Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104198
Deeya Sewraj, Bartosz Gebka, Robert D.J. Anderson
Does geography matter for the transmission and experience of financial crises, or does our modern globalised world display uniformity in how world-wide financial shocks affect different countries? Using a rich dataset of stock market returns disaggregated by country sectors, this paper explores how the 2007–9 financial crisis was transmitted globally. Employing and extending an empirical model which captures different forms of financial contagion and accounts for time trends in financial linkages, our results support the claim that geography matters, which is manifested by a substantial amount of spatial heterogeneity in how financial contagion spreads, observed at the country sectoral level. Our analysis further reveals that susceptibility of country-sectors to global contagious shocks depends on the contagion type experienced, and was partially driven by countries’ stock market sophistication and openness to foreign trade and to flows of capital and people.
{"title":"The spatial heterogeneity of international financial contagion during the 2007–9 crisis: A sectoral perspective","authors":"Deeya Sewraj, Bartosz Gebka, Robert D.J. Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Does geography matter for the transmission and experience of financial crises, or does our modern globalised world display uniformity in how world-wide financial shocks affect different countries? Using a rich dataset of stock market returns disaggregated by country sectors, this paper explores how the 2007–9 financial crisis was transmitted globally. Employing and extending an empirical model which captures different forms of financial contagion and accounts for time trends in financial linkages, our results support the claim that geography matters, which is manifested by a substantial amount of spatial heterogeneity in how financial contagion spreads, observed at the country sectoral level. Our analysis further reveals that susceptibility of country-sectors to global contagious shocks depends on the contagion type experienced, and was partially driven by countries’ stock market sophistication and openness to foreign trade and to flows of capital and people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104203
Samir Harb
Geographies of infrastructure often overlook the importance of/the role of cement plants and their production networks as agents in political and ecological change. Cement provides a lens to understand the complex political and ecological networks associated with its production. Cement is a vital material for urban construction, and its production networks involve the flow of different materials to the cement plant. This article looks at the political ecology of cement by examining how cement production is part of a heterogeneous network of energy infrastructures. The article focuses on a case study of the planning and design process of the first cement factory in the Palestinian territories between 2014 and 2018. Drawing on theories from heterogeneous infrastructure configuration (HIC) in the global south, here we will see how Palestinian engineers have decided to adopt a diverse mixture of green energy infrastructure and technologies to emancipate Palestine from Israeli control over their energy resources. Here, a HIC approach can be extended to permeate colonial structures, where colonial structures are ongoing and present in every scale. In such a context, I argue that heterogeneity and a diversity of infrastructure technologies are chosen to be adaptable, resist disruption and offer a form of disentanglement from power structures. As the article shows, Palestinian experts have considered designing the cement plant and its energy supply network by assembling a heterogeneous energy supply system that will allow them to gain greater sovereignty over cement and its geographically spread socio-material configurations.
{"title":"“… they can’t occupy the sun …”: Cementing heterogeneous energy configurations as disentanglement in imagining a Palestinian cement factory","authors":"Samir Harb","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geographies of infrastructure often overlook the importance of/the role of cement plants and their production networks as agents in political and ecological change. Cement provides a lens to understand the complex political and ecological networks associated with its production. Cement is a vital material for urban construction, and its production networks involve the flow of different materials to the cement plant. This article looks at the political ecology of cement by examining how cement production is part of a heterogeneous network of energy infrastructures. The article focuses on a case study of the planning and design process of the first cement factory in the Palestinian territories between 2014 and 2018. Drawing on theories from heterogeneous infrastructure configuration (HIC) in the global south, here we will see how Palestinian engineers have decided to adopt a diverse mixture of green energy infrastructure and technologies to emancipate Palestine from Israeli control over their energy resources. Here, a HIC approach can be extended to permeate colonial structures, where colonial structures are ongoing and present in every scale. In such a context, I argue that heterogeneity and a diversity of infrastructure technologies are chosen to be adaptable, resist disruption and offer a form of disentanglement from power structures. As the article shows, Palestinian experts have considered designing the cement plant and its energy supply network by assembling a heterogeneous energy supply system that will allow them to gain greater sovereignty over cement and its geographically spread socio-material configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104194
