Geoforum最新文献_第2页

Invasive networks: An environmental history of the introduction of Prosopis juliflora to Banni grassland, India 入侵网络：印度班尼草原引入糙叶树的环境史

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104144

Ramya Ravi , Siddhartha Krishnan

The global transport of economically significant plants by colonial forces is deeply rooted in two pivotal phenomena: the Columbian Exchange and Ecological Imperialism (Crosby, 2004, Crosby, 2003). Beyond bolstering colonial power, these transfers reshaped native ecosystems, making current invasive alien species challenges a legacy of colonial practices. Ecological models, primarily focusing on species’ invasive traits or ecosystem vulnerabilities, provide an incomplete picture of why only some species become pervasive invaders. Others have argued that invasion patterns are influenced more broadly by intricate networks — a meld of cultural, historical, political, and ecological interrelationships (Beinart and Middleton, 2004a, Kull and Rangan, 2008, Robbins, 2004a). This paper delves deeper into these intricate invasive networks and examines Prosopis juliflora, a known invader introduced to India during the colonial era, and its invasion of the Banni grassland, Gujarat. Analysing the invasive network from 1819 to the present, we present our account of Prosopis juliflora’s integration into contemporary Banni’s socioeconomic fabric. Historical and archival research reveals that colonial and post-colonial policies–such as wasteland and pastoralist policies–regional shifts in political economy, local disputes, and environmental ideologies contributed to its proliferation in the Banni grassland. This nuanced understanding sheds light on the multifaceted interrelations and perceptions surrounding its invasive status.

殖民势力在全球范围内运输具有重要经济价值的植物深深植根于两个关键现象：哥伦布交换和生态帝国主义（Crosby，2004 年；Crosby，2003 年）。除了加强殖民势力外，这些转移还重塑了本地生态系统，使当前的外来物种入侵挑战成为殖民实践的遗产。生态学模型主要关注物种的入侵特征或生态系统的脆弱性，这并不能完全说明为什么只有某些物种会成为普遍的入侵者。其他人则认为，入侵模式更广泛地受到错综复杂网络的影响--这些网络融合了文化、历史、政治和生态的相互关系（Beinart 和 Middleton，2004a；Kull 和 Rangan，2008；Robbins，2004a）。本文深入探讨了这些错综复杂的入侵网络，并研究了在殖民时期引入印度的一种已知入侵植物--糙伏楠（Prosopis juliflora）及其对古吉拉特邦班尼草原的入侵。通过分析从 1819 年至今的入侵网络，我们介绍了糙叶木融入当代班尼社会经济结构的情况。历史和档案研究揭示了殖民和后殖民政策（如荒地和牧民政策）、政治经济的地区变化、地方争端和环境意识形态等因素，这些因素都促成了它在班尼草原的扩散。这种细致入微的理解揭示了围绕其入侵地位的多方面相互关系和看法。

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引用次数: 0

‘A wing in the throat’: Negotiating edibility in everyday insect consumption 喉咙里的翅膀日常昆虫消费中的可食性谈判

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104132

Johannes Volden

This paper contributes to the ‘geographies of edibility’ by investigating everyday edibility negotiations around edible insect foods in Norway. Edible insects are positioned as an ‘alternative protein’ for the future with the potential to substitute conventional meat. Though already consumed in many parts of the world, insects are considered a novel food in the Global North, and their edibility remains a point of contention among consumers. Extensive research documents consumers’ attitudes towards, and reported willingness to eat, insects. However, less attention has been paid to how consumers engage with insect foods outside of artificial settings. Addressing this gap, the present paper explores how the edibility of edible insects is negotiated by consumers in everyday life. The paper reports on an exploratory food intervention in which ten households were recruited to experiment with commercially available insect foods for two weeks and record their experience through logging, photography, and reflection. The results demonstrate the crucial role of embodied everyday practices in mediating participants’ experience of dealing with insects, supporting a relational view of edibility. Not only the material properties of foods but also embodied experiences and socialised norms around eating contribute towards constructing insects as (in)appropriate and legitimate food. The paper’s findings have implications for the theorisation of edibility formation, and for our understanding of edible insects’ possible role as a meat replacer in the protein transition.

