Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230309
A. N. Abayiga, G. Avwiri, C. Ononugbo
The study was carried out to investigate the transfer ratio of radionuclide from soil to crops of the selected fertilized farmers in Rivers State Nigeria. Using a well calibrated sodium iodide (NaI) detector. The activity concentrations of 40K, 234U, and 232Th in crops and soils of the selected fertilized farmers of Rivers State have been determined. The activity concentration of radionuclides of 40K, 234U, and 232Th were all higher than its respective control values, which show that the fertilized farms contain more radionuclide than the unfertilized farms(control) and this may be due to the long use of inorganic fertilizers during cultivation on the selected Agricultural Development programme farms (Fertilized Farms). This variation may be due to differences in organic matter, soil content and type of soil of the selected farms. The mean transfer factor obtained is of the order 234U < 232TH < 40K which shows that activity concentration of natural radio isotopes within the study area are high and also the rate at which the radionuclides are transfer from soil to crops is also high. The result obtained show that there is high transfer ratio of radionuclide from soil to crops of the selected fertilized farms and this requires that the uses of NPK fertilizers should be under radiological control for consumption safety.
{"title":"Radionuclide Transfer Ratio from Soil to Crops in Selected Fertilized Farms and Estimation of Its Health Risk in Rivers State of Nigeria","authors":"A. N. Abayiga, G. Avwiri, C. Ononugbo","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230309","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to investigate the transfer ratio of radionuclide from soil to crops of the selected fertilized farmers in Rivers State Nigeria. Using a well calibrated sodium iodide (NaI) detector. The activity concentrations of 40K, 234U, and 232Th in crops and soils of the selected fertilized farmers of Rivers State have been determined. The activity concentration of radionuclides of 40K, 234U, and 232Th were all higher than its respective control values, which show that the fertilized farms contain more radionuclide than the unfertilized farms(control) and this may be due to the long use of inorganic fertilizers during cultivation on the selected Agricultural Development programme farms (Fertilized Farms). This variation may be due to differences in organic matter, soil content and type of soil of the selected farms. The mean transfer factor obtained is of the order 234U < 232TH < 40K which shows that activity concentration of natural radio isotopes within the study area are high and also the rate at which the radionuclides are transfer from soil to crops is also high. The result obtained show that there is high transfer ratio of radionuclide from soil to crops of the selected fertilized farms and this requires that the uses of NPK fertilizers should be under radiological control for consumption safety.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124432002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230308
A. Ouedraogo, Etienne Malbila, Dieudonné Dabilgou, Fati Oumarou Amadou, S. Ouédraogo, Salifou Ouedraogo, A. Messan, S. Kam, D. Bathiébo, F. Kiéno, P. Blanchart
Aims: The energy domain is responsible for the production of many gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants, strongly contributing to climate change. The provision of bioclimatic habitats to households is therefore necessary since it will contribute to the reduction of energy consumption. This work consists in making a study of the thermal behavior of a habitat designed with foamed concrete (FC) in order to evaluate its thermal performance for the improvement of its thermal comfort and to compare its average internal temperature with those of other materials. Study Design: A calculation model developed under the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a software was used to simulate the thermal behavior of a foamed concrete habitat. The meteorological data used are those of Ouagadougou in the month of April (hottest month in Burkina Faso) on April 15, 2019 (with April 15, the hottest day of the year 2019) Methodology: The temperatures of each side of the walls were determined. Moreover, the study of the influence of the thickness of the walls on the average internal temperature made it possible to determine an optimal thickness. Then, the thermal phase shift, the thermal amplitude reduction and the damping factor were carried out. Results: The results obtained in the weather conditions of April in Ouagadougou, lead to an average internal temperature of the building of about 304 K, for a wall thickness of 17.5 cm. There is a thermal phase shift of 8 hours, and a reduction in thermal amplitude of 9°C or a damping factor of 8.6%. The maximum average internal temperature of the foamed concrete was compared with those of the cement block, the CEB, the adobe, the CLB which present respectively 311 K; 309.2K; 309K; 308.5K. Conclusion: A building constructed with foamed concrete has a low average internal temperature compared to cinderblock, CEB, adobe and CLB. Thus, this material makes it possible to provide more thermal comfort and can be used for the construction of habitats with good energy efficiency.
