C. Selitrennikoff, Shelly J Wilson, S. Renault, R. O’Rourke
The osmotic-1 (os-1) locus of Neurospora crassa encodes a protein with homology to bacterial and plant two-component histidine kinases. The os-1 protein appears to be an osmo-sensor and is the first step in a MAP kinase cascade that regulates intra-cellular osmolarity and cell-wall synthesis (Alex L, Borkovich K, Simon MI. Hyphal development in Neurospora crassa: involvement of a two-component histidine kinase Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:3416-21. 1996; Schumacher M, Enderlin C, Selitrennikoff CP. The osmotic-1 locus of Neurospora crassa encodes a putative histidine kinase similar to osmosensors of bacteria and yeast. Curr Microbiol. 34:340-7. 1997). Mutants defective at the os-1 locus are sensitive to a number of hyper-osmotic conditions, including 4% NaCl (Mehadevan P. and Tatum E. Relationship of the major constituents of the Neurospora crassa cell wall to wild-type and colonial morphology. J. Bacteriol. 90:1073-1081. 1965). In other organisms, e.g., prokaryotes, similar histidine kinases exist as homodimers (C. Tomomori C, Tanaka T, Dutta R, et al. Solution structure of the homodimeric core domain of Escherichia coli histidine kinase EnvZ Nat. Struct. Biol. 6:729. 1999) in which an extracellular signal induces the autophosphorylation of a histidyl residue of one member of the dimer. The phosphoryl group is subsequently transferred to an aspartyl residue of the other dimer pair, triggering a regulatory kinase cascade.
粗神经孢子虫的渗透-1 (os-1)位点编码一种与细菌和植物双组氨酸激酶同源的蛋白质。os-1蛋白似乎是一个渗透传感器，是调控细胞内渗透压和细胞壁合成的MAP激酶级联反应的第一步(Alex L .， Borkovich K .， Simon MI.)。1996;张建军，张建军，张建军，等。粗神经孢子虫的渗透-1位点编码一种组氨酸激酶，与细菌和酵母的渗透传感器相似。中华微生物学杂志。34:340-7。1997)。在os-1位点有缺陷的突变体对许多高渗透条件敏感，包括4% NaCl (Mehadevan P. and Tatum E.)。细菌学杂志。90:1073-1081。1965)。在其他生物体中，如原核生物，类似的组氨酸激酶以同型二聚体的形式存在(C. Tomomori C, Tanaka T, Dutta R，等)。大肠杆菌组氨酸激酶EnvZ的同二聚体核心结构域的溶液结构。杂志,6:729。1999)，其中细胞外信号诱导二聚体的一个成员的组氨酸残基的自磷酸化。磷酸化基团随后被转移到另一个二聚体对的天冬氨酸残基上，触发调节激酶级联反应。
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During the evolutionary divergence of N. tetrasperma from the eight-spored Neurospora species, ascus development was reprogrammed with the result that each of the four large ascospores is heterokaryotic, containing nuclei of both mating types, and germlings are self-fertile. Unique features of genome oganization, cell biology, and population structure have attracted investigators to use this pseudohomothallic, four-spored species for a wide range of studies. A bibliography listing 164 publications was published in 1994 in Fungal Genetics Newsletter 41:72-78. Eighty-six additional publications are listed here. In addition to recent papers, these include some theses, abstracts, and papers that were omitted from the previous list. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This special paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/14 24 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Neurospora tetrasperm a bibliography – Additions David D. Perkins Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020. Fungal Genet. Newsl. 50:24-26 During the evolutionary divergence of N. tetrasperma from the eight-spored Neurospora species, ascus development was reprogrammed with the result that each of the four large ascospores is heterokaryotic, containing nuclei of both mating types, and germlings are self-fertile. Unique features of genome oganization, cell biology, and population structure have attracted investigators to use this pseudohomothallic, four-spored species for a wide range of studies. A bibliography listing 164 publications was published in 1994 in Fungal Genetics.Newsletter 41:72-78. Eighty-six additional publications are listed here. In addition to recent papers, these include some theses, abstracts, and papers that were omitted from the previous list. Adhvaryu K.K., and R. Maheshwari. 2002. Heterogeneity in NTS of rDNA in localized populations of Neurospora. Curr. Sci. 82:1015-1020. Agarwal, C. P., and R. K. S. Chauhan. 1976. Neurospora tetrasperma: New record of its occurrence in Indian soil and its cellulolytic activity. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., Part B: Biol. Sci. 42:122-124. Ardizzi, J. P., and A. M. Srb. 1981 . “E-like” ascospore excision mutants in Neurospora tetrasperma resistant to either p-DLfluorophenylalanine or methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate. Neurospora Newslett. 28:6. Arganoza, M. T., J. Min, Z. Hu, and R. A. Akins. 1994. Distribution of seven homology groups of mitochondrial plasmids in Neurospora: Evidence for widespread mobility between species in nature. Curr. Genet. 26:62-73. Attoh, G. T . 1986. Ribosomal DN A systematics of homothallic species of Neurospora: A phylogenetic analysis. Ph.D. thesis, Howard University: Diss. Abstr. Intl. 47-10B:4060. Belmans, D. L., A. J. van Laere, and J. A. van Assche. 1983. Effect of n-alcohols and high pressure on the heat activation of Neurospora tetrasperma ascospores. Ar
