Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-11-21DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70028-2
P. Bedossa
Liver fibrosis is a common complication of chronic hepatitis B leading to the progressive destruction of normal tissue architecture or the replacement of hepatocytic tissue with fibrous tissue. The final outcome of this process is liver cirrhosis, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic viral hepatitis. Fibrogenesis is closely related to activation of the main type of fibrocompetent cells in the liver: hepatic stellate cells. Experimental models have allowed a better understanding of the dynamics of fibrosis, the biological processes related to its progression and regression and the development of new anti-fibrotic drugs. Nevertheless, it is universally accepted that such an anti-fibrotic treatment will be efficient only after hepatitis B virus eradication. Furthermore, early fibrosis is more amenable to regression than more advanced and highly organized liver cirrhosis.
{"title":"La fibrose au cours de l’hépatite B : un processus dynamique","authors":"P. Bedossa","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70028-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70028-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liver fibrosis is a common complication of chronic hepatitis B leading to the progressive destruction of normal tissue architecture or the replacement of hepatocytic tissue with fibrous tissue. The final outcome of this process is liver cirrhosis, which is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic viral hepatitis. Fibrogenesis is closely related to activation of the main type of fibrocompetent cells in the liver: hepatic stellate cells. Experimental models have allowed a better understanding of the dynamics of fibrosis, the biological processes related to its progression and regression and the development of new anti-fibrotic drugs. Nevertheless, it is universally accepted that such an anti-fibrotic treatment will be efficient only after hepatitis B virus eradication. Furthermore, early fibrosis is more amenable to regression than more advanced and highly organized liver cirrhosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 ","pages":"Pages S103-S108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70028-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29484255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-11-21DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70030-0
N. Ben Slama , S.N. Si Ahmed , F. Zoulim
HBsAg is a classic marker of hepatitis B virus infection. Since the levels of serum HBsAg are correlated to those of intrahepatic cccDNA, HBsAg quantification indirectly reflects the number of infected hepatocytes. The kinetics of serum HBsAg decline seems to be a predictive marker for sustained virological response, and clearance of HBsAg. This new tool may be clinically relevant for the monitoring and optimization of hepatitis B treatments. To fulfill this objective, prospective studies are still warranted for the the spread of sensitive and standardized techniques standardization of the quantification assays and to define cut off values with clinical predictive values.
{"title":"Quantification de l’antigène HBs : signification virologique","authors":"N. Ben Slama , S.N. Si Ahmed , F. Zoulim","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70030-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70030-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>HBsAg is a classic marker of hepatitis B virus infection. Since the levels of serum HBsAg are correlated to those of intrahepatic cccDNA, HBsAg quantification indirectly reflects the number of infected hepatocytes. The kinetics of serum HBsAg decline seems to be a predictive marker for sustained virological response, and clearance of HBsAg. This new tool may be clinically relevant for the monitoring and optimization of hepatitis B treatments. To fulfill this objective, prospective studies are still warranted for the the spread of sensitive and standardized techniques standardization of the quantification assays and to define cut off values with clinical predictive values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 ","pages":"Pages S112-S118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70030-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29484210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70001-4
G. Corthier, J. Doré
Le but de cette introduction est de faire une brève revue des textes présentés ici et de mettre l’accent sur certains points qui n’ont pu être développés et qui concernent les fonctions du microbiote humain.
The scope of this introduction is to make a small review of the texts presented here and to emphasize some points that are not developed but that concern human microbiota functions.