{"title":"Evolution of the Average Temperature of the Interior Atmosphere of a Habitable Cell Made of Foamed Concrete in Burkina Faso","authors":"A. Ouedraogo, Etienne Malbila, Dieudonné Dabilgou, Fati Oumarou Amadou, S. Ouédraogo, Salifou Ouedraogo, A. Messan, S. Kam, D. Bathiébo, F. Kiéno, P. Blanchart","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230308","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The energy domain is responsible for the production of many gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants, strongly contributing to climate change. The provision of bioclimatic habitats to households is therefore necessary since it will contribute to the reduction of energy consumption. This work consists in making a study of the thermal behavior of a habitat designed with foamed concrete (FC) in order to evaluate its thermal performance for the improvement of its thermal comfort and to compare its average internal temperature with those of other materials. \u0000Study Design: A calculation model developed under the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a software was used to simulate the thermal behavior of a foamed concrete habitat. The meteorological data used are those of Ouagadougou in the month of April (hottest month in Burkina Faso) on April 15, 2019 (with April 15, the hottest day of the year 2019) \u0000Methodology: The temperatures of each side of the walls were determined. Moreover, the study of the influence of the thickness of the walls on the average internal temperature made it possible to determine an optimal thickness. Then, the thermal phase shift, the thermal amplitude reduction and the damping factor were carried out. \u0000Results: The results obtained in the weather conditions of April in Ouagadougou, lead to an average internal temperature of the building of about 304 K, for a wall thickness of 17.5 cm. There is a thermal phase shift of 8 hours, and a reduction in thermal amplitude of 9°C or a damping factor of 8.6%. The maximum average internal temperature of the foamed concrete was compared with those of the cement block, the CEB, the adobe, the CLB which present respectively 311 K; 309.2K; 309K; 308.5K. \u0000Conclusion: A building constructed with foamed concrete has a low average internal temperature compared to cinderblock, CEB, adobe and CLB. Thus, this material makes it possible to provide more thermal comfort and can be used for the construction of habitats with good energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126036693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to study the variability of foE during two solar cycles 21 (SC21) and 22 (SC22) at Ouagadougou station (lat = 12.4°N, long = 358.5°E, local time (LT) = universal time (UT)), to give visibility on the behavior of foE in this station. We used International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) to collect data from five (5) quiet days of each characteristic month of each season. This study reveals that in this station located at the ionospheric equator, the variability of foE follows the evolution of the sun intensity during the day. There is a correlation between foE and the solar cycle phase, the season, and the time of day. During the day [0500 LT-1900LT], the foE profile does not show a winter anomaly, contrary to what is observed in the F2 layer at the minimum and maximum SC21 and SC22. On the other hand, a nocturnal winter anomaly was observed related to that observed in the F2 layer in the same periods. The study of foE at the Ouagadougou station will allow ionospheric physicists to have visibility on the seasonal variability of foE in this station.
{"title":"Seasonal Variability of foE and Nocturnal Winter Anomaly in E-layer during Solar Cycles 21 and 22 at the Ouagadougou Station","authors":"Sawadogo Gédéon, Nakolemda Roger, Konaté Moustapha, Nanéma Emmanuel","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i230307","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the variability of foE during two solar cycles 21 (SC21) and 22 (SC22) at Ouagadougou station (lat = 12.4°N, long = 358.5°E, local time (LT) = universal time (UT)), to give visibility on the behavior of foE in this station. We used International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) to collect data from five (5) quiet days of each characteristic month of each season. This study reveals that in this station located at the ionospheric equator, the variability of foE follows the evolution of the sun intensity during the day. There is a correlation between foE and the solar cycle phase, the season, and the time of day. During the day [0500 LT-1900LT], the foE profile does not show a winter anomaly, contrary to what is observed in the F2 layer at the minimum and maximum SC21 and SC22. On the other hand, a nocturnal winter anomaly was observed related to that observed in the F2 layer in the same periods. The study of foE at the Ouagadougou station will allow ionospheric physicists to have visibility on the seasonal variability of foE in this station.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116794670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-02DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130306
J. Alao, M. S. Ahmad, T. T. Danjumo, A. Ango, E. Jaiyeoba
Geo-electric soundings was carried out in 22 different locations at Kaduna Refinery Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) and White Oil and Gas Layout, Mahuta, Kaduna. The aquifer protective capacity and Hydraulic characteristics of the study area was computed from the Geoelectric parameters using Dar-Zarrouk and hydrological parameters. The interpreted data were presented in tabular form, Geoelectric/geology soil profiles and contoured maps. The results show that the study area aquifer is relatively protected with an average value of 0.5 mhos with an indication of infiltration of contaminant in some location. The hydraulic parameter values also show that the study area aquifer has the capacity to produce water non-stopping if the wells are sited based the geophysical investigation. The computed hydraulic characteristics and transmissivity of the area has an average value of 5.5 m/day and 6.1 /hour, which implies that, the study area has the capacity to transmit groundwater through a distance of 5.5 m in 24-hour and can covers 6.1 in one hour.