在四曲霉与八孢子神经孢子的进化分化过程中，子囊孢子的发育被重新编程，结果是四个大子囊孢子中的每一个都是异核的，包含两种交配类型的细胞核，并且胚芽是自育的。基因组组织、细胞生物学和种群结构的独特特征吸引了研究人员使用这种假同型四孢子物种进行广泛的研究。1994年发表于《真菌遗传学通讯》41:72-78。这里列出了86种其他出版物。除了最近的论文外，还包括一些论文、摘要和之前列表中遗漏的论文。本作品采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享4.0许可协议。这篇特别的论文可在真菌遗传学报告:http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/14 24真菌遗传学通讯神经孢子四虫参考书目-添加David D. Perkins生物科学系，斯坦福大学，斯坦福，CA 94305-5020。真菌麝猫。在四曲霉从八孢子神经孢子的进化分化过程中，子囊孢子的发育被重新编程，结果是四个大子囊孢子中的每一个都是异核的，包含两种交配类型的细胞核，并且胚芽是自育的。基因组组织、细胞生物学和种群结构的独特特征吸引了研究人员使用这种假同型四孢子物种进行广泛的研究。1994年在《真菌遗传学》上发表了164篇文献的参考书目。通讯41:72 - 78。这里列出了86种其他出版物。除了最近的论文外，还包括一些论文、摘要和之前列表中遗漏的论文。Adhvaryu k.k.和R. Maheshwari, 2002。神经孢子虫局部种群rDNA NTS的异质性。咕咕叫。Sci 82:1015 - 1020。阿加瓦尔，C. P.和R. K. S. Chauhan. 1976。四asperma神经孢子虫:其在印度土壤中的出现及其纤维素分解活性的新记录。印度自然科学进展。第二部分:生物学。Sci 42:122 - 124。Ardizzi, J. P.和A. M. Srb. 1981。四asperma神经孢子虫的“样”子囊孢子切除突变体对p- dl氟苯丙氨酸或甲基苯并咪唑-2-酰基氨基甲酸酯具有抗性。神经孢子病通讯，28:6。胡振中，闵志明，胡振中，阿金斯，1994。神经孢子虫线粒体质粒7个同源群的分布:自然界物种间广泛流动的证据。咕咕叫。麝猫。26:62 - 73。阿托斯，g.t.。1986. 神经孢子虫同属种核糖体dna系统:系统发育分析。博士论文，霍华德大学:Diss。Abstr。Intl。47-10B: 4060。Belmans, d.l.， A. J. van Laere, and J. A. van Assche. 1983。正醇和高压对四曲霉神经孢子热活化的影响。拱门。Microbiol 134:49-51。班尼特，s.m.和h.b. Howe, Jr. 1977。四asperma神经孢子虫性周期的发育。Assoc。东南杂志。牛,24:36-37。(Abstr)。Bhat, A.和D. P. Kasbekar. 2001。从重复诱导的一个基因大小的重复点突变中逃脱的神经孢子虫杂交是杂合的一个更大的染色体片段重复。遗传学157:1581 - 1590。比蒂斯，G。n 1996。四asperma神经孢子虫单翅和双翅型菌落的繁殖和受精。真菌麝猫。生物20:93 - 98。博克,J.-W。A. J. F. Griffiths, 2000。辣椒质粒对其神经孢子虫宿主的可能益处。质粒43:176 - 180。博克,J.-W。， C. He, A. J. F. Griffiths. 1999。神经孢子虫质粒在种与株间的渗透转移。咕咕叫。麝猫。36:275 - 281。a·h·r·布勒，1943。四asperma神经孢子虫致死因素的性别和遗传。未发表的手稿存放在邱园皇家植物园图书馆。[见比斯比，1950。a·h·r·布勒的编者按。真菌研究，第7卷，第15页。Univ.Toronto出版社。博克，a.g.和s.m. Srb. 1977。生物素缺乏对四asperma神经孢子形成子囊孢子的影响。遗传学86:s8-s9。(Abstr)。卡尔霍恩，1971。四asperma神经孢子虫鞘周发育的抑制作用。博士论文，美国佐治亚大学。迪斯。Abstr 32:5342-B。卡尔霍恩，F .和H .。B. Howe, Jr. 1972。四asperma神经孢子菌对α -葡萄糖和β -葡萄糖的利用。Microbiologica 5:53-56。卡特，小v·M·1946四asperma神经孢子虫的染色体。Mycologia 38:693 - 698。Debets, A. van Mourik, A. J. F. Griffiths和R. F. Hoekstra. 2001。夏威夷神经孢子虫种群中卡利洛衰老质粒的稳定多态性。真菌麝猫。通讯，48(增刊):62。(Abstr)。德特曼，J. R.， F. M. Harbinski, J. W. Taylor. 2001。
{"title":"Neurospora tetrasperma bibliography - Additions","authors":"D. D. Perkins","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1160","url":null,"abstract":"During the evolutionary divergence of N. tetrasperma from the eight-spored Neurospora species, ascus development was reprogrammed with the result that each of the four large ascospores is heterokaryotic, containing nuclei of both mating types, and germlings are self-fertile. Unique features of genome oganization, cell biology, and population structure have attracted investigators to use this pseudohomothallic, four-spored species for a wide range of studies. A bibliography listing 164 publications was published in 1994 in Fungal Genetics Newsletter 41:72-78. Eighty-six additional publications are listed here. In addition to recent papers, these include some theses, abstracts, and papers that were omitted from the previous list. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This special paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/14 24 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Neurospora tetrasperm a bibliography – Additions David D. Perkins Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020. Fungal Genet. Newsl. 50:24-26 During the evolutionary divergence of N. tetrasperma from the eight-spored Neurospora species, ascus development was reprogrammed with the result that each of the four large ascospores is heterokaryotic, containing nuclei of both mating types, and germlings are self-fertile. Unique features of genome oganization, cell biology, and population structure have attracted investigators to use this pseudohomothallic, four-spored species for a wide range of studies. A bibliography listing 164 publications was published in 1994 in Fungal Genetics.Newsletter 41:72-78. Eighty-six additional publications are listed here. In addition to recent papers, these include some theses, abstracts, and papers that were omitted from the previous list. Adhvaryu K.K., and R. Maheshwari. 