{"title":"Une ère nouvelle dans le domaine des interactions entre le microbiote et la santé humaine","authors":"G. Corthier, J. Doré","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70001-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70001-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Le but de cette introduction est de faire une brève revue des textes présentés ici et de mettre l’accent sur certains points qui n’ont pu être développés et qui concernent les fonctions du microbiote humain.</p></div><div><p>The scope of this introduction is to make a small review of the texts presented here and to emphasize some points that are not developed but that concern human microbiota functions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 4","pages":"Pages 1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70001-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125358659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70005-1
C.-M. Surawicz
La compréhension de l’importance du microbiote fécal a été un élément clé pour comprendre la physiopathologie de certaines diarrhées infectieuses. Outre le rôle protecteur normal de la bile, de l’acidité gastrique et de la réponse immunitaire, entre autres, nous savons maintenant que la flore intestinale normale nous protège de certaines formes de diarrhées infectieuses. La diarrhée associée aux antibiotiques (DAA) en est un excellent exemple, car les antibiotiques perturbent la flore normale. La diarrhée qui en résulte pourrait être due à des modifications du métabolisme des acides gras à chaîne courte. La diarrhée liée à Clostridium difficile, agent pathogène qui peut induire une diarrhée grave, une colite et même le décès, est une forme particulièrement sévère de DAA. La diarrhée récidivante à Clostridium difficile est un problème clinique difficile à traiter efficacement, car chaque récidive augmente la probabilité d’un nouvel épisode, probablement du fait que la prescription d’antibiotiques reste nécessaire pour la traiter et que la flore intestinale reste de ce fait perturbée. Il n’y a pas d’attitude thérapeutique efficace unique. Les possibilités thérapeutiques incluent l’utilisation d’antibiotiques selon des schémas intermittents ou à doses décroissantes, le probiotique Saccharomyces boulardii comme appoint de l’antibiothérapie, voire la reconstitution de la flore fécale. Il faut s’attendre à voir nos connaissances s’enrichir encore dans l’avenir sur les effets bénéfiques du microbiote.
Understanding the importance of the fecal microbiota has been key in understanding the pathophysiology of some infectious diarrheas. In addition to normal protective measures of bile, gastric acid, and immune response, among others, we now know that the healthy gut flora protects us from some infectious diarrheas. Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is an excellent example, as antibiotics perturb the normal flora; the resulting diarrhea may be due to changes in short chain fatty acid metabolism. A severe form of AAD is due to Clostridium difficile, a pathogen that can cause severe diarrhea, colitis and even death. Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea is a difficult clinical problem to treat successfully because one recurrence makes further recurrences more likely, probably because antibiotics are still needed to treat and thus the fecal flora remains abnormal. There is no single effective treatment but therapies include pulsed and tapered antibiotics, the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii as an adjunct to antibiotics, and even fecal flora reconstitution. It is likely that we will learn even more in the future about the beneficial effect of our microbiota.
了解粪便微生物群的重要性是了解某些传染性腹泻的病理生理学的关键因素。除了胆汁、胃酸和免疫反应等正常的保护作用外,我们现在知道正常的肠道菌群可以保护我们免受某些形式的传染性腹泻。抗生素相关腹泻(DAA)就是一个很好的例子,因为抗生素会破坏正常的菌群。由此产生的腹泻可能是由于短链脂肪酸代谢的变化。艰难梭状芽胞杆菌相关腹泻是一种特别严重的ad形式,它是一种可引起严重腹泻、结肠炎甚至死亡的病原体。难治性梭状芽胞杆菌复发性腹泻是一个难以有效治疗的临床问题,因为每次复发都会增加再次发作的可能性,可能是因为治疗它仍然需要抗生素处方,因此肠道菌群仍然受到干扰。没有单一有效的治疗方法。治疗的可能性包括间歇性或递减剂量的抗生素使用,益生菌鲍氏酵母菌作为抗生素治疗的补充,甚至粪便菌群的重建。预计在未来,我们将看到更多关于微生物群有益影响的知识。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查,这个县的面积为。In to加成的正常免疫保护措施of acid gastric胆汁,and response间,others, now we know that健康gut flora protects the us from诗,diarrheas。抗生素相关腹泻(AAD)是一个很好的例子,抗生素扰乱正常的菌群;= =地理= =根据美国人口普查,这个县的面积为。aal .严重form of is to艰难梭菌,造成了病原菌diarrhea, colitis and even that can事业重死亡。复发性梭状芽胞杆菌困难腹泻是一个难以成功治疗的临床问题,因为一次复发使进一步复发的可能性更大,可能是因为仍然需要抗生素治疗,因此粪便菌群仍然不正常。瞧,有效治疗目标治疗法包括pulsed and no单曲tapered抗生素,抗生素probiotic boulardii酵母as an adjunct》,and even fecal flora补差。在未来,我们很可能会了解更多关于我们的微生物群的有益影响。