本文通过调查挪威围绕可食用昆虫食品的日常可食用性谈判，为 "可食用性地理学 "做出了贡献。可食用昆虫被定位为未来的 "替代蛋白质"，具有替代传统肉类的潜力。尽管昆虫已在世界许多地方被食用，但在全球北方地区，昆虫仍被视为一种新型食品，其可食性仍是消费者争论的焦点。大量研究记录了消费者对昆虫的态度以及食用昆虫的意愿。然而，人们较少关注消费者如何在人工环境之外接触昆虫食品。针对这一空白，本文探讨了消费者在日常生活中是如何协商可食用昆虫的可食性的。论文报告了一项探索性的食品干预活动，在这项活动中，十个家庭被招募来对市售昆虫食品进行为期两周的实验，并通过记录、摄影和反思来记录他们的体验。研究结果表明，体现在日常生活中的做法在调解参与者与昆虫打交道的体验方面起着至关重要的作用，支持了可食用性的关系观点。不仅是食物的物质属性，体现性体验和有关饮食的社会化规范也有助于将昆虫构建为（不）适当和合法的食物。本文的研究结果对可食性形成的理论化以及我们对可食用昆虫在蛋白质过渡中作为肉类替代品的可能作用的理解具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Infrastructural violence and resistance in Namqom: Navigating environmental injustice in Formosa, Argentina Namqom 的基础设施暴力与抵抗：在阿根廷福莫萨的环境不公正中航行

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104142

Carlye Chaney , Marcelina Kubica , Lisandra Mansilla , Claudia R. Valeggia

Infrastructure connects – and disconnects – people and communities. In this paper, we analyze how the Qom (an Indigenous population in the Gran Chaco region of Argentina) navigate marginalization enacted through infrastructure in Formosa, Argentina. Drawing upon two seasons of fieldwork that involved surveys, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation, we focus on experiences of Qom people in the peri-urban village of Namqom. We extend the literature on infrastructural violence and environmental injustice by considering how this form of violence is unique for Indigenous Peoples who experience both historical and present forms of dispossession, including through the destruction of natural resources important for Indigenous health, well-being, and culture. The Qom in Namqom experience multifaceted colonial infrastructural violence through water, policing, labor, and politics that intertwines with their history of dispossession. However, the Qom use local rationalities to guide their engagement in dialectics of disruption; within this context, the community uses various forms of resistance to creatively generate cultural continuity, including their land use, housing, water, repurposing items, laboring in the landfill, and their political action. This analysis shows how environmental injustice can be enacted through colonial infrastructural violence to constrain Indigenous Peoples like the Qom. Yet, using local rationalities, the Qom engage in everyday acts of opposition, leveraging their agency to exert sovereignty with this capitalist system through dialectics of disruption.

基础设施连接着人们和社区，也切断了人们和社区之间的联系。在本文中，我们分析了库姆人（阿根廷大查科地区的土著居民）如何通过阿根廷福莫萨的基础设施来解决边缘化问题。通过两个季度的实地调查、半结构式访谈和参与观察，我们重点分析了库姆人在南库姆城郊村庄的经历。我们扩展了有关基础设施暴力和环境不公正的文献，考虑了这种形式的暴力对土著人的独特性，他们经历了历史和现实形式的剥夺，包括通过破坏对土著人的健康、福祉和文化非常重要的自然资源。纳姆库姆（Namqom）的库姆人通过水、治安、劳动和政治等途径，经历着多方面的殖民基础设施暴力，这些暴力与其被剥夺的历史交织在一起。然而，库姆人利用当地的合理性来指导他们参与破坏的辩证法；在此背景下，该社区利用各种形式的抵抗来创造性地产生文化的连续性，包括他们的土地使用、住房、水、物品的再利用、在垃圾填埋场的劳动以及他们的政治行动。这一分析表明，环境不公正是如何通过殖民基础设施暴力来限制像库姆这样的土著民族的。然而，利用当地的合理性，库姆人参与了日常的反对行动，通过破坏的辩证法，利用他们的能动性对这一资本主义制度行使主权。