2002. Heterogeneity in NTS of rDNA in localized populations of Neurospora. Curr. Sci. 82:1015-1020. Agarwal, C. P., and R. K. S. Chauhan. 1976. Neurospora tetrasperma: New record of its occurrence in Indian soil and its cellulolytic activity. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., Part B: Biol. Sci. 42:122-124. Ardizzi, J. P., and A. M. Srb. 1981 . “E-like” ascospore excision mutants in Neurospora tetrasperma resistant to either p-DLfluorophenylalanine or methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate. Neurospora Newslett. 28:6. Arganoza, M. T., J. Min, Z. Hu, and R. A. Akins. 1994. Distribution of seven homology groups of mitochondrial plasmids in Neurospora: Evidence for widespread mobility between species in nature. Curr. Genet. 26:62-73. Attoh, G. T . 1986. Ribosomal DN A systematics of homothallic species of Neurospora: A phylogenetic analysis. Ph.D. thesis, Howard University: Diss. Abstr. Intl. 47-10B:4060. Belmans, D. L., A. J. van Laere, and J. A. van Assche. 1983. Effect of n-alcohols and high pressure on the heat activation of Neurospora tetrasperma ascospores. Ar","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"24-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89413144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the construction of a Destination Vector, called pJHAM007, for the targeted integration of DNA sequences at the histidine-3 (his-3) locus of Neurospora crassa. pJHAM007 has all the necessary features required to perform a simple, rapid and efficient GATEWAYTM recombinational cloning with an Entry Clone to yield a his-3-gene replacement Destination Vector. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/3 6 Fungal Genetics Newsletter A GATEWAYTM Destination Vector For High-Throughput Construction of Neurospora crassa histidine-3 Gene Replacement Plasmids Haag, Jeremy R., Lee, Dong, W ., and Aramayo, Rodolfo . Department of Biology, Washington University, Campus Box 1137, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, M O 63130. Department of Biology, Texas A&M U niversity, Room 415 , Building BSBW , College Station, TX 77843-3258 We report the construction of a Destination Vector, called pJHAM007, for the targeted integration of DNA sequences at the histidine-3 (his-3) locus of Neurospora crassa . pJHAM007 has all the necessary features required to perform a simple, rapid and efficient GATEW AYTM recombinational cloning with an Entry Clone to yield a his-3-gene replacement Destination Vector. Fungal Genet Newsl 50:6-8 Gene replacement is a powerful tool to construct isogenic strains containing different DNA sequences integrated at the same chromosomal position. The most popular locus used for gene targeting in Neurospora crassa is of the metabolic gene histidine-3 (his-3). Several generations of plasmids for integration at this chromosomal position have been constructed (Sachs and Ebbole 1990 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 37: 35-36, Ebbole 1990 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 37: 15, M argolin, et al. 1997 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 44: 34-36, Aramayo and Metzenberg 1996 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 43: 9-13). Recently, we described the construction of a new set of N. crassa strains and plasmids that represent a significant improvement over previous systems because they allow the investigator to screen in one simple step for homokaryotic transformants containing the insertion of a test sequence among a population of primary histidine-independent transformants (Lee, et al. 2003 Curr. Genet. DOI 10.1007/s00294-002-0366-z). These new tools have significantly reduced the time it takes to construct new N. crassa strains. To expedite this system even further, we have designed and constructed a new plasmid, pJHAM 007, that can be used for the high-throughput cloning of DNA inserts, to generate his-3-gene replacement plasmids for d ifferent types of largeor smallscale genome analysis. Plasmid pJHAM007 is based on the GATEWAYTM system (Walhout, et al. 2000 Method . Enzymol. 328: 575-592). GATEWAYTM is a novel universal system for cloning and subcloning DNA sequences that uses phage lambda (8)-based sitespecific recombination (Landy 1989