在Kaduna Refinery Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC)和White Oil and Gas Layout, Mahuta, Kaduna的22个不同地点进行了地电测深。利用Dar-Zarrouk法和水文参数，从地电参数计算了研究区含水层的保护能力和水力特征。解释数据以表格形式呈现，地电/地质土壤剖面和等高线图。结果表明，研究区含水层受保护程度较好，平均值为0.5 mhos，但在某些位置有污染物渗透的迹象。水力参数值也表明，根据地球物理调查，如果选址，研究区含水层具有不间断出水的能力。计算得出该区域的水力特性和通过率均值分别为5.5 m/d和6.1 m/ h，即研究区具有24小时输水5.5 m的能力，1小时可达6.1 m的输水能力。
{"title":"Assessment of Aquifer Protective Capacity, Against the Surface Contamination. A Case Study of Kaduna Industrial Village, Nigeria","authors":"J. Alao, M. S. Ahmad, T. T. Danjumo, A. Ango, E. Jaiyeoba","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130306","url":null,"abstract":"Geo-electric soundings was carried out in 22 different locations at Kaduna Refinery Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) and White Oil and Gas Layout, Mahuta, Kaduna. The aquifer protective capacity and Hydraulic characteristics of the study area was computed from the Geoelectric parameters using Dar-Zarrouk and hydrological parameters. The interpreted data were presented in tabular form, Geoelectric/geology soil profiles and contoured maps. The results show that the study area aquifer is relatively protected with an average value of 0.5 mhos with an indication of infiltration of contaminant in some location. The hydraulic parameter values also show that the study area aquifer has the capacity to produce water non-stopping if the wells are sited based the geophysical investigation. The computed hydraulic characteristics and transmissivity of the area has an average value of 5.5 m/day and 6.1 /hour, which implies that, the study area has the capacity to transmit groundwater through a distance of 5.5 m in 24-hour and can covers 6.1 in one hour.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130267326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130305
Shaomin Chen, Jiahao Zhao, Qinsheng Bi
The mechanism of the mixed mode oscillations of a class of non-smooth Filippov systems under multistable coexistence was studied in this paper. Based on a Lorenz-type chaotic model with multi-attractor coexistence, the Filippov system was established by introducing non-smooth terms as well as an external excitation. With multiple stable attractors in the discontinuous vector field, the parameter changes have led to complex transition patterns between the attractors and the non-smooth interface, or between the attractors. When an order gap exists between the exciting frequency and the natural frequency, implying the mixed-mode oscillations. Here we have taken several excitation amplitudes to cover different coexistence regions, a set of mixed mode oscillation patterns were obtained. Besides, the bifurcation set of two generalized autonomous subsystems and the coexistence region of attractors were discussed. Combined with the transformed phase diagram method, the bifurcation mechanism of bursting oscillation and the sliding dynamical behaviors of the system at the discontinuous interface has revealed with slow varying parameters access in different regions of multistable attractors coexistence. The alternations between quiescent and spiking states become more frequent and complex, leading to the change of the structure of the bursting oscillation modes. Moreover, the non-smooth partition interface of the system yields multiple non-smooth bifurcations, which will also affect the oscillation modes of the generalized autonomous system.