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引用次数: 0

Governance fragmentation and agency of miners in Ghana’s artisanal mining sector 加纳手工采矿业的治理分散和矿工代理权

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104148

Timothy A. Balag’kutu

Artisanal mining in Ghana was established by law as a legitimate indigenous economic activity in 1989, but the sector still lacks a designated formalized governance architecture. Artisanal mining in Ghana borrows from a governance architecture that is designed for large-scale corporate mining. Aspects of artisanal mining fall under governance of various issue areas. Mechanisms that are exclusive to artisanal mining are mostly temporary, including such ad hoc measures as moratoria and paramilitary operations. Also, non-state actors adopt measures to address specific needs in the sector. Hence, Ghana’s artisanal mining governance architecture includes duplicate, overlapping, uncoordinated, and competitive formal and informal measures. This creates confusion and uncertainty, complicates and derails governance, and disrupts legal mining activity. Miners manage to navigate the environment, often through illegal operations. Sometimes, miners also craft independent governance architectures in the mining sites. Literature on governance of artisanal mining in Ghana addresses various empirical and theoretical questions, without highlighting the sector’s fragmented governance architectures and miners’ agency in that context. Redirecting attention to the trend, this paper examines the following questions: 1) In what ways does governance fragmentation manifest in Ghana’s artisanal mining sector? How do miners navigate the environment and how does miner agency impact the fragmented governance? The paper applies a global governance concept to shed new light on governance of artisanal mining, an informal domestic sector, in relation to miner agency in the fragmented governance environment in Ghana. Focusing on environmental issues, the paper uses data from field research in Ghana and relevant secondary sources. Although miners’ independent governance effort extends the governance fragmentation, it is an important guide on formalizing artisanal mining in the Ghanaian context. The paper makes novel empirical and theoretical contributions to discussions on governance fragmentation and governance of artisanal mining.

1989 年，加纳依法将手工采矿确立为合法的本土经济活动，但该部门仍然缺乏指定的正规化管理架构。加纳的手工采矿借鉴了为大型企业采矿设计的治理架构。手工采矿的各个方面都属于不同问题领域的治理范畴。专门针对手工采矿的机制大多是临时性的，包括暂停开采和准军事行动等临时措施。此外，非国家行为者也会采取措施满足该部门的特定需求。因此，加纳的手工采矿治理结构包括重复、重叠、不协调和相互竞争的正式和非正式措施。这造成了混乱和不确定性，使治理复杂化和脱轨，扰乱了合法采矿活动。矿工们往往通过非法作业来驾驭这种环境。有时，矿工还在矿区建立独立的治理结构。有关加纳手工采矿治理的文献探讨了各种经验性和理论性问题，但没有强调该部门支离破碎的治理结构以及矿工在其中的作用。本文重新关注这一趋势，探讨以下问题：1) 加纳手工采矿业的治理分散表现在哪些方面？矿工如何驾驭环境，矿工机构如何影响分散的治理？本文运用全球治理概念，结合加纳分散治理环境中的矿工机构，对国内非正规部门--手工采矿业的治理进行了新的阐释。本文以环境问题为重点，使用了在加纳进行的实地调研数据和相关二手资料。虽然矿工独立治理的努力扩大了治理的分散性，但它对加纳背景下手工采矿的正规化具有重要指导意义。本文在经验和理论方面为有关治理碎片化和手工采矿治理的讨论做出了新的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Far-right Ecology and Geopolitical Resentment at Europe’s Periphery: The Case of Romania’s “Conservative Revolution” 欧洲周边地区的极右翼生态与地缘政治不满情绪：罗马尼亚 "保守派革命 "案例