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Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70004-X
S. Dusko Ehrlich, MetaHIT consortium
Le défi majeur de la métagénomique humaine est d’identifier les associations entre les gènes microbiens et les phénotypes humains ainsi que des approches pour moduler les populations microbiennes, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun. Le projet MetaHIT aborde ce défi ambitieux en développant et en intégrant de nombreuses activités, se focalisant sur le microbiome intestinal. Parmi les premiers résultats est l’établissement d’un large catalogue des gènes microbiens, obtenu par une application originale des nouvelles technologies de séquençage. Le catalogue contient 3,3 millions de gènes non redondants, 150 fois plus que notre génome propre, et inclut la grande majorité des séquences du métagénome intestinal déterminées sur trois continents, l’Europe, l’Amérique et l’Asie. Son contenu correspond à près de 1000 espèces bactériennes, qui représentent très probablement la grande majorité des espèces de l’intestin humain. Le catalogue permet de développer des approches d’analyse des gènes bactériens, afin de repérer leur association aux phénotypes humains. Ceci devrait conduire vers le développement rapide des outils diagnostiques et pronostiques et des approches de modulation raisonnée du microbiote intestinal, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun.
A major challenge in the human metagenomics field is to identify associations of the bacterial genes and human phenotypes and act to modulate microbial populations in order to improve human health and wellbeing. MetaHIT project addresses this ambitious challenge by developing and integrating a number of necessary approaches within the context of the gut microbiome. Among the first results is the establishment of a broad catalog of the human gut microbial genes, which was achieved by an original application of the new generation sequencing technology. The catalog contains 3.3 million non-redundant genes, 150-fold more than the human genome equivalent and includes a large majority of the gut metagenomic sequences determined across three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Its content corresponds to some 1000 bacterial species, which likely represent a large fraction of species associated with humankind intestinal tract. The catalog enables development of the gene profiling approaches aiming to detect associations of bacterial genes and phenotypes. These should lead to the speedy development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and open avenues to reasoned approaches to the modulation of the individual's microbiota in order to optimize health and well-being.
{"title":"Métagénomique du microbiote intestinal : les applications potentielles","authors":"S. Dusko Ehrlich, MetaHIT consortium","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70004-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70004-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Le défi majeur de la métagénomique humaine est d’identifier les associations entre les gènes microbiens et les phénotypes humains ainsi que des approches pour moduler les populations microbiennes, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun. Le projet MetaHIT aborde ce défi ambitieux en développant et en intégrant de nombreuses activités, se focalisant sur le microbiome intestinal. Parmi les premiers résultats est l’établissement d’un large catalogue des gènes microbiens, obtenu par une application originale des nouvelles technologies de séquençage. Le catalogue contient 3,3 millions de gènes non redondants, 150 fois plus que notre génome propre, et inclut la grande majorité des séquences du métagénome intestinal déterminées sur trois continents, l’Europe, l’Amérique et l’Asie. Son contenu correspond à près de 1000 espèces bactériennes, qui représentent très probablement la grande majorité des espèces de l’intestin humain. Le catalogue permet de développer des approches d’analyse des gènes bactériens, afin de repérer leur association aux phénotypes humains. Ceci devrait conduire vers le développement rapide des outils diagnostiques et pronostiques et des approches de modulation raisonnée du microbiote intestinal, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun.</p></div><div><p>A major challenge in the human metagenomics field is to identify associations of the bacterial genes and human phenotypes and act to modulate microbial populations in order to improve human health and wellbeing. MetaHIT project addresses this ambitious challenge by developing and integrating a number of necessary approaches within the context of the gut microbiome. Among the first results is the establishment of a broad catalog of the human gut microbial genes, which was achieved by an original application of the new generation sequencing technology. The catalog contains 3.3 million non-redundant genes, 150-fold more than the human genome equivalent and includes a large majority of the gut metagenomic sequences determined across three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Its content corresponds to some 1000 bacterial species, which likely represent a large fraction of species associated with humankind intestinal tract. The catalog enables development of the gene profiling approaches aiming to detect associations of bacterial genes and phenotypes. These should lead to the speedy development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and open avenues to reasoned approaches to the modulation of the individual's microbiota in order to optimize health and well-being.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 4","pages":"Pages 24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70004-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132293343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.04.002
N. Ben Chaabane , M. Hadj Abdallah , K. Ben Salem , L. Safer , W. Melki , O. Hellara , F. Bdioui , H. Saffar
{"title":"Détermination du temps de transit colique chez les sujets tunisiens sains","authors":"N. Ben Chaabane , M. Hadj Abdallah , K. Ben Salem , L. Safer , W. Melki , O. Hellara , F. Bdioui , H. Saffar","doi":"10.1016/j.gcb.2010.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gcb.2010.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 8","pages":"Pages e14-e15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.gcb.2010.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29023357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70017-8
S. Dusko Ehrlich, MetaHIT consortium
A major challenge in the human metagenomics field is to identify associations of the bacterial genes and human phenotypes and act to modulate microbial populations in order to improve human health and wellbeing. MetaHIT project addresses this ambitious challenge by developing and integrating a number of necessary approaches within the context of the gut microbiome. Among the first results is the establishment of a broad catalog of the human gut microbial genes, which was achieved by an original application of the new generation sequencing technology. The catalog contains 3.3 million non-redundant genes, 150-fold more than the human genome equivalent and includes a large majority of the gut metagenomic sequences determined across three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Its content corresponds to some 1000 bacterial species, which likely represent a large fraction of species associated with humankind intestinal tract. The catalog enables development of the gene profiling approaches aiming to detect associations of bacterial genes and phenotypes. These should lead to the speedy development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and open avenues to reasoned approaches to the modulation of the individual's microbiota in order to optimize health and well-being.
Le défi majeur de la métagénomique humaine est d’identifier les associations entre les gènes microbiens et les phénotypes humains ainsi que des approches pour moduler les populations microbiennes, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun. Le projet MetaHIT aborde ce défi ambitieux en développant et en intégrant des nomberuses activités, se focalisant sur le microbiome intestinal. Parmi les premiers résultats est l’établissement d’un large catalogue des gènes microbiens, obtenu par une application originale des nouvelles technologies de séquençage d’ADN. Le catalogue contient 3,3 millions de gènes non-redondants, 150 fois plus que notre génome propre et inclut la grande majorité des séquences du métagénome intestinal déterminées sur trois continents, l’Europe, l’Amérique et l’Asie. Son contenu correspond à près de 1000 espèces bactériennes, qui représentent très probablement la grande majorité des espèces de l’intestin humain. Le catalogue permet de développer des approches d’analyse des gènes bactériens, afin de repérer leur association aux phénotypes humains. Ceci devrait conduire vers le développement rapide des outils diagnostiques et pronostiques et des approches de modulation raisonné du microbiote intestinal, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun.