Katherine Burlingame
Rewilding efforts have been extensively employed to return nature back to its natural rhythm, increasing biodiversity, allowing ecosystems to restore themselves, and mitigating the effects of climate change as human impact is slowly reversed. Rewilding, however, has also been described as a plastic word loosely applied across ecological science and environmental activism, and has been blamed for further perpetuating dualisms of nature and culture, wild and unwild, and unpeopled and peopled. The designation of an Anthropocene era in which humans have irreversibly transformed landscapes across the globe, however, has consequently challenged traditional conceptions of the wilderness while blurring the boundaries between the human and nonhuman world. Similarly, recent rewilding efforts around the globe reveal a unique story of enduring human care, underscored by the strengthening, rather than severing, of relationships between humans, nonhumans, and their shared landscapes. This paper therefore provides a critical review of recent ‘plastic’ rewilding interpretations and strategies that have led to a disconnection between policy and practice as well as the term’s expansion into popular nature writing and mainstream consumer marketing. Following calls for more inclusive rewilding futures, the concept of co-wilding is suggested as a form of vibrant care and lively collaboration to help mobilize new possibilities for coexistence on a damaged planet.
{"title":"Rethinking rewilded futures: Co-wilding as vibrant care and lively collaboration","authors":"Katherine Burlingame","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rewilding efforts have been extensively employed to return nature back to its natural rhythm, increasing biodiversity, allowing ecosystems to restore themselves, and mitigating the effects of climate change as human impact is slowly reversed. Rewilding, however, has also been described as a plastic word loosely applied across ecological science and environmental activism, and has been blamed for further perpetuating dualisms of nature and culture, wild and unwild, and unpeopled and peopled. The designation of an Anthropocene era in which humans have irreversibly transformed landscapes across the globe, however, has consequently challenged traditional conceptions of the wilderness while blurring the boundaries between the human and nonhuman world. Similarly, recent rewilding efforts around the globe reveal a unique story of enduring human care, underscored by the strengthening, rather than severing, of relationships between humans, nonhumans, and their shared landscapes. This paper therefore provides a critical review of recent ‘plastic’ rewilding interpretations and strategies that have led to a disconnection between policy and practice as well as the term’s expansion into popular nature writing and mainstream consumer marketing. Following calls for more inclusive rewilding futures, the concept of <em>co-wilding</em> is suggested as a form of <em>vibrant care</em> and <em>lively collaboration</em> to help mobilize new possibilities for coexistence on a damaged planet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104208
Daniel Oviedo , Luis A. Guzmán , Nicolás Oviedo-Dávila
Public transport provision has historically been biased against less affluent neighbourhoods, making access to jobs more costly and difficult for a substantial segment of the low(er)-income population. Our research explores the distribution of accessibility to formal and informal employment in Bogotá, Colombia. Building on geocoded travel and household characterisation data for the city and potential accessibility metrics, we present evidence of the contribution of public transport to social and spatial inequalities in accessibility for individuals in different spatial, economic, and social categories and the resulting mobility and accessibility inequalities such a distribution entails. Our analysis draws on social and economic inclusion, linking accessibility to and by public transport to the degree to which individuals are included in the safety nets associated with formal employment. We interrogate the effects of the current configuration of Bogotá and its public transport networks on improving accessibility to quality job opportunities, interpreting higher dependency from informal jobs as productive exclusion. Our study combines two perspectives not often combined, identifying variable levels of social and productive inclusion within the population. The findings suggest that progressive investments in bus rapid transit (BRT) and other forms of public transport around high-demand and highly attractive corridors reinforce cycles of segregation and concentration of formal and informal economic activities. We provide empirical evidence that can contribute to design and target policies for low-skilled and low-income workers in the informal economy.