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104122

Mihaela Mihai , Camil Ungureanu

Building on insights from political geography and the social sciences, this paper illuminates the diversity of European far-right politics in general and far-right ecologism in particular by contextually examining a party at Europe’s margins—the Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). Based on a discursive thematic analysis, our objective is to show how AUR challenges existing theoretical accounts, predominantly tethered to the Western and Central European experiences. While most influential scholars emphasize far right’s culturalized view of religion and the fixation on immigration, AUR outlines a theological vision of politics and perceives emigration as a critical problem. Moreover, it co-opts the language of anticolonialism to articulate a socio-ecological critique of global extractive capitalism in a semi-peripheral context. These specificities are essential for understanding the party’s outlier position within far-right ecologism: AUR places the environment at the very centre of its programme—and not merely as a strategic add-on to attract voters or respond to domestic or external pressures. To substantiate our claims, we reconstruct three dimensions of its hyper-nationalist, Orthodox geographical imaginary: AUR’s complex, human, and natural resource nationalism; its focus on food sovereignty and the Romanian peasant as an exemplar of sustainable agriculture; and the protection of “the last virgin forests in Europe” as central to Romania’s national identity and prosperity. We conclude that AUR effectively mobilizes historical geopolitical resentment at Europe’s margins and addresses it with a promise of recovered plenitude that endangers democratic politics.

本文以政治地理学和社会科学的见解为基础，通过对欧洲边缘政党--罗马尼亚人联盟（AUR）--的背景考察，揭示了欧洲极右翼政治的多样性，特别是极右翼生态主义。基于话语主题分析，我们的目标是展示罗马尼亚人联盟如何挑战现有的理论观点，这些观点主要与西欧和中欧的经验相联系。大多数有影响力的学者都强调极右翼的宗教文化观和对移民的固执己见，而 AUR 则概述了政治的神学观点，并将移民视为一个关键问题。此外，它还采用反殖民主义的语言，在半边缘化的背景下对全球采掘资本主义进行社会生态学批判。这些特点对于理解该党在极右翼生态主义中的离群立场至关重要：AUR 将环境置于其纲领的核心位置，而不仅仅是为了吸引选民或应对国内外压力的战略附加物。为了证实我们的主张，我们从三个方面重构了其超民族主义的东正教地理想象：AUR 的复杂、人类和自然资源民族主义；其对粮食主权的关注以及罗马尼亚农民作为可持续农业典范的作用；以及保护 "欧洲最后一片原始森林 "作为罗马尼亚国家认同和繁荣的核心。我们的结论是，AUR 有效地调动了欧洲边缘地区历史上的地缘政治怨恨，并以一种危及民主政治的恢复性丰饶承诺来应对这种怨恨。

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引用次数: 0

Urban financialisation-in-motion: Income strips, town centre regeneration and de-financialisation 运动中的城市金融化：收入带、城镇中心复兴和去金融化

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104139

Steven R. Henderson

Urban development and infrastructure priorities raise questions about local government capacities and the opportunity presented by financialisation instruments. Rather than urban financialization being all-dominant and all-embracing, grounded experiences include financial actor spatial selectivity and project targeting, as well as instances of local government promotion, support and risk aversion. Where constraints exist, financialisation-in-motion is suggestive of reflection and the adoption of additional measures to help facilitate the expansion of urban financialisation. Building on this conceptualisation, this paper highlights the relevance of fluid interpretations of financialisation-in-motion, particularly the relevance of de-financialisation. De-financialisation incorporates the potential for local authorities to step back from contemporary financialised instruments. In further consideration of (de)financialisation and associated limits, attention is directed to income strip financing as a contemporary instrument fostering urban property investment. As well as evidencing the application of income strips to town centre regeneration projects in England, potential problems are identified, including through a recent example of de-financialisation within south-east England. The case highlights how contemporary forms of urban financialisation can embed local authorities within problematic long-term arrangements and the need for careful scrutiny of the contractual dimension.