人类宏基因组学领域的一个主要挑战是确定细菌基因与人类表型的关联,并采取行动调节微生物种群,以改善人类健康和福祉。MetaHIT项目通过在肠道微生物组的背景下开发和整合一些必要的方法来解决这一雄心勃勃的挑战。第一批成果之一是建立了人类肠道微生物基因的广泛目录,这是通过新一代测序技术的原始应用实现的。该目录包含330万个非冗余基因,比相当于人类基因组的基因多150倍,并包括在欧洲、美洲和亚洲三大洲确定的绝大多数肠道宏基因组序列。它的含量相当于大约1000种细菌,这可能代表了与人类肠道有关的大部分细菌。该目录使基因分析方法的发展,旨在检测细菌基因和表型的关联。这将导致诊断和预后工具的快速发展,并为合理调节个人微生物群的方法开辟道路,以优化健康和福祉。Le违抗majeur de la metagenomique humaine est 'identifier les关联基因之间相互microbiens, les表型humains, des方法倒模型les人口microbiennes afin d 'optimiser Le bien-etre de la健康和每个。MetaHIT项目包含了三个方面:一是的,二是的,三是的,三是肠道微生物群。Parmi - res - premies recamissults - i ' camcamisement d ' unlarge catalogue des g - nbiens,获得了一种新的应用程序,用于ssamquendrage d ' adn的新技术。3大洲目录,30万份非冗余文件,150份文件和15份正常的交换交换文件,包括三大洲、欧洲、amsamrique和亚洲的交换交换文件。soncontentu对应于1000个电子数据交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换交换。《目录》允许使用各种方法来分析不同的变异体的变异体,即与变异体的变异体有关的变异体的变异体。作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait,作者:Ceci devrait
{"title":"Metagenomics of the intestinal microbiota: potential applications","authors":"S. Dusko Ehrlich, MetaHIT consortium","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70017-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70017-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A major challenge in the human metagenomics field is to identify associations of the bacterial genes and human phenotypes and act to modulate microbial populations in order to improve human health and wellbeing. MetaHIT project addresses this ambitious challenge by developing and integrating a number of necessary approaches within the context of the gut microbiome. Among the first results is the establishment of a broad catalog of the human gut microbial genes, which was achieved by an original application of the new generation sequencing technology. The catalog contains 3.3 million non-redundant genes, 150-fold more than the human genome equivalent and includes a large majority of the gut metagenomic sequences determined across three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Its content corresponds to some 1000 bacterial species, which likely represent a large fraction of species associated with humankind intestinal tract. The catalog enables development of the gene profiling approaches aiming to detect associations of bacterial genes and phenotypes. These should lead to the speedy development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and open avenues to reasoned approaches to the modulation of the individual's microbiota in order to optimize health and well-being.</p></div><div><p>Le défi majeur de la métagénomique humaine est d’identifier les associations entre les gènes microbiens et les phénotypes humains ainsi que des approches pour moduler les populations microbiennes, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun. Le projet MetaHIT aborde ce défi ambitieux en développant et en intégrant des nomberuses activités, se focalisant sur le microbiome intestinal. Parmi les premiers résultats est l’établissement d’un large catalogue des gènes microbiens, obtenu par une application originale des nouvelles technologies de séquençage d’ADN. Le catalogue contient 3,3 millions de gènes non-redondants, 150 fois plus que notre génome propre et inclut la grande majorité des séquences du métagénome intestinal déterminées sur trois continents, l’Europe, l’Amérique et l’Asie. Son contenu correspond à près de 1000 espèces bactériennes, qui représentent très probablement la grande majorité des espèces de l’intestin humain. Le catalogue permet de développer des approches d’analyse des gènes bactériens, afin de repérer leur association aux phénotypes humains. Ceci devrait conduire vers le développement rapide des outils diagnostiques et pronostiques et des approches de modulation raisonné du microbiote intestinal, afin d’optimiser la santé et le bien-être de chacun.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 ","pages":"Pages S23-S28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70017-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29326524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70025-7
A. Swidsinski , V. Loening-Baucke , S. Kirsch , Y. Doerffel
<div><p>The colonic content can be compared to a spatially structured high output bioreactor composed of three functionally different regions: a separating mucus layer, a germinal stock area, and a central fermenting area. The stool mirrors this structure and can be used for diagnosis in health and disease. In a first part, we introduce a novel method based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of sections of punchedout stool cylinders, which allows quantitatively monitor microbiota in the mucus, the germinal stock and the central fermenting areas. in a second part, we demonstrate the practical implementation of this method, describing the biostructure of stool microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea treated with <em>Saccharomyces boulardii.</em> Punched stool cylinders from 20 patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea and 20 healthy controls were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Seventy-three bacterial groups were evaluated. Fluctuations in assembly of 11 constitutive bacterial groups were monitored weekly for 3 weeks prior to, 3 weeks during, and 3 weeks after oral <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> supplementation. Typical findings in healthy subjects were a 5-60 μm mucus separating layer; homogeneous distribution and fluorescence, high concentrations (>10 × 10<sup>10</sup> bacterial/mL) of the three habitual bacterial groups: <em>Bacteroides, Roseburia and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii;</em> and low concentrations of the occasional bacterial groups. The diarrhea could be described in terms of increased separating effort, purging, decontamination, bacterial substitution. Typical findings in diarrhea were: increased thickness of the protective mucus layer, its incorporation in the stool, absolute reduction in concentrations of the habitual bacterial groups, suppression of bacterial metabolism in the central fermenting area (hybridization silence), stratification of the stool structure by watery ingredients, and substitutive increase in the concentrations of occasional bacterial groups. The microbial and clinical symptoms of diarrhea were reversible with <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> therapy. The structure-functional analysis of stool microbiota allows to quantitatively monitor colonic malfunction and its response to therapy. <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> significantly improves the stool biostructure in patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea and has no influence on the stool microbiota in healthy subjects.