{"title":"Productive exclusion: Accessibility inequalities and informal employment in Bogotá","authors":"Daniel Oviedo , Luis A. Guzmán , Nicolás Oviedo-Dávila","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public transport provision has historically been biased against less affluent neighbourhoods, making access to jobs more costly and difficult for a substantial segment of the low(er)-income population. Our research explores the distribution of accessibility to formal and informal employment in Bogotá, Colombia. Building on geocoded travel and household characterisation data for the city and potential accessibility metrics, we present evidence of the contribution of public transport to social and spatial inequalities in accessibility for individuals in different spatial, economic, and social categories and the resulting mobility and accessibility inequalities such a distribution entails. Our analysis draws on social and economic inclusion, linking accessibility to and by public transport to the degree to which individuals are included in the safety nets associated with formal employment. We interrogate the effects of the current configuration of Bogotá and its public transport networks on improving accessibility to quality job opportunities, interpreting higher dependency from informal jobs as productive exclusion. Our study combines two perspectives not often combined, identifying variable levels of social and productive inclusion within the population. The findings suggest that progressive investments in bus rapid transit (BRT) and other forms of public transport around high-demand and highly attractive corridors reinforce cycles of segregation and concentration of formal and informal economic activities. We provide empirical evidence that can contribute to design and target policies for low-skilled and low-income workers in the informal economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grounded in the theoretical lens of urban revanchism (Smith, 1996), this inquiry sheds light on the continuous marginalization of informal e-waste workers by revanchist forces in emerging economies like Ghana. Urban revanchism refers to the forceful reclamation of urban spaces from specific marginalized groups. Delving into the logics and initiatives underpinning the forced expulsion of informal e-waste workers in Accra—where the informal sector employs a significant portion of the population—this qualitative study argues that the state’s pursuit of modern urban transformation is strongly motivated by neoliberal logics, rather than purely health and environmental protection or promotion concerns. The demolition of the Agbogbloshie scrapyard without exhaustive consultation puts the workers of this section in a marginalized position. The arbitrary nature of the demolition kicks out this sector from urban transformation planning that concerns its economic perpetuity, and its established routines and practices. Though the demolished site reinvents itself in another prime urban location, it loses profit and needs time to rebuild itself to its previous status if the state agencies allow it to do so without demolishing it again. Otherwise, this unsustainable cycle will continue. We suggest, therefore, that city authorities embrace a sustainable urban transformation that transcends the conventional strategies for inclusive redevelopment. Such urban planning includes the marginalized in the decision-making process, and execution for agreed displacements.
{"title":"Decoding the Logics behind the Demolition and Redevelopment of Agbogbloshie Scrapyard, Accra, Ghana","authors":"Akwasi Owusu Sarpong , Detlef Müller-Mahn , Onallia Esther Osei","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grounded in the theoretical lens of urban revanchism (<span><span>Smith, 1996</span></span>), this inquiry sheds light on the continuous marginalization of informal e-waste workers by revanchist forces in emerging economies like Ghana. Urban revanchism refers to the forceful reclamation of urban spaces from specific marginalized groups. Delving into the logics and initiatives underpinning the forced expulsion of informal e-waste workers in Accra—where the informal sector employs a significant portion of the population—this qualitative study argues that the state’s pursuit of modern urban transformation is strongly motivated by neoliberal logics, rather than purely health and environmental protection or promotion concerns. The demolition of the Agbogbloshie scrapyard without exhaustive consultation puts the workers of this section in a marginalized position. The arbitrary nature of the demolition kicks out this sector from urban transformation planning that concerns its economic perpetuity, and its established routines and practices. Though the demolished site reinvents itself in another prime urban location, it loses profit and needs time to rebuild itself to its previous status if the state agencies allow it to do so without demolishing it again. Otherwise, this unsustainable cycle will continue. We suggest, therefore, that city authorities embrace a sustainable urban transformation that transcends the conventional strategies for inclusive redevelopment. Such urban planning includes the marginalized in the decision-making process, and execution for agreed displacements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104204
Stephen J. Collier
In the last few years, governments in the U.S. and Europe have responded to a series of events—from the Covid pandemic and energy shocks to a series of large-scale disasters—by directing trillions of dollars to measures that seek to bolster “resilience.” These interventions aim to ensure the function of vital systems by restructuring supply chains, investing in infrastructures, and providing governmental backstops for critical social and economic functions. The proliferation of such robust state actions challenges scholarly accounts—which were based on state practices of resilience in the 2000s and 2010s—that analyzed resilience as a philosophy of state inaction, or, at most, a norm of government actions to restore market self-organization following disruptions.