{"title":"Mixed-mode Oscillations in Filippov System","authors":"Shaomin Chen, Jiahao Zhao, Qinsheng Bi","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130305","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism of the mixed mode oscillations of a class of non-smooth Filippov systems under multistable coexistence was studied in this paper. Based on a Lorenz-type chaotic model with multi-attractor coexistence, the Filippov system was established by introducing non-smooth terms as well as an external excitation. With multiple stable attractors in the discontinuous vector field, the parameter changes have led to complex transition patterns between the attractors and the non-smooth interface, or between the attractors. When an order gap exists between the exciting frequency and the natural frequency, implying the mixed-mode oscillations. Here we have taken several excitation amplitudes to cover different coexistence regions, a set of mixed mode oscillation patterns were obtained. Besides, the bifurcation set of two generalized autonomous subsystems and the coexistence region of attractors were discussed. Combined with the transformed phase diagram method, the bifurcation mechanism of bursting oscillation and the sliding dynamical behaviors of the system at the discontinuous interface has revealed with slow varying parameters access in different regions of multistable attractors coexistence. The alternations between quiescent and spiking states become more frequent and complex, leading to the change of the structure of the bursting oscillation modes. Moreover, the non-smooth partition interface of the system yields multiple non-smooth bifurcations, which will also affect the oscillation modes of the generalized autonomous system.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122688990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-26DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130304
O. Denis
Understanding the ‘Area Law,’ in regards to the black hole entropy, based on an underlying fundamental theory has been one of the goals pursued by all models of quantum gravity. In black hole thermodynamics, black hole entropy is a measure of uncertainty or lack of information about the actual internal configuration of the system. The Bekenstein bound corresponds to the interpretation in terms of bits of information of a given physical system down to the quantum level. However, at present, it is not known which microstates are counted by the entropy of black holes. Here, i show that the new formulation of entropic information approach, based on the bit of information gives an explanation of information processes involved in calculating entropy on missing information from black holes as well as down to the quantum level. Moreover, this formulation of entropic information constitutes a new coherent global mathematical framework candidate to be the Grand Unification Theory; with information as the ultimate building block of universe.
{"title":"Entropic Information & Black Hole: Black Hole Information Entropy The Missing Link","authors":"O. Denis","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130304","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the ‘Area Law,’ in regards to the black hole entropy, based on an underlying fundamental theory has been one of the goals pursued by all models of quantum gravity. In black hole thermodynamics, black hole entropy is a measure of uncertainty or lack of information about the actual internal configuration of the system. The Bekenstein bound corresponds to the interpretation in terms of bits of information of a given physical system down to the quantum level. However, at present, it is not known which microstates are counted by the entropy of black holes. Here, i show that the new formulation of entropic information approach, based on the bit of information gives an explanation of information processes involved in calculating entropy on missing information from black holes as well as down to the quantum level. Moreover, this formulation of entropic information constitutes a new coherent global mathematical framework candidate to be the Grand Unification Theory; with information as the ultimate building block of universe.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130303
E. Comay
Textbooks show that the low-velocity limit of special relativity is compatible with nonrelativistic mechanics. Analogous relationships hold between general relativity and the Newtonian theory of gravitation, and between quantum mechanics and classical physics. This work shows that this approach can be extended and yield coherence tests of additional theories. It provides a few examples that show the effectiveness of this approach and demonstrate inconsistent points of some mainstream physical ideas. Furthermore, other well-established physical principles can be utilized for this end. Unfortunately, a scientific work that undertakes this assignment can hardly be found in the current mainstream literature. Several cases are discussed in detail. The results show inconsistencies of fundamental standard model theories, such as quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory. Inconsistencies are also proved for the Majorana neutrino and the Proca theory of a massive photon.