城市发展和基础设施建设的优先事项提出了有关地方政府能力和金融化工具带来的机遇的问题。与其说城市金融化是主导性和全面性的，不如说是金融行为体的空间选择性和项目针对性，以及地方政府的促进、支持和风险规避。在存在制约因素的地方，"运动中的金融化 "暗示着反思和采取额外措施，以帮助促进城市金融化的扩展。在这一概念的基础上，本文强调了对运动中的金融化的流动解释的相关性，尤其是去金融化的相关性。去金融化包含了地方政府从当代金融化工具中后退的可能性。在进一步考虑（去）金融化及相关限制的过程中，收入条融资作为促进城市房地产投资的当代工具受到了关注。除了证明收入条带在英格兰城镇中心复兴项目中的应用，还通过英格兰东南部最近的一个去金融化案例，指出了潜在的问题。该案例强调了当代形式的城市金融化如何将地方政府纳入有问题的长期安排中，以及对合同层面进行仔细审查的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Landslide disasters in Kalimpong, India: Matters of time? 印度卡林邦的滑坡灾害：时间问题？

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104140

Peter McGowran

This article critically reflects on recent calls for the decentralisation of disaster risk management to the mountainous regions of India. The physical differences between the mountainous characteristics of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and the plains of mainland India are often cited as the reason why this decentralisation is needed. Proponents of decentralisation sometimes point out that decisions about the mountains are often made in cities in the plains and are thus less likely to consider the impacts of such policies on the physical landscape of the IHR. This argument, which I refer to as the hills-plains narrative of disaster management, is weighed against first-hand qualitative data that narrates people’s experiences of the causes and impacts of landslides in Kalimpong District, West Bengal, India. The article concludes that the disconnects between policy and reality when it comes to landslide risk management in Kalimpong are only weakly related to the dissonances between the physical geographies of the plains and the mountains. The article argues these disconnects are more products of the differing temporalities of landslide impacts and the temporalities for which the State is willing and able to provide support: that they are matters of time. The article ultimately questions whether calls for the decentralisation of disaster risk management to mountain areas should be separated from wider calls for the decentralisation of disaster risk management in India.

本文对最近关于将灾害风险管理下放到印度山区的呼吁进行了批判性思考。印度喜马拉雅地区（IHR）的山区特征与印度本土平原的物理特征之间的差异经常被认为是需要下放权力的原因。权力下放的支持者有时会指出，有关山区的决策往往是在平原城市做出的，因此不太可能考虑这些政策对印度喜马拉雅地区自然景观的影响。我将这一论点称为 "山丘-平原灾害管理叙事"，并将其与第一手定性数据进行权衡，这些数据讲述了印度西孟加拉邦卡林邦地区人们对山体滑坡的原因和影响的体验。文章的结论是，卡林邦滑坡风险管理政策与现实脱节，与平原和山区自然地理之间的不协调关系不大。文章认为，这些脱节更多是山体滑坡影响的时间性与国家愿意并能够提供支持的时间性不同的产物：它们是时间问题。文章最终提出的问题是，是否应将向山区下放灾害风险管理权力的呼吁与向印度下放灾害风险管理权力的更广泛呼吁区分开来。

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引用次数: 0

Uncovering racialized geographies: Investor strategies and the legacy of the 2008 financial crisis in Chicagoland 揭示种族化地域：投资者策略与 2008 年芝加哥金融危机的影响