Drawing on the Marxist state theory of Claus Offe, this article analyzes the variable forms of resilience in terms of the coherent dynamics of a ‘disaster contradiction’ of contemporary capitalism. Contrary to the dominant assessment of recent scholarship, it argues that the increasing centrality of resilience as a governmental norm reflects an ongoing politicization of disaster outcomes: contemporary capitalist states are held responsible for ensuring the continuous functioning of vital systems, and for fostering adaptive adjustment to shocks. But this responsibility is pulled between contradictory imperatives. On the one hand, events that disrupt vital systems threaten capital accumulation and social welfare, catalyzing state actions to curtail the scope of markets or individual choice. In this moment of the disaster contradiction, interventions in the name of resilience impose social, economic, and spatial order. On the other hand, such interventions create rigidities, inefficiencies, and unintended consequences, including a heightened risk of future catastrophes, that result in what Offe referred to as crises of crisis management. In this moment of the disaster contradiction, resilience appears in critiques of planning and intervention, and as a norm of state actions to establish—or, following crises, restore—market self-organization. It is argued that government interventions in the name of resilience in the 2020s may be analyzed as a distinctive episode in the development of the disaster contradiction, in which resilience is emerging as a key mode of ‘post-neoliberal’ government.
{"title":"The disaster contradiction of contemporary capitalism: Resilience, vital systems security, and ‘post-neoliberalism’","authors":"Stephen J. Collier","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last few years, governments in the U.S. and Europe have responded to a series of events—from the Covid pandemic and energy shocks to a series of large-scale disasters—by directing trillions of dollars to measures that seek to bolster “resilience.” These interventions aim to ensure the function of vital systems by restructuring supply chains, investing in infrastructures, and providing governmental backstops for critical social and economic functions. The proliferation of such robust state actions challenges scholarly accounts—which were based on state practices of resilience in the 2000s and 2010s—that analyzed resilience as a philosophy of state <em>in</em>action, or, at most, a norm of government actions to restore market self-organization following disruptions.</div><div>Drawing on the Marxist state theory of Claus Offe, this article analyzes the variable forms of resilience in terms of the coherent dynamics of a ‘disaster contradiction’ of contemporary capitalism. Contrary to the dominant assessment of recent scholarship, it argues that the increasing centrality of resilience as a governmental norm reflects an ongoing <em>politicization</em> of disaster outcomes: contemporary capitalist states are held responsible for ensuring the continuous functioning of vital systems, and for fostering adaptive adjustment to shocks. But this responsibility is pulled between contradictory imperatives. On the one hand, events that disrupt vital systems threaten capital accumulation and social welfare, catalyzing state actions to curtail the scope of markets or individual choice. In this moment of the disaster contradiction, <em>interventions</em> in the name of resilience impose social, economic, and spatial order. On the other hand, such interventions create rigidities, inefficiencies, and unintended consequences, including a heightened risk of future catastrophes, that result in what Offe referred to as <em>crises of crisis management</em>. In this moment of the disaster contradiction, resilience appears in critiques of planning and intervention, and as a norm of state actions to establish—or, following crises, restore—market self-organization. It is argued that government interventions in the name of resilience in the 2020s may be analyzed as a distinctive episode in the development of the disaster contradiction, in which resilience is emerging as a key mode of ‘post-neoliberal’ government.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What is security in an age of catastrophic climate change? This conceptual introduction to the special issue “Critical Climate Security” develops a new theoretical approach to studying the complex linkages between climate change, security, and conflict. Through a comprehensive review, it identifies three ways of theorizing the climate-security nexus in the existing literature: as a set of causal relations, as a discourse, and as a field of practice. To transcend these ideal types and capture the climate-security nexus in its multiplicity, we propose to theorize it as a composition. This approach is attentive to the material, discursive, affective, practical, spatial, and temporal dimensions of the nexus and puts a focus on change through processes of composing and recomposing. Acknowledging the crucial role of the researcher in composing climate security, it also offers new ways of practicing critique. While critical research on climate security in the past often focused on debunking taken-for-granted knowledge and deconstructing hegemonic discourses, our perspective outlines how climate security could be recomposed around new “matters of care”, and thus be gradually reoriented toward more progressive goals. In this way, our approach is also a proposal to think differently about the future of climate security: beyond the established pathways of either dystopian catastrophe or utopian promise. Instead, a compositional approach requires a constant commitment to practices of protecting, caring, and repairing, also in the sense of reparation: not just as compensation for past damages but as a future-oriented project of world-making in which redistribution and just transformation matter.