{"title":"Coherence Tests of Physical Theories","authors":"E. Comay","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130303","url":null,"abstract":"Textbooks show that the low-velocity limit of special relativity is compatible with nonrelativistic mechanics. Analogous relationships hold between general relativity and the Newtonian theory of gravitation, and between quantum mechanics and classical physics. This work shows that this approach can be extended and yield coherence tests of additional theories. It provides a few examples that show the effectiveness of this approach and demonstrate inconsistent points of some mainstream physical ideas. Furthermore, other well-established physical principles can be utilized for this end. Unfortunately, a scientific work that undertakes this assignment can hardly be found in the current mainstream literature. Several cases are discussed in detail. The results show inconsistencies of fundamental standard model theories, such as quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory. Inconsistencies are also proved for the Majorana neutrino and the Proca theory of a massive photon.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129572367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-10DOI: 10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130302
Jinwei Wang
In this paper, a bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation via a nine-qubit entangled state is given. In this scheme, Alice wants to teleport a two-qubit entangled state to Bob and Bob wants to teleport arbitrary three-qubit state to Alice at the same time. The quantum teleportation is supervised by a controller. We firstly product a nine-qubit entangled states by the states |000000000⟩, and then we use this entangled states as quantum channel to transfer quantum information along three nodes. This scheme is efficient and economical because the intrinsic efficiency reaches 5/19.
{"title":"Bidirectional Controlled Teleportation of Two-qubit and Three-qubit State via Nine-qubit Entangled State","authors":"Jinwei Wang","doi":"10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i130302","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation via a nine-qubit entangled state is given. In this scheme, Alice wants to teleport a two-qubit entangled state to Bob and Bob wants to teleport arbitrary three-qubit state to Alice at the same time. The quantum teleportation is supervised by a controller. We firstly product a nine-qubit entangled states by the states |000000000⟩, and then we use this entangled states as quantum channel to transfer quantum information along three nodes. This scheme is efficient and economical because the intrinsic efficiency reaches 5/19.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123779293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230300
Teng-San Shih
Fractal dimension for pre-image entropy is introduced for continuous maps throughout this paper. First we show the definition of pre-image entropy dimension of a dynamical system from different topological versions. Then we give those basic propositions of pre-image entropy dimension and the formula for power inequality and forward generator. Relationships among different types of pre-image entropy dimension are studied and an inequality relating them is given. Some basic examples are provided to compare those values of polynomial growth type with the pre-image entropy dimension. After that, this study constructs a symbolic subspace to attain any value between 0 and 1 for pre-image entropy dimension.
{"title":"On Fractal Properties for Pre-image Entropy","authors":"Teng-San Shih","doi":"10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230300","url":null,"abstract":"Fractal dimension for pre-image entropy is introduced for continuous maps throughout this paper. First we show the definition of pre-image entropy dimension of a dynamical system from different topological versions. Then we give those basic propositions of pre-image entropy dimension and the formula for power inequality and forward generator. Relationships among different types of pre-image entropy dimension are studied and an inequality relating them is given. Some basic examples are provided to compare those values of polynomial growth type with the pre-image entropy dimension. After that, this study constructs a symbolic subspace to attain any value between 0 and 1 for pre-image entropy dimension.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125346598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230301
Reginald B. Little
A prior theory of Ferrochemistry and its Laws for Little’s Rules 1, 2 and 3 are applied to systems of nuclear spins and nucleon angular momenta for using applied static magnetic fields, static electric fields, ultrasonic vibrations, and radio frequency waves for stimulating, separating and extracting various cations from geothermal, salar brines. Down the group and families of alkali, alkaline earth and halide ions, considerations are given of variations in e- e- --- e- e- --- e- interactions and e- e- --- nuclear interactions from s to p to d to f subshells with complex inter and intra orbital, subshell and shell interactions. The unique symmetry of s orbital for reversibly collapsing on nuclei and vice versa nuclei fractionally, reversibly fissing for nuclear pressures into s orbitals and from s subshells into outer subshells of higher