhang, Yongcan Zhou, Chunsheng Liu, Zhenjie Cao, Yun Sun","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060225","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Groupers are valuable economic fish in the southern sea area of China, but the threat of disease is becoming more and more serious. Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) are three important pathogens that cause disease in groupers, and infection with either a single one or a mix of these pathogens poses a serious threat to the healthy development of grouper culture. To enhance the rapid diagnosis and screening in the early stages, it is necessary to develop rapid detection methods of these pathogens. To simultaneously and rapidly detect the three pathogens, in this study, we utilized the TolC of V. harveyi, DNAJ of V. parahaemolyticus, and RAD2 of SGIV as the target genes and established a triple visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. This LAMP method showed a detection time as fast as 30 min and a high sensitivity of 100 fg/μL. Moreover, this method exhibited strong specificity and no cross-reaction with seven types of Vibrio and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as five common viruses in aquatic animals. Then, the LAMP products were enzymically cut, and three characteristic strips were used to identify the pathogen species. The results of the clinical trials demonstrated that the method could accurately and specifically detect V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV in grouper tissues. In summary, this study successfully established a triple visual LAMP rapid detection method for V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV. The method offers several advantages including simple equipment, easy operation, rapid reaction, high specificity, high sensitivity, and visual results. It is suitable for the early and rapid diagnosis of groupers infected with V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV, thereby providing useful technical support for further application in the large-scale disease surveillance of aquaculture animals.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaowen Li, Yufang Huang, Fan Li, Yanfen Liu, Hongliang Ma, Xiaomin Zhang, Xiuxia Wang, Wei Chen, Guangxin Cui, Tiantian Wang
Fisheries and bottom seawater data were collected in July in 2022 and 2023 from 15 sampling stations in the Huanghe River estuary and adjacent seas in China. The patterns of functional alpha and beta diversity of fish communities in this area and their relationships with environmental factors were studied using trait-based analysis. Five functional classifications, which included 16 functional traits, four functional alpha diversity indices (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and community-weighted mean), three functional beta diversity indices (functional beta diversity and its turnover and nestedness components), and 14 bottom environmental factors were considered. The dominant traits of fish communities were the following: benthivorous feeding habits, small and front-facing mouths, high trophic level, demersal, anguilliform, low growth coefficient, medium resilience, low vulnerability, and adapted to warm temperate conditions. The dominant migration traits and types of fish eggs varied by year, and fish abundance was the main factor affecting the dominant traits of the communities. The results of multiple regression on distance matrices and variance partitioning analysis indicated that ammonia nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and pH were the main environmental factors that affected fish functional diversity. The N/P ratio had a bottom-up control effect on fish functional diversity. Our findings also revealed that high pH gradients and distant geographical distances can inhibit trait turnover in fish communities.
{"title":"Functional Alpha and Beta Diversity of Fish Communities and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) Estuary and Adjacent Seas, China","authors":"Shaowen Li, Yufang Huang, Fan Li, Yanfen Liu, Hongliang Ma, Xiaomin Zhang, Xiuxia Wang, Wei Chen, Guangxin Cui, Tiantian Wang","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060222","url":null,"abstract":"Fisheries and bottom seawater data were collected in July in 2022 and 2023 from 15 sampling stations in the Huanghe River estuary and adjacent seas in China. The patterns of functional alpha and beta diversity of fish communities in this area and their relationships with environmental factors were studied using trait-based analysis. Five functional classifications, which included 16 functional traits, four functional alpha diversity indices (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and community-weighted mean), three functional beta diversity indices (functional beta diversity and its turnover and nestedness components), and 14 bottom environmental factors were considered. The dominant traits of fish communities were the following: benthivorous feeding habits, small and front-facing mouths, high trophic level, demersal, anguilliform, low growth coefficient, medium resilience, low vulnerability, and adapted to warm temperate conditions. The dominant migration traits and types of fish eggs varied by year, and fish abundance was the main factor affecting the dominant traits of the communities. The results of multiple regression on distance matrices and variance partitioning analysis indicated that ammonia nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and pH were the main environmental factors that affected fish functional diversity. The N/P ratio had a bottom-up control effect on fish functional diversity. Our findings also revealed that high pH gradients and distant geographical distances can inhibit trait turnover in fish communities.