我们报道了一个名为pJHAM007的目的载体的构建，用于在粗神经孢子虫的组氨酸-3 (his-3)位点靶向整合DNA序列。pJHAM007具有使用入口克隆进行简单、快速和高效的GATEWAYTM重组克隆以产生his-3基因替代目的载体所需的所有必要功能。本作品采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享4.0许可协议。Haag, Jeremy R.， Lee, Dong, W .， and Aramayo, Rodolfo .， A GATEWAYTM目的载体用于高通量构建粗神经孢子菌组氨酸-3基因替代质粒。华盛顿大学生物系，圣路易斯布鲁金斯大道1号1137校区，邮编63130。我们报道了一种名为pJHAM007的目的载体的构建，用于在粗神经孢子虫的组氨酸-3 (his-3)位点上靶向整合DNA序列。pJHAM007具有使用入口克隆进行简单、快速和高效的GATEW AYTM重组克隆以产生his-3基因替代目的载体所需的所有必要功能。基因替换是构建包含不同DNA序列整合在同一染色体位置的等基因菌株的有力工具。在粗神经孢子虫中最常用的基因定位位点是代谢基因组氨酸-3 (his-3)。已经构建了几代在该染色体位置整合的质粒(Sachs and Ebbole 1990 fungus Genet)。中国生物医学工程学报，2009,31(2):444 - 444。李春华，李春华，等。1997真菌学通报。37:15。中国生物医学工程学报，1996,44(4):334 - 336。《新闻》43:9-13)。最近，我们描述了一组新的草奈瑟菌菌株和质粒的构建，这些菌株和质粒比以前的系统有了显著的改进，因为它们允许研究者在一个简单的步骤中筛选含有插入测试序列的同核转化子，其中包含初级组氨酸非依赖性转化子群体(Lee, et al. 2003 Curr.)。麝猫。DOI 10.1007 / s00294 - 002 - 0366 - z)。这些新工具大大减少了构建新的克雷萨奈瑟菌菌株所需的时间。为了进一步加快这一系统，我们设计并构建了一种新的质粒pJHAM 007，可用于DNA插入物的高通量克隆，以生成his-3基因替代质粒，用于不同类型的大规模小规模基因组分析。质粒pJHAM007基于GATEWAYTM系统(Walhout, et al. 2000 Method)。中国生物医学工程学报，2011,31(3):575-592。GATEWAYTM是一种利用噬菌体lambda(8)为基础的位点特异性重组技术克隆和亚克隆DNA序列的新型通用系统(Landy 1989 Annu。生物化学杂志。58:913-949)。这种重组克隆(RC)包括两个反应:(1)LR反应(attL X attR 6 attB + attP)，由整合酶(Int)、整合宿主因子(IHF)和切除酶(Xis)介导;(2)由Int和IHF蛋白介导的BP反应(attB X attp6 attL + attR)。通过提供重组蛋白和位点的不同组合，可以很容易地控制反应的方向(Walhout, et al. 2000)。杨建军，李建军，等。2009 .中国生物医学工程学报，32(2):575-592。大肠杆菌DB3.1和DH5”(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)为细菌操作的宿主。当酶消化需要非甲基化DNA时，使用GM2163——大肠杆菌K12衍生物，其中包含dam13::Tn9 (Cam)和dcm-6突变(New England BioLabs (NEB)， Beverly, MA, USA)，或JM110——大肠杆菌K12衍生物，其中包含dam和dcm突变(Yanisch-Perron, et al. 1985 Gene 33: 103-119)。常规采用大肠杆菌DB3.1进行质粒增殖。相比之下，大肠杆菌DH5 '仅用于BP和LR反应的p质粒产物的繁殖。重要的是要了解携带ccdB基因的目的载体不能在大肠杆菌DH5和大多数大肠杆菌菌株中繁殖，因为ccdB蛋白是喹诺酮类抗生素(如环丙沙星，依诺沙星等)的天然类似物，与DNA gyrase亚基a结合，将其转化为细胞毒素(B ahassi, et al. 1999 J. B . ol.)。化学。274:10936-10944)。大肠杆菌菌株DB3.1和DH5”在LB液体培养基中常规生长，或在含有以下抗生素的LB琼脂培养皿(15 g/l)上生长，如文本所示:氨苄西林(Amp)， 150:g/ml;氯霉素(Cm)， 30:g/ml;卡那霉素(Km)， 50:g/ml。大多数DNA操作都是按照描述的标准程序进行的(Sambrook等人，1989年;Ausubel等人)。 1987, Pratt和Aramayo 2002真菌基因。《圣经》37:56-71)。对于DNA测序，我们使用了BigD yeTM终止周期测序准备反应试剂盒与AmpliTaq DNA聚合酶(PEB生物系统，福斯特城，CA，美国)。序列在GeneT技术实验室(发育和分子生物学研究所idmb, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA)的Applied Biosystems Model 377或373自动DNA测序仪上生成。PCR反应50:1反应40个循环(94°C, 30 s;60.8℃，30 s;68°C, 9.5 min)，使用Clontech Advantage 2 PCR系统(BD Biosciences Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA)使用制造商的规格。利用OJHAM013(5′- ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggctcgcagagtagaagagagagagctg ggtgaccactttgtacaagaaagctg ggtgtcagtcagagtcagagtcagagtcagagtcagagtccaaccagt -3′)和OJHAM014(5′ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctg ggtgaccacttagagtcagagtcagagtcagagtccaaccagt -3′)两种引物，扩增出含有NCU02764.1基因的9,001 bp染色体DNA区域。29个大写字符分别对应OJHAM 013和OJHAM 014中存在的attB1和attB2引物序列。这30个小写的字符对应的是N. crassa染色体区域寡核苷酸的引物位点。PCR后，通过PEG沉淀(30% (w/v) PEG 8000/30 mM MgCl2，由Invitrogen推荐)或从1% (w/v)琼脂糖凝胶中提取，并使用Wizard PCR Preps DN a纯化树脂(由Promega (Promega, Madison, WI, USA)推荐)从attB引物和attB引物二聚体中纯化所得PCR产物。新草原出版社2017年出版
{"title":"A GATEWAY™ Destination Vector For High-Throughput Construction of Neurospora crassa histidine-3 Gene Replacement Plasmids","authors":"J. Haag, D. W. Lee, R. Aramayo","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1149","url":null,"abstract":"We report the construction of a Destination Vector, called pJHAM007, for the targeted integration of DNA sequences at the histidine-3 (his-3) locus of Neurospora crassa. pJHAM007 has all the necessary features required to perform a simple, rapid and efficient GATEWAYTM recombinational cloning with an Entry Clone to yield a his-3-gene replacement Destination Vector. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/3 6 Fungal Genetics Newsletter A GATEWAYTM Destination Vector For High-Throughput Construction of Neurospora crassa histidine-3 Gene Replacement Plasmids Haag, Jeremy R., Lee, Dong, W ., and Aramayo, Rodolfo . Department of Biology, Washington University, Campus Box 1137, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, M O 63130. Department of Biology, Texas A&M U niversity, Room 415 , Building BSBW , College Station, TX 77843-3258 We report the construction of a Destination Vector, called pJHAM007, for the targeted integration of DNA sequences at the histidine-3 (his-3) locus of Neurospora crassa . pJHAM007 has all the necessary features required to perform a simple, rapid and efficient GATEW AYTM recombinational cloning with an Entry Clone to yield a his-3-gene