{"title":"Recomposing the climate-security nexus: A conceptual introduction","authors":"Delf Rothe , Christine Hentschel , Ursula Schröder","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What is security in an age of catastrophic climate change? This conceptual introduction to the special issue “Critical Climate Security” develops a new theoretical approach to studying the complex linkages between climate change, security, and conflict. Through a comprehensive review, it identifies three ways of theorizing the climate-security nexus in the existing literature: as a set of causal relations, as a discourse, and as a field of practice. To transcend these ideal types and capture the climate-security nexus in its multiplicity, we propose to theorize it as a composition. This approach is attentive to the material, discursive, affective, practical, spatial, and temporal dimensions of the nexus and puts a focus on change through processes of composing and recomposing. Acknowledging the crucial role of the researcher in composing climate security, it also offers new ways of practicing critique. While critical research on climate security in the past often focused on debunking taken-for-granted knowledge and deconstructing hegemonic discourses, our perspective outlines how climate security could be recomposed around new “matters of care”, and thus be gradually reoriented toward more progressive goals. In this way, our approach is also a proposal to think differently about the future of climate security: beyond the established pathways of either dystopian catastrophe or utopian promise. Instead, a compositional approach requires a constant commitment to practices of protecting, caring, and repairing, also in the sense of reparation: not just as compensation for past damages but as a future-oriented project of world-making in which redistribution and just transformation matter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104214
Diana Suhardiman , Charlotte Clare , Saw Nay Kaw
This paper looks at Karen communities’ Indigenous approach to food sovereignty, embedded in the cultural values based on the notion of reciprocity. It presents the concept of Ma Doh Ma Kha or, you help me I help you, as the cultural continuum which facilitate processes of institutional emergence. Placing food sovereignty within the broader context of Indigenous movements, it focuses on rice banks formation, factors that necessitate its formation, and the shaping of evolutionary pathways that link rice banks with centuries old Karen customary governance system contextualized in the central positioning of collective plots in rotational farming practices. Building on the concept of institutional bricolage and viewing food sovereignty as a dynamic process rather than a set of fixed principles, it illustrates how Karen communities (re)make institutions while responding to various external drivers of change, including the Myanmar Army’s political oppression. Taking the Salween Peace Park, in Karen State, Myanmar, as our case study, we show how Karen life philosophy and cultural values contextualized in rotational farming practices serve as one of the key foundations for shaping of Karen communities’ evolutionary pathways for food sovereignty.