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luciana Alves Pereira, Leandro Castello, Eric Hallerman, Edson Rubens Ferreira Rodrigues, C. R. C. Doria, Fabrice Duponchelle
Fish growth is a fundamental biological process driven by a multitude of intrinsic (within-individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors that underpin individual fitness and population dynamics. Interannual variability in river hydrology regarding the intensity and duration of floods and droughts can induce interannual variations in the biotic and abiotic variables that regulate fish growth. However, the understanding of how interannual variability in river hydrology affects fish growth remains limited for most species and ecosystems. We evaluated how inter-annual hydrological variations within the Amazon River basin influence the growth of the catfish Pseudoplaystoma fasciatum. Our research questions were as follows: Do floods lead to the faster growth of P. fasciatum and droughts lead to the slower growth? And do floods and droughts affect all age classes in the same manner? We sampled 364 specimens of P. fasciatum from five sites in the Amazon basin, estimated their growth rates, and related the growth rates to indices of the intensity of floods and droughts. We fitted linear mixed-effects models to test the relationship between growth increments and hydrological indices (with F and D quantifying the intensities of floods and droughts, respectively), age as fixed effects, and basins and Fish ID as random effects. We found an inverse relationship between the increment width in the fish hard parts and hydrological indices. That is, intense floods and droughts negatively affected the growth rates. We also found that the growth of P. fasciatum was no different in years with intense and mild floods across age classes 1–5, although was different for age class 6. However, the growth of P. fasciatum was faster in years of mild droughts for all age classes. Our results showing that the growth of P. fasciatum was slower in years of intense droughts are supported by those of previous studies in the Amazon basin and elsewhere. However, our results showing for the first time that the growth of P. fasciatum is slower in years of intense flooding is the opposite of patterns found in other studies. These results thus suggest that the growth of P. fasciatum is maximized within an optimum range of hydrological conditions, where neither floods nor droughts are intense.
鱼类生长是一个基本的生物过程，由多种内在（个体内部）和外在（环境）因素驱动，这些因素是个体健康和种群动态的基础。河流水文在洪水和干旱的强度和持续时间方面的年际变化会引起调节鱼类生长的生物和非生物变量的年际变化。然而，对于大多数物种和生态系统而言，人们对河流水文年际变化如何影响鱼类生长的了解仍然有限。我们评估了亚马逊河流域的年际水文变化如何影响鲶鱼 Pseudoplaystoma fasciatum 的生长。我们的研究问题如下洪水是否会导致 fasciatum 的快速生长，而干旱是否会导致其缓慢生长？洪水和干旱对所有年龄段的影响是否相同？我们从亚马逊流域的五个地点采集了 364 个 P. fasciatum 标本，估算了它们的生长率，并将生长率与洪水和干旱强度指数联系起来。我们建立了线性混合效应模型来检验生长增量与水文指数（F 和 D 分别表示洪水和干旱的强度）之间的关系，年龄为固定效应，流域和鱼类 ID 为随机效应。我们发现，鱼类硬壳部分的增量宽度与水文指数之间存在反比关系。也就是说，强烈的洪水和干旱会对生长率产生负面影响。我们还发现，1-5 龄段的 P. fasciatum 在洪水猛烈年份和洪水温和年份的生长率没有差异，但在 6 龄段有所不同。然而，在轻度干旱的年份，所有龄级的 P. fasciatum 的生长速度都更快。我们的研究结果表明，在严重干旱的年份，P. fasciatum 的生长速度较慢，这与之前在亚马逊河流域和其他地方的研究结果相吻合。然而，我们的研究结果首次表明，在洪水严重的年份，P. fasciatum 的生长速度较慢，这与其他研究发现的模式相反。因此，这些结果表明，在洪水或干旱都不严重的最佳水文条件范围内，P. fasciatum 的生长速度是最大的。
{"title":"Flood Pulse Effects on the Growth of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum in the Amazon Basin","authors":"Luciana Alves Pereira, Leandro Castello, Eric Hallerman, Edson Rubens Ferreira Rodrigues, C. R. C. Doria, Fabrice Duponchelle","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060223","url":null,"abstract":"Fish growth is a fundamental biological process driven by a multitude of intrinsic (within-individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors that underpin individual fitness and population dynamics. Interannual variability in river hydrology regarding the intensity and duration of floods and droughts can induce interannual variations in the biotic and abiotic variables that regulate fish growth. However, the understanding of how interannual variability in river hydrology affects fish growth remains limited for most species and ecosystems. We evaluated how inter-annual hydrological variations within the Amazon River basin influence the growth of the catfish Pseudoplaystoma fasciatum. Our research questions were as follows: Do floods lead to the faster growth of P. fasciatum and droughts lead to the slower growth? And do floods and droughts affect all age classes in the same manner? We sampled 364 specimens of P. fasciatum from five sites in the Amazon basin, estimated