replacement Destination Vector. Fungal Genet Newsl 50:6-8 Gene replacement is a powerful tool to construct isogenic strains containing different DNA sequences integrated at the same chromosomal position. The most popular locus used for gene targeting in Neurospora crassa is of the metabolic gene histidine-3 (his-3). Several generations of plasmids for integration at this chromosomal position have been constructed (Sachs and Ebbole 1990 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 37: 35-36, Ebbole 1990 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 37: 15, M argolin, et al. 1997 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 44: 34-36, Aramayo and Metzenberg 1996 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 43: 9-13). Recently, we described the construction of a new set of N. crassa strains and plasmids that represent a significant improvement over previous systems because they allow the investigator to screen in one simple step for homokaryotic transformants containing the insertion of a test sequence among a population of primary histidine-independent transformants (Lee, et al. 2003 Curr. Genet. DOI 10.1007/s00294-002-0366-z). These new tools have significantly reduced the time it takes to construct new N. crassa strains. To expedite this system even further, we have designed and constructed a new plasmid, pJHAM 007, that can be used for the high-throughput cloning of DNA inserts, to generate his-3-gene replacement plasmids for d ifferent types of largeor smallscale genome analysis. Plasmid pJHAM007 is based on the GATEWAYTM system (Walhout, et al. 2000 Method . Enzymol. 328: 575-592). GATEWAYTM is a novel universal system for cloning and subcloning DNA sequences that uses phage lambda (8)-based sitespecific recombination (Landy 1989","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"08 1","pages":"6-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83320797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wacslaw Gajewski, 1911-1997 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/10
{"title":"Wacslaw Gajewski, 1911-1997","authors":"D. D. Perkins","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1156","url":null,"abstract":"Wacslaw Gajewski, 1911-1997 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/10","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"50 1","pages":"21-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88610128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helga Ninnemann, 1938-2003 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/13
{"title":"Helga Ninnemann, 1938-2003","authors":"J. Maier, Stuart Brody","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1159","url":null,"abstract":"Helga Ninnemann, 1938-2003 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/13","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"23-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73997624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Putrament, 1926-2003 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/11
Alexandra Putrament, 1926-2003知识共享许可本作品采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享4.0许可协议。这篇讣告可在真菌遗传学报告:http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/11
{"title":"Alexandra Putrament, 1926-2003","authors":"D. D. Perkins","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1157","url":null,"abstract":"Alexandra Putrament, 1926-2003 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/11","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"31 1","pages":"21-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87901492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raymond W. Barratt 1920-2002 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/9 20 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Obituaries Raymond W. Barratt 1920-2002 Raymond Barratt, who died of cancer in December, 2002, was a prominent player in the early development of fungal genetics. After early work with fungal plant pathogens at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, he switched to Neurospora and became Ed Tatum's first graduate student at Yale. When the Tatum lab moved to Stanford in 1948, Ray continued as a Research Fellow, conducting his own research, supervising the laboratory, and becoming a teacher, helper, and friend to all the new students and postdocs. During this period he took the initiative in assigning gene names and formulating rules of genetic