{"title":"A Karen indigenous approach to food sovereignty: Tracing processes of institutional emergence","authors":"Diana Suhardiman , Charlotte Clare , Saw Nay Kaw","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper looks at Karen communities’ Indigenous approach to food sovereignty, embedded in the cultural values based on the notion of reciprocity. It presents the concept of <em>Ma Doh Ma Kha</em> or, you help me I help you, as the cultural continuum which facilitate processes of institutional emergence. Placing food sovereignty within the broader context of Indigenous movements, it focuses on rice banks formation, factors that necessitate its formation, and the shaping of evolutionary pathways that link rice banks with centuries old Karen customary governance system contextualized in the central positioning of collective plots in rotational farming practices. Building on the concept of institutional bricolage and viewing food sovereignty as a dynamic process rather than a set of fixed principles, it illustrates how Karen communities (re)make institutions while responding to various external drivers of change, including the Myanmar Army’s political oppression. Taking the Salween Peace Park, in Karen State, Myanmar, as our case study, we show how Karen life philosophy and cultural values contextualized in rotational farming practices serve as one of the key foundations for shaping of Karen communities’ evolutionary pathways for food sovereignty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104202
Armando Caroca
This article examines the emergence and expansion of El Torito, a large-scale tailings dam in El Melón, Chile. I present the dam as an outcome of multiple historical land tenure regimes, including the rural proto capitalist “hacienda”, the twentieth century agrarian reform, and the current liberalisation of land markets. The political ecology literature on wastelands (including mining waste sites) has extensively explored the historical features that lead to the production of such territories, including land control and appropriation. However, I argue that this scholarship has not paid sufficient attention to the ways in which multiple, successive, and radically different land tenure regimes overlap over time, collectively shaping the production of wastelands. Furthermore, I claim that each land tenure regime involves a particular valuation of the territory, and that their intersection explains the availability of land for waste disposal. To support this argument, the article discusses the concepts of ‘wastelanding’, ‘valuation’ and ‘territorial emptying’. The thematic analysis of the conducted interviews and the review of secondary sources suggest that most of the features described in the literature on the production of wastelands are present in my case. However, my findings contribute to expand the literature: Firstly, the production of wastelands is not necessarily characterised by the imposition of one valuation of the land over other, subaltern, or fundamentally different valuations. Secondly, the production of wastelands can be shaped simultaneously by processes of territorial emptying and repopulation, manufacturing multiple and contradictory valuations of the territory.
{"title":"The monster has landed: Shifting land tenure regimes and the political ecology of a Chilean mining ‘wasteland’","authors":"Armando Caroca","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the emergence and expansion of El Torito, a large-scale tailings dam in El Melón, Chile. I present the dam as an outcome of multiple historical land tenure regimes, including the rural proto capitalist “hacienda”, the twentieth century agrarian reform, and the current liberalisation of land markets. The political ecology literature on wastelands (including mining waste sites) has extensively explored the historical features that lead to the production of such territories, including land control and appropriation. However, I argue that this scholarship has not paid sufficient attention to the ways in which multiple, successive, and radically different land tenure regimes overlap over time, collectively shaping the production of wastelands. Furthermore, I claim that each land tenure regime involves a particular valuation of the territory, and that their intersection explains the availability of land for waste disposal. To support this argument, the article discusses the concepts of ‘wastelanding’, ‘valuation’ and ‘territorial emptying’. The thematic analysis of the conducted interviews and the review of secondary sources suggest that most of the features described in the literature on the production of wastelands are present in my case. However, my findings contribute to expand the literature: Firstly, the production of wastelands is not necessarily characterised by the imposition of one valuation of the land over other, subaltern, or fundamentally different valuations. Secondly, the production of wastelands can be shaped simultaneously by processes of territorial emptying and repopulation, manufacturing multiple and contradictory valuations of the territory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 104202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104177
Olivia G. Taylor
This paper examines the adoption of risk pooling in the humanitarian sector as an innovative climate and disaster risk financing mechanism. Risk pooling is a strategy borrowed from the insurance industry to enable a portfolio of pre-agreed funding to be over-committed, or ‘stretched’, in order to allocate funding more efficiently. Risk pooling has emerged in the context of concerns about rising humanitarian costs and is part of wider calls for more efficient, ‘risk-based’ climate and disaster financing. The paper explores humanitarian risk pooling through the lens of geographical scholarship on risk and contingency, drawing empirically from a case study of a humanitarian risk pool, to show that pooling represents the extension of financialized logics of risk into new spaces in the humanitarian sector. Risk pooling is described as offering ‘protection’ to beneficiaries, but while it offers potential efficiencies for humanitarian agencies and donors, it renders funding certainty for beneficiaries more complex and fragile. The paper explores how risk operates as a ‘hinge-point’ for decision-making through the pool, extending a logic of contingency into new domains of humanitarian financing, as agencies seek to gain efficiencies in the face of more costly, frequent and severe future climate and disaster events.
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