</p></div><div><p>Le contenu du côlon peut être comparé à un bioréacteur à haut débit doté d’une structure spatiale comportant trois régions fonctionnellement différentes : une couche de mucus séparatrice, une zone germinale de réserve et une zone centrale de fermentation. Les selles reflètent cette structure et peuvent être utilisées comme un outil diagnostique chez le sujet sain ou malade. Dans la première partie, nous introduisons une méthode innovante fondée sur l’ét
{"title":"Functional biostructure of colonic microbiota (central fermenting area, germinal stock area and separating mucus layer) in healthy subjects and patients with diarrhea treated with Saccharomyces boulardii","authors":"A. Swidsinski , V. Loening-Baucke , S. Kirsch , Y. Doerffel","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70025-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70025-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The colonic content can be compared to a spatially structured high output bioreactor composed of three functionally different regions: a separating mucus layer, a germinal stock area, and a central fermenting area. The stool mirrors this structure and can be used for diagnosis in health and disease. In a first part, we introduce a novel method based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of sections of punchedout stool cylinders, which allows quantitatively monitor microbiota in the mucus, the germinal stock and the central fermenting areas. in a second part, we demonstrate the practical implementation of this method, describing the biostructure of stool microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea treated with <em>Saccharomyces boulardii.</em> Punched stool cylinders from 20 patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea and 20 healthy controls were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Seventy-three bacterial groups were evaluated. Fluctuations in assembly of 11 constitutive bacterial groups were monitored weekly for 3 weeks prior to, 3 weeks during, and 3 weeks after oral <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> supplementation. Typical findings in healthy subjects were a 5-60 μm mucus separating layer; homogeneous distribution and fluorescence, high concentrations (>10 × 10<sup>10</sup> bacterial/mL) of the three habitual bacterial groups: <em>Bacteroides, Roseburia and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii;</em> and low concentrations of the occasional bacterial groups. The diarrhea could be described in terms of increased separating effort, purging, decontamination, bacterial substitution. Typical findings in diarrhea were: increased thickness of the protective mucus layer, its incorporation in the stool, absolute reduction in concentrations of the habitual bacterial groups, suppression of bacterial metabolism in the central fermenting area (hybridization silence), stratification of the stool structure by watery ingredients, and substitutive increase in the concentrations of occasional bacterial groups. The microbial and clinical symptoms of diarrhea were reversible with <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> therapy. The structure-functional analysis of stool microbiota allows to quantitatively monitor colonic malfunction and its response to therapy. <em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em> significantly improves the stool biostructure in patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea and has no influence on the stool microbiota in healthy subjects.</p></div><div><p>Le contenu du côlon peut être comparé à un bioréacteur à haut débit doté d’une structure spatiale comportant trois régions fonctionnellement différentes : une couche de mucus séparatrice, une zone germinale de réserve et une zone centrale de fermentation. Les selles reflètent cette structure et peuvent être utilisées comme un outil diagnostique chez le sujet sain ou malade. Dans la première partie, nous introduisons une méthode innovante fondée sur l’ét","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 ","pages":"Pages S79-S92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70025-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29319736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01Epub Date: 2010-10-01DOI: 10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70013-0
P. Marteau
Le clinicien a depuis longtemps appris à connaître des micro-organismes pathogènes responsables d’infections intestinales et qu’il identifie par méthodes de culture dans des prélèvements fécaux, muqueux ou sanguins. Cependant de nombreux progrès ont été réalisés, en bonne partie grâce à la biologie moléculaire, qui ont permis de découvrir des pathogènes non (encore) cultivables mais aussi le rôle protecteur de certains micro-organismes au sein du microbiote. Les perturbations écologiques et cliniques liées à l’antibiothérapie ont été décisives pour mettre en évidence des effets bénéfiques du microbiote endogène et établir les effets bénéfiques d’agents biothérapeutiques - probiotiques. Rares sont les domaines de la gastroentérologie (maladies inflammatoires cryptogénétiques de l’intestin, syndrome de l’intestin irritable, lymphomes, etc.) mais aussi de la médecine dans son ensemble (obésité par exemple) qui échappent à cette nouvelle approche et progrès très significatifs. Cet article résume les étapes historiques de ces découvertes et fait le point sur ce qu’un clinicien « moderne » doit connaître dans ce domaine très dynamique en recherche et conséquences pratiques.