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104141

Amanda Kass , Carrie Craig

The wreckage of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) led to long lasting changes in the single-family rental market. A variety of investors took advantage of the post-GFC environment, specializing in different segments of the distressed housing market. We examine two prominent companies’ activity in Chicagoland to explore how post-GFC investor purchases map onto a racialized geography that itself is a product of past housing policies and practices. National companies engaged in land contract sales and single-family rentals (SFR) targeted different sections of the foreclosure crisis that occurred during the broader GFC. While the SFR profit-strategy necessitates buying habitable properties that can attract tenants, predatory land contract sellers milk profit from distressed housing by offloading the risk (and cost) of homeownership to buyers. By exploring the geography of where the corporate landlord American Homes 4 Rent and land contract seller Harbour Portfolio purchased in the GFC’s aftermath we can better understand how the racialized nature of the U.S. housing market creates different pathways for profit and deepens racial-income inequities. American Homes 4 Rent targeted properties in higher income, whiter exurban regions of Chicagoland whereas Harbour Portfolio concentrated its activity in lower-income, majority-minority communities largely within the City of Chicago.

2008 年全球金融危机（GFC）的破坏导致独户住宅租赁市场发生了长期的变化。各种投资者利用全球金融危机后的环境，专注于不良住房市场的不同领域。我们研究了两家著名公司在芝加哥地区的活动，以探讨全球金融危机后投资者的购买行为如何映射到种族化的地理环境中，而种族化的地理环境本身就是过去住房政策和做法的产物。从事土地合约销售和独户住宅出租（SFR）的全国性公司针对的是在更广泛的全球金融危机期间发生的止赎危机的不同部分。单户租赁的盈利策略要求购买可居住的房产，以吸引租户，而掠夺性的土地合约销售商则通过将房屋所有权的风险（和成本）转嫁给买家，从不良住房中获利。通过探究企业房东 "美国之家 4 号租赁公司"（American Homes 4 Rent）和土地合约卖家 "港湾投资组合"（Harbour Portfolio）在全球金融危机后购买房产的地理位置，我们可以更好地理解美国住房市场的种族性质是如何创造不同的盈利途径并加深种族收入不平等的。American Homes 4 Rent 将目标锁定在收入较高、白人较多的芝加哥郊区，而 Harbour Portfolio 则主要集中在芝加哥市内收入较低、少数族裔占多数的社区。

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引用次数: 0

Poverty porn or poverty planning? Slum photography and the politics of spatial representation 贫穷色情还是贫穷规划？贫民窟摄影与空间表现政治

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104143

Ashish Makanadar , Elmond Bandauko

This forum article critically examines the politics of visual representation in urban informality, interrogating the genealogies and contemporary manifestations of what we term the “slum gaze.” Drawing on postcolonial theory, feminist visual studies, and critical urban geography, we trace how colonial visualities continue to shape aesthetic constructions of urban marginality through “poverty porn” and spectacles of abjection. We argue that dominant visual regimes not only reflect but actively produce urban informality as a pathologized state of being, rationalizing dispossessive planning interventions while obscuring subaltern spatial knowledges and practices. The article unpacks the contradictory role of visuality in urban planning and policymaking, where GIS mappings and documentary photography paradoxically render informal settlements simultaneously hyper-visible and illegible to state bureaucracies. Against reductive visual grammars inherited from colonial modernity, we advocate for participatory visual methodologies that amplify resident-driven representational practices. By centering community-based visual epistemologies, we gesture toward more emancipatory modes of seeing and narrating the heterogeneous spaces of urban informality. Ultimately, this intervention calls for a paradigmatic shift in how urban scholars and practitioners engage visually with marginalized communities. We contend that cultivating critical visual literacies attuned to the politics of representation is essential for imagining and enacting more just urban futures. This requires moving beyond simplistic denunciations of “poverty porn” toward a praxis of critical visuality that unsettles universalizing gazes while legitimizing plural ways of seeing, knowing, and inhabiting the city.