nomenclature for Neurospora (1) and in bringing together genetic and phenotypic information on all the known genes into what might be called the first Neurospora compendium, which included the first comprehensive maps (2). In 1954 he went to Dartmouth as a faculty member. He organized the Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC), gathering Neurospora mutant and wild-type strains, obtaining funding from NSF, perfecting preservation methods, and periodically publishing stock lists in the Neurospora Newsletter (now Fungal Genetics Newsletter). The Newsletter, produced and distributed by FGSC, was founded with Ray's help in 1961 following the first Neurospora Information Conference (now Fungal Genetics Conference), of which he was a co-organizer. He continued to direct the stock center for 25 years, during which it was expanded to include other filamentous fungi. In 1970 he resigned as chair of the Biology Department at Dartmouth and became Professor of Biology and Dean of Sciences at California State University, Humboldt, taking the stock center with him. Ray's research, though limited, contributed significantly to progress at the time. From studies of morphological mutants (3) and chemical mutagens, he turned to gene-enzyme relations. He was fascinated with mutants having complex metabolic effects; for example, phe-1 (4), ilv (5), and am (6). He was attracted to am mutants because their growth requirement could be satisfied by any of numerous amino acids, and his most extensive studies were of the am gene, which specifies NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. (Stud ies of am were begun independently and carried to culmination by John Fincham and his colleagues.) After his move to Dartmouth, Ray's experimental contributions were limited by other responsibilities. He was a superb organizer, and the choice to direct the stock center and to assume various academic obligations at the expense of his research was no doubt made deliberately. The stock center was set up and run fastidiously, with help of the curator, Bill Ogata, who followed Ray from St
本作品采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享4.0许可协议。这则讣告可在真菌遗传学报告中找到:http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/9 20真菌遗传学通讯讣告Raymond W. Barratt 1920-2002 Raymond Barratt于2002年12月死于癌症，是真菌遗传学早期发展的杰出人物。在康涅狄格农业实验站从事真菌植物病原体的早期工作后，他转向神经孢子菌，并成为埃德·塔图姆在耶鲁大学的第一个研究生。当塔图姆实验室于1948年搬到斯坦福大学时，雷继续担任研究员，进行自己的研究，监督实验室，并成为所有新生和博士后的老师、助手和朋友。在此期间，他主动为神经孢子虫指定了基因名称，并制定了遗传命名规则(1)，并将所有已知基因的遗传和表型信息汇集在一起，形成了第一本神经孢子虫纲要，其中包括第一张综合地图(2)。1954年，他以教员的身份前往达特茅斯。他组织了真菌遗传库存中心(FGSC)，收集神经孢子菌突变株和野生型菌株，获得美国国家科学基金会的资助，完善保存方法，并定期在《神经孢子菌通讯》(现为《真菌遗传学通讯》)上发表库存清单。1961年，在第一届神经孢子菌信息会议(现在的真菌遗传学会议)之后，在Ray的帮助下，由FGSC制作和分发的通讯成立了，Ray是该会议的共同组织者。他继续指导库存中心25年，在此期间，该中心扩大到包括其他丝状真菌。1970年，他辞去了达特茅斯大学生物系主任的职务，成为加州州立大学洪堡分校的生物学教授和理学院院长，并带走了股票中心。雷的研究虽然有限，但对当时的进步做出了重大贡献。从形态学突变体(3)和化学突变体的研究，他转向基因-酶的关系。他对具有复杂代谢影响的突变体着迷;例如，ph -1 (4)， ilv(5)和am(6)。他被am突变体所吸引，因为它们的生长需求可以由众多氨基酸中的任何一种满足，他最广泛的研究是am基因，它指定nadp特异性谷氨酸脱氢酶。(对am的研究是独立开始的，由约翰·芬查姆(John Fincham)和他的同事们完成。)搬到达特茅斯后，雷的实验贡献受到其他责任的限制。他是一个出色的组织者，而选择领导股票中心和承担各种学术义务而牺牲他的研究无疑是故意的。在策展人比尔·绪方的帮助下，这个收藏中心的建立和运营都非常严谨。他跟着雷从斯坦福来到了达特茅斯，后来又和他一起回到了加利福尼亚。FGSC被证明是一个重要的asse，巩固了真菌遗传学社区，并树立了质量控制，遗传复杂性和经济管理的榜样。Ray在1985年回忆说，他通过库存中心对真菌遗传学领域的贡献很可能与他继续全职研究所取得的成就相当。所有与神经孢子菌和其他丝状真菌一起工作的人都欠雷蒙德·巴拉特一份感激之情，我们这些有幸亲自认识他的人都深情地记得他是一位和蔼、热情、总是乐于助人的同事。多萝西·纽迈耶和大卫·珀金斯·巴拉特，r.w.。1954. 斯坦福大学使用的神经孢子菌命名法。微生物麝猫。牛9:20 -23。2. Barratt, R. W.， D. Newmeyer, D. Perkins和L. Garnjobst, 1954。粗神经孢子虫的图谱构建。等优点。热那亚。6:1 -93。3.Barratt, r.w.和L. Garnjobst. 1949。粗神经孢子菌微分生突变株的遗传研究。遗传学34:351-369。4. Barratt, r.w.， r.c. Fuller, s.w. Tanenbaum. 1956。粗神经孢子虫某些需要亮氨酸和芳香的菌株氨基酸的相互关系。细菌学杂志。71:108-114。5. 阿德尔伯格，E. A.考夫林，R. W.巴拉特，1955。异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的生物合成。2神经孢子虫生物合成途径的独立性。J。医学杂志。化学。216:425-430。6. 巴拉特，r.w. 1961。粗草神经孢子虫谷氨酸脱氢酶基因蛋白关系的研究。遗传学报。46:849-850。-1962年。神经孢子虫胺化位点突变所产生的蛋白质改变。遗传学报。47:941-942。-1963年。环境条件对粗神经孢子虫NAD - p特异性谷氨酸脱氢酶的影响微生物学杂志，33:33-42。新草原出版社2017年出版