azimuthal quanta are given. The alterations of the electronic shells and variations among elements and their isotopes are disclosed to cause the novel mechanics for separating the alkali cations and lithium, specifically. An analogy is draw between extractions of Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations in graphene-nanodiamond nanofiltering membrane and variations of these ions in ion channels of brain and nervous systems in animals and humans for determining new mechanics of diseases like mania, depression, and bipolar disorder with treatments by Li+ is considered. Advantages of this graphene, nanodiamond nanofilter relative to current methods are considered. Details of the mechanics on basis of varying sizes of s orbitals, symmetries of s orbitals, varying rotation rates of the cations, varying spins of the cations, and varying nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) of the cations are presented. The originality of the author’s theory of invoking NMMs for differing interactions is contrasted with prior nuclear spin effects of prior investigators. Complex spin and angular momenta interactions of the cations, anions, protons and halides are considered. A novel method of using the static magnetic field, static electric fields, radio frequency waves and ultrasounds for selective precipitations of LiOH (s) with retarding Li2CO3 (s) is presented. The ultrasounds and radio waves may agitate in operation to prevent clogging of the graphene/nanodiamond nanofiltration membrane. On the basis of separation factors (ξ) as by ratios of various NMMs of the cations in geothermal salar brines, the separation factor varies from: ξ(Li+/Na+) = 1.45; to ξ(Li+/K+) = 8.35 to ξ(Co/Li) = 0.607 to ξ(Co/Mn) = 0.635. The similar, large NMMs of Li with Co and Mn with small differences in spins may by the theory here be the explanation and cause for more difficult separation of Li from Co and Mn and the current empirical affinity of Li for Co and Mn as indeed Co and Mn have been observed as sorbents for Li.
{"title":"The Application of Little’s Effect and Ferrochemistry for New Approach for Extraction of LIOH from Salar Geothermal Brines","authors":"Reginald B. Little","doi":"10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/psij/2021/v25i1230301","url":null,"abstract":"A prior theory of Ferrochemistry and its Laws for Little’s Rules 1, 2 and 3 are applied to systems of nuclear spins and nucleon angular momenta for using applied static magnetic fields, static electric fields, ultrasonic vibrations, and radio frequency waves for stimulating, separating and extracting various cations from geothermal, salar brines. Down the group and families of alkali, alkaline earth and halide ions, considerations are given of variations in e- e- --- e- e- --- e- interactions and e- e- --- nuclear interactions from s to p to d to f subshells with complex inter and intra orbital, subshell and shell interactions. The unique symmetry of s orbital for reversibly collapsing on nuclei and vice versa nuclei fractionally, reversibly fissing for nuclear pressures into s orbitals and from s subshells into outer subshells of higher azimuthal quanta are given. The alterations of the electronic shells and variations among elements and their isotopes are disclosed to cause the novel mechanics for separating the alkali cations and lithium, specifically. An analogy is draw between extractions of Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations in graphene-nanodiamond nanofiltering membrane and variations of these ions in ion channels of brain and nervous systems in animals and humans for determining new mechanics of diseases like mania, depression, and bipolar disorder with treatments by Li+ is considered. Advantages of this graphene, nanodiamond nanofilter relative to current methods are considered. Details of the mechanics on basis of varying sizes of s orbitals, symmetries of s orbitals, varying rotation rates of the cations, varying spins of the cations, and varying nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) of the cations are presented. The originality of the author’s theory of invoking NMMs for differing interactions is contrasted with prior nuclear spin effects of prior investigators. Complex spin and angular momenta interactions of the cations, anions, protons and halides are considered. A novel method of using the static magnetic field, static electric fields, radio frequency waves and ultrasounds for selective precipitations of LiOH (s) with retarding Li2CO3 (s) is presented. The ultrasounds and radio waves may agitate in operation to prevent clogging of the graphene/nanodiamond nanofiltration membrane. On the basis of separation factors (ξ) as by ratios of various NMMs of the cations in geothermal salar brines, the separation factor varies from: ξ(Li+/Na+) = 1.45; to ξ(Li+/K+) = 8.35 to ξ(Co/Li) = 0.607 to ξ(Co/Mn) = 0.635. The similar, large NMMs of Li with Co and Mn with small differences in spins may by the theory here be the explanation and cause for more difficult separation of Li from Co and Mn and the current empirical affinity of Li for Co and Mn as indeed Co and Mn have been observed as sorbents for Li.","PeriodicalId":124795,"journal":{"name":"Physical Science International Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114990919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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