Clinicians have long learned of the pathogenic microorganisms that cause intestinal infections and that can be identified by culture methods from fecal, mucosa and blood samples. Nevertheless, much progress has been made due, in large part, to molecular biology which has enabled the discovery of pathogens that are not (yet) able to be cultured, but also to the protective role of some microorganisms within the microbiota. Ecological and clinical disturbances related to antibiotic therapy were decisive for demonstrating the beneficial effects of the endogenous microbiota and establishing the beneficial effects of biotherapeutic agents, known as probiotics. Most areas of gastroenterology (cryptogenic inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, lymphomas, etc.), but also those in medicine overall (obesity for example), are affected by this new approach and are showing very significant progress. This article summarizes the historical steps of these discoveries and reviews what the “modern” clinician should know in this very dynamic area in regard to research and practical consequences.
{"title":"L’importance clinique du microbiote intestinal","authors":"P. Marteau","doi":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70013-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70013-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Le clinicien a depuis longtemps appris à connaître des micro-organismes pathogènes responsables d’infections intestinales et qu’il identifie par méthodes de culture dans des prélèvements fécaux, muqueux ou sanguins. Cependant de nombreux progrès ont été réalisés, en bonne partie grâce à la biologie moléculaire, qui ont permis de découvrir des pathogènes non (encore) cultivables mais aussi le rôle protecteur de certains micro-organismes au sein du microbiote. Les perturbations écologiques et cliniques liées à l’antibiothérapie ont été décisives pour mettre en évidence des effets bénéfiques du microbiote endogène et établir les effets bénéfiques d’agents biothérapeutiques - probiotiques. Rares sont les domaines de la gastroentérologie (maladies inflammatoires cryptogénétiques de l’intestin, syndrome de l’intestin irritable, lymphomes, etc.) mais aussi de la médecine dans son ensemble (obésité par exemple) qui échappent à cette nouvelle approche et progrès très significatifs. Cet article résume les étapes historiques de ces découvertes et fait le point sur ce qu’un clinicien « moderne » doit connaître dans ce domaine très dynamique en recherche et conséquences pratiques.</p></div><div><p>Clinicians have long learned of the pathogenic microorganisms that cause intestinal infections and that can be identified by culture methods from fecal, mucosa and blood samples. Nevertheless, much progress has been made due, in large part, to molecular biology which has enabled the discovery of pathogens that are not (yet) able to be cultured, but also to the protective role of some microorganisms within the microbiota. Ecological and clinical disturbances related to antibiotic therapy were decisive for demonstrating the beneficial effects of the endogenous microbiota and establishing the beneficial effects of biotherapeutic agents, known as probiotics. Most areas of gastroenterology (cryptogenic inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, lymphomas, etc.), but also those in medicine overall (obesity for example), are affected by this new approach and are showing very significant progress. This article summarizes the historical steps of these discoveries and reviews what the “modern” clinician should know in this very dynamic area in regard to research and practical consequences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12508,"journal":{"name":"Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique","volume":"34 4","pages":"Pages 99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70013-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129792699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}