{"title":"Raymond W. Barratt, 1920-2002","authors":"D. Newmeyer, D. D. Perkins","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1155","url":null,"abstract":"Raymond W. Barratt 1920-2002 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This obituary is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol50/iss1/9 20 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Obituaries Raymond W. Barratt 1920-2002 Raymond Barratt, who died of cancer in December, 2002, was a prominent player in the early development of fungal genetics. After early work with fungal plant pathogens at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, he switched to Neurospora and became Ed Tatum's first graduate student at Yale. When the Tatum lab moved to Stanford in 1948, Ray continued as a Research Fellow, conducting his own research, supervising the laboratory, and becoming a teacher, helper, and friend to all the new students and postdocs. During this period he took the initiative in assigning gene names and formulating rules of genetic nomenclature for Neurospora (1) and in bringing together genetic and phenotypic information on all the known genes into what might be called the first Neurospora compendium, which included the first comprehensive maps (2). In 1954 he went to Dartmouth as a faculty member. He organized the Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC), gathering Neurospora mutant and wild-type strains, obtaining funding from NSF, perfecting preservation methods, and periodically publishing stock lists in the Neurospora Newsletter (now Fungal Genetics Newsletter). The Newsletter, produced and distributed by FGSC, was founded with Ray's help in 1961 following the first Neurospora Information Conference (now Fungal Genetics Conference), of which he was a co-organizer. He continued to direct the stock center for 25 years, during which it was expanded to include other filamentous fungi. In 1970 he resigned as chair of the Biology Department at Dartmouth and became Professor of Biology and Dean of Sciences at California State University, Humboldt, taking the stock center with him. Ray's research, though limited, contributed significantly to progress at the time. From studies of morphological mutants (3) and chemical mutagens, he turned to gene-enzyme relations. He was fascinated with mutants having complex metabolic effects; for example, phe-1 (4), ilv (5), and am (6). He was attracted to am mutants because their growth requirement could be satisfied by any of numerous amino acids, and his most extensive studies were of the am gene, which specifies NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. (Stud ies of am were begun independently and carried to culmination by John Fincham and his colleagues.) After his move to Dartmouth, Ray's experimental contributions were limited by other responsibilities. He was a superb organizer, and the choice to direct the stock center and to assume various academic obligations at the expense of his research was no doubt made deliberately. The stock center was set up and run fastidiously, with help of the curator, Bill Ogata, who followed Ray from St","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"60 1","pages":"20-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88015755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catalogue of Strains, 10th edition, 2004, supplement to Fungal Genetics Newsletter No. 51. This catalogue contains lists of materials held by the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This supplementary material is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol51/iss1/17 FUNGAL GENETICS STOCK CENTER CATALOGUE OF STRAINS
{"title":"Fungal Genetics Stock Center Catalogue of Strains, 10th Edition","authors":"K. McCluskey, M. Plamann","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1165","url":null,"abstract":"Catalogue of Strains, 10th edition, 2004, supplement to Fungal Genetics Newsletter No. 51. This catalogue contains lists of materials held by the Fungal Genetics Stock Center. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This supplementary material is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol51/iss1/17 FUNGAL GENETICS STOCK CENTER CATALOGUE OF STRAINS","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"37 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85902954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrections to the Neurospora Compendium Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This brief note is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol49/iss1/8