这篇论坛文章批判性地研究了城市非正规性中的视觉表现政治，探讨了我们所称的 "贫民窟凝视 "的谱系和当代表现形式。借鉴后殖民理论、女权主义视觉研究和批判性城市地理学，我们追溯了殖民视觉如何通过 "贫困色情 "和 "憎恶 "景象继续塑造城市边缘性的审美建构。我们认为，占主导地位的视觉制度不仅反映了城市非正规性，而且积极地将其作为一种病理化的存在状态，使剥夺性的规划干预合理化，同时掩盖了次等空间知识和实践。文章揭示了视觉性在城市规划和政策制定中的矛盾作用，地理信息系统地图和纪实摄影自相矛盾地使非正规住区在国家官僚机构眼中同时具有超可见性和不可辨识性。针对殖民现代性遗留下来的还原性视觉语法，我们主张采用参与式视觉方法，扩大居民驱动的表征实践。通过以社区为中心的视觉认识论，我们提出了一种更具解放性的模式来看待和叙述城市非正规性的异质空间。最终，这一干预呼吁城市学者和实践者在如何以视觉方式参与边缘化社区方面进行范式转变。我们认为，培养与表征政治相适应的批判性视觉素养，对于想象和实现更加公正的城市未来至关重要。这就要求超越对 "贫穷色情 "的简单谴责，转向批判性视觉实践，这种实践既能打破普遍化的凝视，又能使观看、了解和居住城市的多元方式合法化。

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引用次数: 0

Winds of change – Nomadic grassroots innovations in the maritime shipping sector 变革之风--海运业的游牧式基层创新

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Geoforum

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104137

Hanna Bach

Grassroots innovations are seen as important contributors to sustainability transitions, however, given their dependence on place-specific conditions they face diffusion challenges. Responding to previously outlined gaps regarding conceptualisation and exploration of the spatiality of grassroots innovations, this paper introduces a conceptualisation of nomadic grassroots innovations. These are grassroots innovations that are mobile and perform activities in multiple places they continuously return to, conceptualised as host localities, while also being based in home localities containing for example offices and key infrastructure. Contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the geography of grassroots activities, the analysis explores the spatiality of socio-technical elements influencing three stages of development (initiation, operations, and upscaling and diffusion) of nine grassroots initiatives promoting a return to traditional sail cargo ships. Findings suggests that nomadic grassroots innovations are dependent on elements in home and host localities as well as from national and international contexts, indicating that the spatiality of nomadic grassroots innovations differs from place-based initiatives throughout all stages of development. Furthermore, analysis of challenges and opportunities for development of nomadic grassroots innovations reveals three key learnings for grassroots innovation diffusion: strategies for developing social cohesion through multi-scalar actor networks, utilising (costumer) demand for alternative solutions, and taking favourable sector conditions as a starting point when designing grassroots innovations. Combined, this could enable development of grassroots innovations that are less dependent on place-specific conditions and thereby easier to replicate, which could increase the capacity of grassroots innovations to tackle global challenges such as climate change.

基层创新被视为可持续转型的重要促进因素，然而，由于其依赖于特定地点的条件，它们面临着传播方面的挑战。针对之前概述的基层创新空间性概念化和探索方面的差距，本文提出了游牧式基层创新的概念。这些草根创新具有流动性，它们在不断返回的多个地方开展活动，这些地方被概念化为东道主地区，同时也以包含办公室和关键基础设施等的母地为基地。该分析有助于更细致地了解基层活动的地理特征，探讨了影响九项促进传统风帆货船回归的基层倡议的三个发展阶段（启动、运营、升级和传播）的社会技术要素的空间性。研究结果表明，游牧民族的基层创新依赖于本土和东道国以及国内和国际背景下的要素，这表明游牧民族基层创新的空间性在所有发展阶段都不同于以地方为基础的倡议。此外，对游牧基层创新发展的挑战和机遇的分析揭示了基层创新推广的三个关键经验：通过多级行为者网络发展社会凝聚力的战略、利用（消费者）对替代解决方案的需求，以及在设计基层创新时将有利的行业条件作为出发点。这些措施结合起来，可以使基层创新的发展不那么依赖于具体地方的条件，从而更容易复制，这可以提高基层创新应对气候变化等全球性挑战的能力。

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