their growth rates, and related the growth rates to indices of the intensity of floods and droughts. We fitted linear mixed-effects models to test the relationship between growth increments and hydrological indices (with F and D quantifying the intensities of floods and droughts, respectively), age as fixed effects, and basins and Fish ID as random effects. We found an inverse relationship between the increment width in the fish hard parts and hydrological indices. That is, intense floods and droughts negatively affected the growth rates. We also found that the growth of P. fasciatum was no different in years with intense and mild floods across age classes 1–5, although was different for age class 6. However, the growth of P. fasciatum was faster in years of mild droughts for all age classes. Our results showing that the growth of P. fasciatum was slower in years of intense droughts are supported by those of previous studies in the Amazon basin and elsewhere. However, our results showing for the first time that the growth of P. fasciatum is slower in years of intense flooding is the opposite of patterns found in other studies. These results thus suggest that the growth of P. fasciatum is maximized within an optimum range of hydrological conditions, where neither floods nor droughts are intense.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141354287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study introduces a method for quantitatively assessing the complexity and predictability of fish behavior in closed systems through the application of information entropy, offering a novel lens through which to understand how fish adapt to environmental changes. Utilizing simulations rooted in a random walk model for fish movement, we delve into entropy fluctuations under varying environmental conditions, including responses to feeding and external stimuli. Our findings underscore the utility of information entropy in capturing the intricacies of fish behavior, particularly highlighting the synchrony in collective actions and adaptations to environmental shifts. This research not only broadens our comprehension of fish behavior but also paves the way for its application in fields like aquaculture and resource management. Through our analysis, we discovered that smaller grid sizes in simulations capture detailed local fluctuations, while larger grids elucidate general trends, pinpointing a 2.5 grid as optimal for our study. Moreover, changes in swimming speeds and behavioral adaptations during feeding were quantitatively analyzed, with results illustrating significant behavior modifications. Additionally, employing a Gaussian mixture model helped to clarify the nuanced changes in fish behavior in response to altered light conditions, demonstrating the layered complexity of fish responses to environmental stimuli. This investigation confirms the efficacy of information entropy as a robust metric for evaluating fish shoal behavior, offering a fresh methodology for ecological and environmental studies, with promising implications for sustainable management practices.
{"title":"Quantitative Assessment and Analysis of Fish Behavior in Closed Systems Using Information Entropy","authors":"Minoru Kadota, S. Torisawa, Tsutomu Takagi","doi":"10.3390/fishes9060224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060224","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a method for quantitatively assessing the complexity and predictability of fish behavior in closed systems through the application of information entropy, offering a novel lens through which to understand how fish adapt to environmental changes. Utilizing simulations rooted in a random walk model for fish movement, we delve into entropy fluctuations under varying environmental conditions, including responses to feeding and external stimuli. Our findings underscore the utility of information entropy in capturing the intricacies of fish behavior, particularly highlighting the synchrony in collective actions and adaptations to environmental shifts. This research not only broadens our comprehension of fish behavior but also paves the way for its application in fields like aquaculture and resource management. Through our analysis, we discovered that smaller grid sizes in simulations capture detailed local fluctuations, while larger grids elucidate general trends, pinpointing a 2.5 grid as optimal for our study. Moreover, changes in swimming speeds and behavioral adaptations during feeding were quantitatively analyzed, with results illustrating significant behavior modifications. Additionally, employing a Gaussian mixture model helped to clarify the nuanced changes in fish behavior in response to altered light conditions, demonstrating the layered complexity of fish responses to environmental stimuli. This investigation confirms the efficacy of information entropy as a robust metric for evaluating fish shoal behavior, offering a fresh methodology for ecological and environmental studies, with promising implications for sustainable management practices.","PeriodicalId":12405,"journal":{"name":"Fishes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：