{"title":"Corrections to the Neurospora Compendium","authors":"D. D. Perkins","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1190","url":null,"abstract":"Corrections to the Neurospora Compendium Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This brief note is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol49/iss1/8","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"30 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86879232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmids based on the cloned inositol gene of Neurospora crassa are potentially very useful as a transformation marker, or for techniques like insertional mutagenesis. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This brief note is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol49/iss1/9 18 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Improved selection for inositol-utilization following transformation of Neurospora crassa Robert L. Metzenberg Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford U niversity, Stanford , California 94305-5020; present address, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 Plasmids based on the cloned inositol gene of Neurospora crassa are potentially very useful as a transformation marker, or for techniques like insertional mutagenesis. Transformation is generally done on spheroplasts stabilized with sorbitol, or by electroporation of conidia, also suspended in sorb itol. For transformation to inositol independence, however, this gives an unacceptable background of nontransformants that grow on the nominally inositol-free medium. It appears that sorbitol always contains a trace of inositol that cannot be completely removed by recrystallization. It seems possible that sorbitol, which differs from inositol only by a pair of hydrogens, spontaneously generates the latter by air oxidation. Substituting a-methyl glucoside for the sorbitol on an equimolar basis can circumvent this problem. a-Methyl glucoside works well as an osmoticum, and gives clean backgrounds in transformation of inl mutants to inositol independence. Published by New Prairie Press, 2017
基于克隆的粗神经孢子虫肌醇基因的质粒作为转化标记或插入诱变等技术可能非常有用。本作品采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享4.0许可协议。这篇简短的文章可以在真菌遗传学报告中找到:http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol49/iss1/9 18真菌遗传学通讯:粗神经孢子虫转化后肌醇利用的改进选择Robert L. Metzenberg，斯坦福大学生物科学系，斯坦福，加州94305-5020;基于克隆的粗神经孢子虫肌醇基因的质粒作为转化标记或插入诱变等技术非常有用。转化通常是在用山梨糖醇稳定的球质体上进行的，或者通过电穿孔的分生孢子，也悬浮在山梨糖醇中。然而，对于转化为肌醇独立性，这给出了在名义上不含肌醇的培养基上生长的非转化体的不可接受的背景。山梨糖醇似乎总是含有不能通过重结晶完全去除的肌醇。山梨糖醇与肌醇只有一对氢的区别，山梨糖醇似乎有可能通过空气氧化自发地产生肌醇。在等摩尔的基础上用a-甲基葡萄糖苷代替山梨糖醇可以避免这个问题。a-甲基葡萄糖苷作为一种渗透剂很好地发挥作用，并为in1突变体向肌醇独立性的转化提供了干净的背景。新草原出版社2017年出版
{"title":"Improved selection for inositol-utilization following transformation of Neurospora crassa","authors":"R. L. Metzenberg","doi":"10.4148/1941-4765.1191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/1941-4765.1191","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmids based on the cloned inositol gene of Neurospora crassa are potentially very useful as a transformation marker, or for techniques like insertional mutagenesis. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This brief note is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol49/iss1/9 18 Fungal Genetics Newsletter Improved selection for inositol-utilization following transformation of Neurospora crassa Robert L. Metzenberg Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford U niversity, Stanford , California 94305-5020; present address, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 Plasmids based on the cloned inositol gene of Neurospora crassa are potentially very useful as a transformation marker, or for techniques like insertional mutagenesis. Transformation is generally done on spheroplasts stabilized with sorbitol, or by electroporation of conidia, also suspended in sorb itol. For transformation to inositol independence, however, this gives an unacceptable background of nontransformants that grow on the nominally inositol-free medium. It appears that sorbitol always contains a trace of inositol that cannot be completely removed by recrystallization. It seems possible that sorbitol, which differs from inositol only by a pair of hydrogens, spontaneously generates the latter by air oxidation. Substituting a-methyl glucoside for the sorbitol on an equimolar basis can circumvent this problem. a-Methyl glucoside works well as an osmoticum, and gives clean backgrounds in transformation of inl mutants to inositol independence. Published by New Prairie Press, 2017","PeriodicalId":12490,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics Reports","volume":"89 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89061477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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